Les objectifs de ce travail étaient d'analyser les réponses physiologiques au cours d’exercices intermittents en course à pied et de déterminer i) un test d'évaluation de la vitesse maximale aérobie (VMA) adapté aux exercices intermittents ; ii) les exercices intermittents permettant une sollicitation maximale de la consommation d'oxygène (VO2max) ; iii) les facteurs physiologiques et neuromusculaires limitant la durée des exercices intermittents.La première étude a permis de montrer que la réalisation d’un exercice intermittent alternant des périodes d'effort de 30 s avec des périodes de récupération de 30 s (30s-30s), à la VMA atteinte à la fin du test intermittent incrémental 45-15FIT, permettait à la fois de réaliser un grand nombre de répétitions et de solliciter un fort pourcentage de la VO2max pendant la durée de l'exercice. Lors de la seconde étude nous avons montré que les exercices intermittents de type 5s-15s, 30s-30s et 60s-60s, courus à la VMA permettaient de solliciter un fort pourcentage de la VO2max. L'exercice intermittent de type 30s-30s est celui qui permet néanmoins de réaliser le plus grand nombre de répétitions. Une part plus importante de la glycolyse dans la production d'énergie réduit le nombre de répétitions lors de l'exercice de type 60s-60s par rapport à l'exercice de type 30s-30s ; une fatigue musculaire causée par un plus grand nombre d'accélérations et de décélérations réduit quant à elle le nombre de répétitions lors de l'exercice de type 15s-15s, par rapport à l'exercice de type 30s-30s. Les résultats de la troisième étude ont confirmé que les exercices intermittents de type 5s-15s, courus à la VMA, induisaient une fatigue musculaire plus importante, due essentiellement aux nombreuses accélérations et décélérations. Il a également été montré qu'à la suite d'un exercice pré-fatigant des muscles extenseurs du genou (contractions musculaires évoquées par électromyostimulation vs contractions volontaires isométriques), le nombre de répétitions lors de l'exercice intermittent 30s-30s était réduit, mais que le pourcentage de temps passé à plus de 90% de la VO2max n'était pas diminué par rapport à la réalisation sans pré-fatigue.L'ensemble de nos travaux permettent de définir un ensemble d'exercices intermittents qui, lorsqu'ils sont courus à la VMA évaluée lors du test 45-15FIT, permettent d'atteindre un niveau élevé de sollicitation du système aérobie, dont l'exercice de type 30s-30s pourrait constituer un exercice "standard" / The aims of the present work were to analyze the physiological responses during intermittent exercise and to determine; i) an field test to assess the maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) for intermittent exercise; ii) the type of intermittent exercise could elicit maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); iii) the physiological and neuromuscular factors that could limit intermittent exercise duration.The first study demonstrated that the MAV (MAV45-15) reached at the end of an incremental intermittent (45s run/ 15s rest) field test (45-15FIT) was relevant to elicit a high percentage of VO2max during a 30s-30s intermittent training session. The second and third studies demonstrated that intermittent exercises performed at MAV45-15 such as 5s-15s, 15s-15s, 30s-30s, and 60s-60s, were relevant to elicit a high percentage of VO2max. In the 60s-60s intermittent exercise, the lowest endurance time compared to 30s-30s, was explained by the predominance of the anaerobic system in the energy supply. In the 15s-15s and 5s-15s intermittent exercises, the lowest endurance time in comparison with 30s-30s was explained by the greater neuromuscular fatigue. The fourth study showed that a pre-fatigue induced by evoked contractions by electrostimulation, and isometric voluntary contraction of the knee extensor muscles reduced the time to exhaustion in a 30s-30s intermittent exercise, but was relevant to elicit a high percentage of VO2max. These results give new insights in the field of intermittent exercise training

Ce travail de thèse, composé de quatre parties, est consacré à l’étude de la géométrie algébrique en caractéristiques mixte et positive. Dans la première partie, motivés par une théorie conjecturale de la ramification pour les torseurs inséparables, nous étudions les modèles maximaux des torseurs sur un corps local, qui sont une généralisation des anneaux des entiers dans la théorie classique de la ramification. Nous prouvons la maximalité et la fonctorialité des modèles maximaux et nous les calculons explicitement pour les schémas en groupes finis plats d'ordre p. La deuxième partie est un travail en commun avec Giulio Orecchia et Matthieu Romagny. Nous étudions la perfection des algèbres et la coperfection des espaces et champs algébriques. Nous prouvons que l’espace des composantes connexes fournit la coperfection d’un espace algébrique et il représente la colimite du système de Frobenius relatifs. Dans le cas des champs algébriques, nous construisons le pro-groupoïde fondamental étale, nous prouvons qu'il fournit la coperfection, et il représente la colimite du système de Frobenius relatifs dans le cas de Deligne-Mumford. Dans la troisième partie, nous prouvons quelques résultats de platitude et de représentabilité des espaces de modules de torseurs sous certains schémas en groupes, qui découlent naturellement de l’espace de modules propre des p-revêtements galoisiens. Nous discutons également de la relation avec les jacobiennes généralisées des courbes ouvertes. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous intéressons à un nouveau type de géométrie analytique non-archimédienne, avec des valuations à valeurs dans des monoïdes commutatifs totalement ordonnés. Nous étudions quelques exemples de schémas et d’espaces adiques. / This thesis work, consisting of four parts, is devoted to the study of algebraic geometry in mixed and positive characteristics. In the first part, motivated by a conjectural ramification theory for inseparable torsors, we study the maximal model of a torsor over a local field, which is a generalization of integer rings in classical ramification theory. We prove the maximality and functoriality of maximal models, and calculate them explicitly for some finite flat group schemes of order p. The second part is a joint work with Giulio Orecchia and Matthieu Romagny. We study perfection of algebras and coperfection of algebraic spaces and stacks. We prove that the space of connected components provides the coperfection of an algebraic space, and it represents the colimit of relative Frobenii. In the case of algebraic stacks, we construct the étale fundamental pro-groupoid, and prove that it provides the coperfection, and it represents the colimit of relative Frobenii in Deligne-Mumford case. In the third part, we prove some results on flatness and representability of moduli spaces of torsors under certain group schemes, which naturally arise from the proper moduli space of Galois p-covers (stable p-torsors). We also discuss the relation with generalized Jacobians of open curves. In the last part, we are interested in a new kind of nonarchimedean analytic geometry, with valuations on totally ordered commutative monoids. We study some examples from schemes and adic spaces.

Introduktion: Respiratorisk muskelsvaghet är förekommande vid olika respiratoriska och neuromuskulära sjukdomar. Mätning av maximala inspiratoriska trycket (MIP) och maximala exspiratoriska trycket (MEP) är en metod som visar på den neuromuskulära funktionen utan lungans påverkan. Studiens syfte var att genomföra mätningar av MIP och MEP på friska individer och sedan validera resultatet utifrån två publicerade normalvärdesmaterial från Wilson et. al. och Karvonen et. al.    Metod och material: Studien genomfördes på 8 män och 19 kvinnor mellan 23 och 63 år. MIP och MEP beräknades genom att deltagarna utförde kraftiga inandningar och utandningar i ett spirometermunstycke mot ett motstånd. För att validera resultatet gentemot de publicerade normalvärdesmaterial användes Z-score som statistisk metod.   Resultat: Resultatet står sig bäst i förhållande till Karvonen et. al. där MEP-värdenas lägre normalvärdesgräns blev –1,8 SD för kvinnor och –1,8 SD för män. MIP-värdena står sig mindre bra med undantag för männens värden i förhållande till Wilson et. al. där högsta värdet låg 1,3 SD och lägsta värdet låg –1,8 SD ifrån det förväntade värdet.   Slutsats: Denna studie visar att de uppmätta trycken överlag tycks stämma bäst överens med MEP-värden från Karvonen et. al. och männens MIP-värden från Wilson et. al. Deltagarnas medverkan, det tekniska tillvägagångssättet och tolkningen av resultatet har stor betydelse för utfallet. / Introduction: Weakness of respiratory muscle strength is occurring in different lung diseases and neuromuscular diseases. Measurement of the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) are a method that assess the neuromuscular function without the impact of the lung. The aim of this study was to perform measurements of MIP and MEP on healthy individuals and validate the results based on two published normal values from Wilson et. al. and Karvonen et. al.   Method and materials: The measurements were performed on 8 men and 19 women ranging between 23 and 63 years old. MIP and MEP were measured by the participants performing strong inhalations and exhalations against a blocked mouthpiece. Z-score was used as statistical method to validate the results based on the published normal values.    Result: The result was best compared with normal values from Karvonen et. al. for MEP lower limits of normal, –1,8 SD for women and –1,8 SD for men. The MIP values are not comparable except for men´s values compared with normal values from Wilson et. al. where the highest value was 1,3 SD and the lowest value was –1,8 SD from the predicted.    Conclusion: The study shows that the measured pressures were generally best compared with normal MEP values from Karvonen et. al. and men´s MIP values from Wilson et. al. The effort of the participants, the technical approach and the interpretation of the results are of great importance for the outcome.

Un système distribué est un système composé d'éléments de calcul autonomes dotés de capacité de communication. Il s'agit d'un modèle commun pour l'étude des réseaux. L'évolution rapide des réseaux sans fils et/ou mobiles aussi bien dans la vie quotidienne que dans la recherche amène progressivement à intégrer la dynamique (i.e. l'évolution dans le temps de la connectivité) dans les systèmes distribués. Concrètement, cela revient à ajouter l'hypothèse que les capacités de communication des éléments du système peuvent varier dans le temps. De nombreux modèles considèrent ainsi la dynamique comme composante à part entière du système (et non pas comme une faute). De manière récente, une nouvelle approche, appelée graphe variant dans le temps, tente d'unifier tous ces modèles dans un formalisme commun qui permet de classifier les systèmes en fonction de leurs propriétés de connexité temporelle. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des systèmes distribués hautement dynamiques dans lesquels les hypothèses de connexité sont minimalistes. Plus précisément, nous concentrons nos efforts sur les systèmes connexes à travers le temps dans lesquels la seule garantie est que tout élément du système peut infiniment souvent envoyer un message à tout autre (sans garantie sur la pérennité de la route utilisée ni sur le délai de communication). Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux problèmes de couverture (par exemple, ensemble dominant minimal, couplage maximal, ensemble indépendant maximal, ...) dans ces systèmes distribués hautement dynamiques. Les contributions de cette thèse dans ce contexte sont les suivantes. Nous proposons tout d'abord une nouvelle définition pour les problèmes de couverture qui est plus adaptée aux systèmes distribués hautement dynamiques que les définitions existantes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous fournissons un outil générique qui permet de faciliter les preuves de résultats d'impossibilité dans les systèmes distribués dynamiques. Nous appliquons cet outil pour prouver plusieurs résultats d'impossibilité à propos de problèmes de couverture. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle mesure de complexité en temps qui permet de comparer équitablement les performances de protocoles dans les systèmes distribués dynamiques. Enfin, nous donnons un algorithme de construction d'un ensemble dominant minimal dans les systèmes distribués hautement dynamiques. / A distributed system is a system of autonomous computing components endowed with communication abilities. This is a common model for the study of networks. The quick evolution of wireless and mobile network both in everyday life and in research gradually leads to take in account the dynamics (i.e. the evolution over time) in distributed systems. Concretely, this means to add the assumption that the communication abilities of the components of the system may vary over time. Many models consider the dynamics as an integral component of the system (and not as a fault). Recently, a new approach, called time-varying graph, attempts to unify all these models in a common formalism which allows the classification systems based on their temporal connectivity properties. In this thesis, we are interested in highly dynamic distributed systems with minimal connectivity assumptions. Specifically, we focus on connected over time systems where the only guarantee is that any element of the system can infinitely often send a message to any other (no guarantee are provided on the sustainability of the used path nor on the time communication). We are particularly interested in covering problems (e.g., minimal dominanting set, maximal matching, maximal independent set, ...) in these highly dynamic distributed systems. The contributions of this thesis in this context are as follows. We first propose a new definition for the covering problems which is more suited to highly dynamic distributed systems that the existing definitions. Secondly, we provide a generic tool to simplify proof of impossibility results in dynamic distributed systems. We use this tool to prove some impossibility results of covering problems. Then, we propose a new time complexity measure to fairly compare the algorithms performance in dynamic distributed systems. Finally, we give an algorithm that compute a minimal dominating set in highly dynamic distributed systems.

A restricted version of the Galois connection between polymorphisms and invariants, called Pol−CInv, is studied, where the invariant relations are restricted to so-called clausal relations. In this context, the relationship of maximal C-clones and maximal clones is investigated. It is shown that, with the exception of one special case occurring for Boolean domains, maximal C-clones are never maximal clones.:1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 3 Proof of the main theorem 3.1 Principle of proof 3.2 Bounded orders 3.3 Non-trivial congruences 3.4 Selfdual functions 3.5 Quasilinear functions 3.6 Functions preserving central and h-regular relations 4 Concluding remarks References / Wir untersuchen eine eingeschränkte Variante der Galoisverbindung zwischen Polymorphismen und invarianten Relationen, bezeichnet mit Pol−CInv, wobei die invarianten Relationen auf sogenannte klausale Relationen beschränkt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Beziehung zwischen maximalen C-Klonen und maximalen Klonen betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, daß, mit Ausnahme eines Spezialfalles für Boolesche Grundmengen, maximale C-Klone niemals maximale Klone sind.:1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 3 Proof of the main theorem 3.1 Principle of proof 3.2 Bounded orders 3.3 Non-trivial congruences 3.4 Selfdual functions 3.5 Quasilinear functions 3.6 Functions preserving central and h-regular relations 4 Concluding remarks References

Bakgrund: För en del idrottare är det viktigt att bibehålla en hög effektutveckling och anaerob kapacitet under en hel tävling. Ibland tillåts endast någon timmes återhämtning mellan prestationer, och nutritionsmässiga strategier, däribland intag av kolhydrater blir relevant för att underlätta återhämtningsprocessen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekten av kolhydratsintag under 1h återhämtning från kortvarig högintensiv träning på efterföljande anaerob prestationsförmåga. Metod: Åtta vältränade kvinnor och män utförde ett countermovement jump (CMJ) följt av 5 varv av Wingate cykeltest. Deltagare fick därefter vila i 1 timme och intog under tiden antingen 1.2g/kg kolhydrater (maltodextrin) eller placebo. Efter återhämtningen utförde deltagarna ett CMJ följt av 1 varv Wingate cykeltest. Testvärden som mättes var hopphöjd (CMJ), min power, max power, average power samt fatique index (Wingate). Resultat: Resultatet från två-vägs ANOVA visade att varken tid eller supplementering hade någon signifikant effekt på prestation gällande någon av de uppmätta variablerna. Det var ingen signifikant skillnad mellan det första varvet Wingate före återhämtning jämfört med Wingate efter återhämtning, samma gäller CMJ. Båda grupper återhämtade sin ursprungliga prestationsförmåga efter 1h återhämtning, vare sig de intog kolhydrater eller inte. / Background: For some athletes it is important to maintain a high level of power output and anaerobic capacity throughout an entire compentition. Some situations only allow a few hours of recovery between performances, and nutritional strategies, including carbohydrate intake become relevant to facilitate the recovery process. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate intake during 1 hour of recovery from short-term high intensity exercise on subsequent anaerobic performance. Method: Eight well-trained women and men performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) followed by 5 laps of Wingate cycling test. Participants were then allowed to rest for 1 hour while consuming either 1,2g/kg carbohydrates (maltodextrin) or placebo. After recovery, participants performed a CMJ followed by one lap of Wingate cycling test. The testvalues that were measured were jump height (CMJ), min power, max power, average power and fatigue index (Wingate). Result: Results from the two-way ANOVA showed that neither time nor supplementation had any significant effect on subsequent performance regarding any of the measured variables. There were no significant difference between Wingate lap 1 pre recovery and Wingate post recovery, same for CMJ. Both groups regained their original performance after 1h of recovery, wether intake of carbohydrate or not.

Introduktion Längdskidor involverar såväl underkropps som överkroppsarbete i varierad intensitet och terräng. Tävlingarna är allt ifrån 1km upp till 30km för damer respektive 50km för herrar. Detta ställer flera olika fysiologiska krav på en längdskidåkare. Som exempelvis hög maximal aerob effekt, hög aerob kapacitet, hög anaerob kapacitet, styrka, kraftutveckling i överkropp samt hög andel fettfri massa. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en skillnad i fysiologiska egenskaper mellan sprint- och distansåkare. Det finns hittills ingen strukturerad litteraturundersökning som jämför den aktuella forskningen (från och med 2012) på skillnaderna i vilka fysiologiska egenskaper som är kopplade till sprint- respektive distansprestation. Syftet var att undersöka skillnaderna mellan vilka fysiologiska egenskaper som kan kopplas till sprintprestation och vilka fysiologiska egenskaper som kan kopplas till distansprestation inom elitlängdskidåkning. Metod En strukturerad litteraturundersökning utfördes i databaserna: Pubmed, SPORTDiscus och Sport Medicine and Education Index mellan 2012 och 2022-04-18. Även en manuell sökning i relevanta artiklars referenslistor utfördes. Resultat  Studien inkluderade 13 artiklar. Resultatet visade att sprintprestation är kopplat till högt VO2max (l/min). Distansprestation är kopplat till högt VO2max (l/min och ml/kg/min). Sprintåkare har högre VO2max uttryckt i l/min medan distansåkare har högre VO2max uttryckt i ml/kg/min vid jämförelse mellan disciplinerna. Hastighet på obla4mmol är kopplat till distansprestation men inte till sprintprestation. Hög anaerob kapacitet och större fettfri massa uttryckt i absoluta mått är starkare kopplat till sprintprestation än distansprestation.   Konklusion Distansprestation är kopplat till VO2max/VO2peak (l/min och ml/kg/min), aerob kapacitet samt hög andel fettfrimassa. Sprintprestation är kopplat till hög VO2max/VO2peak (l/min), anaerob kapacitet samt hög fettfri massa. Skillnaderna var att distansprestation var starkare kopplat till det aeroba egenskaperna i jämförelse med sprintprestation medan sprintprestation var starkare kopplat till det anaeroba egenskaper i jämförelse med distansprestation. / Introduction Cross-country skiing involves both upper- and lower body work in varied intensity and terrain. The distances are from 1km to 30km for women respectively 50km for men. There are different physiological demands on a cross-country skier. For example, high maximum aerobic power, high aerobic capacity, high anaerobic capacity, strength, upper body power and a high proportion of lean mass. Earlier studies have seen differences in physiological characteristics between sprint- and distance skiers. But there is no structured literature study that compares the current research (from 2012) on differences in physiological characteristics between sprint and distance performance. The aim was to investigate differences between physiological characteristics that can be linked to sprint and distance performance in elite cross-country skiing.  Method A structured literature review was conducted in the databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Sports Medicine And Education Index between 2012 and 2022-04-18. A manual search in the reference lists of relevant articles was conducted. Results 13 articles were included in the study. The results showed that sprint performance is linked to high VO2max (l/min). Distance performance is linked to high VO2max (l/min and ml/kg/min). Sprint skiers have higher VO2max expressed in l/min while distance skiers have higher VO2max expressed in ml/kg/min in comparison with each other. Speed ​​at obla4mmol is linked to distance performance but not to sprint performance. High anaerobic capacity and greater lean mass are more strongly linked to sprint performance than distance performance. Conclusion Distance performance is linked to VO2max/VO2peak (l/min and ml/kg/min), aerobic capacity and high proportion of lean mass. Sprint performance is linked to high VO2max/VO2peak (l/min), anaerobic capacity and high lean mass. The differences were that distance performance was more strongly linked to the aerobic characteristics compared to sprint performance while sprint performance was more strongly linked to anaerobic characteristics compared to distance performance.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mathematics / Charles N. Moore / The main focus of this work is to study the classical Calder\'n-Zygmund theory and its recent developments. An attempt has been made to study some of its theory in more generality in the context of a nonhomogeneous space equipped with a measure which is not necessarily doubling. We establish a Hedberg type inequality associated to a non-doubling measure which connects two famous theorems of Harmonic Analysis-the Hardy-Littlewood-Weiner maximal theorem and the Hardy-Sobolev integral theorem. Hedberg inequalities give pointwise estimates of the Riesz potentials in terms of an appropriate maximal function. We also establish a good lambda inequality relating the distribution function of the Riesz potential and the fractional maximal function in $(\rn, d\mu)$, where $\mu$ is a positive Radon measure which is not necessarily doubling. Finally, we also derive potential inequalities as an application.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This work explores aeronautical telemetry communication performance with the SOQPSK- TG ARTM waveforms when frequency-selective multipath corrupts received information symbols. A multi-antenna equalization scheme is presented where each antenna's unique multipath channel is equalized using a pilot-aided optimal linear minimum mean-square error filter. Following independent channel equalization, a maximal ratio combining technique is used to generate a single receiver output for detection. This multi-antenna equalization process is shown to improve detection performance over maximal ratio combining alone.

Background: The maximum rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) can be measured through numerous tests, either directly or indirectly, where direct methods are considered more accurate, whereas indirect methods are more of an estimation with various degrees of reliability. Cooper's Test is one example of an indirect method considered reliable in estimating V̇O2max, with reliability coefficients ranging between 0.897-0.960. Cooper's Test is thus a test that is often used when estimating V̇O2max. However, there is a lack of test-retest research done utilising Cooper's Test on a younger population, which is the reasoning behind this study focusing on adolescents. Aim: The aim of the study was to study the test-retest reliability of Cooper's Test, in adolescents aged 16-19 years. Methods: Twelve healthy adolescents, aged 16-19 years, attending a sports high school participated in a test-retest study (test 1 and test 2) of Cooper's Test. The tests were performed on the short sides of a synthetic grass field, with 66 metres between the two sides, were the participants were instructed to cover as much distance as possible, with high motivation and intensity, for the whole 12 minutes of the Cooper's Test. Each individual participant's data was measured, recorded and later analysed. The total distance covered was then translated into miles and compared to Cooper's original estimated maximal oxygen consumption table for an estimation of each participant's V̇O2max value in ml*kg-1*min-1 from test 1 and test 2. The data from the test-retest and its variance was then analysed by a two-way mixed model of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with an absolute agreement type. Results: The analysed data from test 1 and test 2 of Cooper's Test showed the results of an ICC (95% CI) of 0.06 (-0.353 to 0.544), indicating a substantial error variance between the two separate Cooper's Tests. Conclusion: The data and analysis from this study implied that Cooper's Test was not reliable in the study population, consisting of adolescents. Possible factors influencing the result however were lack of participant motivation and the level of intensity variance during the test-retest of Cooper's Test. Further researchers and amateur and professional users should keep these factors in mind when utilising Cooper's Test to predict V̇O2max. More research is needed within this study's age population to draw any definite conclusions on the reliability of Cooper's test on adolescents.