The following paper has been dedicated to the verb like, which is one of the verbs in the English language that can take either a to-infinitive or an -ing participle as a complement. The purpose of the paper is to examine if there are any differences in distribution and meaning between the two complements. The focus also lies on the different verbs occurring as complements, and the contrast between the verbs occurring as to-infinitives and as -ing participles. There are many theories which have been proposed on the subject that lie as a basis for the investigation. The analysis was carried out by means of an investigation of sentences taken from the COBUILDDIRECT corpus, and includes both spoken and written British and American English. The outcome of the analysis has demonstrated that there is usually agreement between the theories and the results; however, there is not always a difference of meaning between the two complements. Moreover, the analysis suggests that there is a difference of verbs occurring as to-infinitives and -ing participles; the would like to construction represents a fixed expression and often occurs together with performative verbs. Finally, the conclusion has been drawn that there is a small but visible difference between the occurrences of the spoken and the written subcorpora when discussing both meaning and verbs occurring as complements. Since the to-infinitive complement is more common than the -ing participle in newspapers, books, and spoken English, the difference includes both detached and involved style as well as a regional difference between British and American English.

This study investigates the form and function of reduplication in nouns in Japanese. Three main areas were investigated: meaning, morphosyntactic behavior, and register. The study was conducted with informants participating in meetings which were audio recorded. The informants were asked to describe a number of reduplicated nouns belonging to three categories: concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and nouns relating to time. A number of pseudo forms were also included to see if similar patterns could be observed in nouns that did not belong to the regular lexicon. The results were analyzed for possible patterns relating to meaning, morphosyntactic behavior, and register across the three noun categories. Primarily two patterns were observed: 1. the reduplicated forms of concrete nouns tended to have a meaning of plurality and maintain their noun status, and 2. the reduplicated forms of nouns relating to time tended to acquire a sensation of extended time and frequency, and change word class into adverbs. These patterns were not observed as strongly among the pseudo forms. In addition to these patterns, other phenomena were observed among the reduplicated nouns that could not be categorized as belonging to specific patterns and should be investigated in further studies.

Child and youth care workers in residential care provide support and intervention to young people who are experiencing difficulties in their lives. Caring for these young people can be complex and demanding and many child and youth care practitioners struggle to meet the challenges associated with their roles. Practice problems include volatile and punitive environments, inability of practitioners to safely manage young people’s threatening and aggressive behaviours, and staff turnover and burnout. These problems are often attributed to job stress, personal characteristics of practitioners, and lack of education, training, and professional development. To reconceptualise the aforementioned practice problems, Robert Kegan’s (1982) constructive-developmental theory was used as a theoretical framework to explore the experiences of child and youth care workers in residential care. The research was guided by 2 main questions: 1. How do different meaning-making systems influence how practitioners cope with and experience the demands of the job? 2. What role does the organizational environment play, if any, in mediating or exacerbating the demands of the job for practitioners with different meaning-making systems? An exploratory study was conducted using a mixed methods design. The study was conducted in two stages. First, 99 participants completed the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL), Work Environment Scale (WES), and Leadership Development Profile (LDP). Linear regression was conducted to explore the relationships between the ProQOL, LDP, and WES and most results were not significant. From the initial pool, 18 participants were selected for in-depth, qualitative interviews to assess their constructive-developmental orders – the ways in which they make meaning - and explore their experiences in residential care in the areas of job satisfaction and success, challenge, and coping with the demands of the job. The ways in which participants at different constructive-developmental orders experience and cope with the challenges of their jobs are described and themes are identified. There was internal coherence among participants of the same epistemological order and across organizations. This dissertation examines implications of the findings for child and youth care practice, education, training, supervision, research, and organizational management in residential care. / Graduate

This study has as purpose to know what is the meaning of work and its organization for urban transportation drivers. In addition, it is intended to identify how the drivers understand and relate experiences of pleasure and pain to the work and the Organization of their work, as well as verify the effects produced by work in the lives of drivers, in the same perspective. The theoretical reference used in this research was the Psychodynamics of the Work. The research has been carried out through a qualitative approach, descriptive-exploratory character. As Collection instruments were achieved observations in working environments used by drivers, such as bus terminals, in the lines and at the company. After the selection of participants was completed along with the subjects of the survey a questionnaire of personal and professional data that had as its purpose to assist in the understanding of the information obtained. On the sequence the media conference was used as the main instrument of data collection. The Content analysis was used and the project answered the 466/12 Resolution of the National Council of health. As results showed that the work of these drivers is loaded with multiple meanings, among them include the providing financial support, like what you do, the profession of driver to be present in different generations of his family, the possibility to be near family, combining the personal and professional lives, and have a goal and people that depend on this service. The experiences of pleasure and pain related to work were understood through three categories, namely the relationship network of the driver, the satisfaction and recognitionat work and the relationship personal life and work. Referring to the work organization related experiences, it was realized that this is hard, with overcharging on some working procedures and often with the lack of knowledge and experience of who carries out these collections. These data can assist in planning strategies that contribute to the construction of a health promoter work every day for these workers. / Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer qual é o sentido do trabalho e da sua organização para motoristas de transporte coletivo urbano. Além disso, buscou-se identificar como os motoristas compreendem e relacionam vivências de prazer e de sofrimento ao trabalho e a organização do seu trabalho, assim como verificar os efeitos produzidos pelo trabalho na vida dos motoristas, na perspectiva dos mesmos. O referencial teórico utilizado nesta pesquisa foi o da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. A pesquisa se deu através de uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter descritivo-exploratório. Como instrumentos de coleta foram realizadas observações nos ambientes de trabalho utilizados pelos motoristas, ou seja, nos terminais do ônibus, nas linhas e na empresa. Após a seleção dos participantes foi preenchido, juntamente com os sujeitos da pesquisa, um questionário de dados pessoais e profissionais que teve como finalidade auxiliar no entendimento das informações obtidas. Na sequência foi utilizada a entrevista coletiva como instrumento principal de coleta dos dados. Foi usada a análise de conteúdo e o projeto atendeu a Resolução 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Como resultados evidenciou-se que o trabalho desses motoristas é carregado de múltiplos sentidos, dentre eles prover o sustento, desempenhar a atividade que gosta, a profissão de motorista estar presente em diferentes gerações da família, a possibilidade de estar próximo da família, aliando a vida pessoal e profissional e ter um objetivo e pessoas que dependam desse serviço. As vivências de prazer e sofrimento relacionadas ao trabalho foram entendidas através de três categorias, sendo elas a rede de relacionamento do motorista, a satisfação e o reconhecimento presentes no trabalho e a relação vida pessoal e trabalho. Com relação às vivências relacionadas à organização do trabalho, percebeu-se que essa se mostra rígida, com cobranças excessivas sobre alguns procedimentos de trabalho e, muitas vezes, falta de conhecimento e experiência de quem realiza essas cobranças. Estes dados poderão auxiliar no planejamento de estratégias que contribuam para a construção de um cotidiano de trabalho promotor de saúde para estes trabalhadores.

La présente étude, faisant objet d’une thèse de doctorat, a trait à l’étude des expressions idiomatiques en lien avec la représentation spatiale en italien. Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier et d’analyser ces expressions idiomatiques dans la langue italienne, en nous intéressant aux implications que cela peut avoir sur la représentation de l’espace en italien. L’étude que nous nous proposons de mener a pour objet la compréhension de ces structures figées en italien et de leurs équivalents en français. L’analyse des effets des expressions idiomatiques dans le discours du langage quotidien, rendue possible par l’élaboration d’un corpus de 25 romans graphiques, a été l’occasion de mieux comprendre la productivité de ces locutions figées. / This study as a doctoral thesis, deals with the analysis of the idiomatic expressions and spatial reference in the Italian and French languages. This research was aimed at describing the meanings of an idiom's element that plays important role in idiom interpretation and use, by raising the question of various non-literal forms evolves with a particular context as graphic novels. This work focuses on a systemic analysis of idiom types, the evidence relating to one major classes of idiom comprehension models: non-composition models, which assume the compositional meanings of phrases and sentences are routinely generated and used in the development of 25 graphic novels; the items are considered as one opportunity to better understand the structure of the idiom.

This thesis deals with the subject of life goals. It presents selected life goal theories and possible life goal classifications. Attention is also paid to developmental characteristics of life goals in the context of Theories of life-span development. Another related subject is meaningfulness of life - which is closely related to life goals. It outlines philosophical roots of this concept and some psychological theories. The last subject of the theoretical part is psychological construct of well-being, which is presented by selected theories. Empirical part of this thesis is trying to verify the hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the content of important goals of younger and older adults. It also examines the connexion between intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations and Life satisfaction. In order to attain this aim, we used two methods trough two different questionnaires - Satisfaction with Life Scale and Aspiration Index (AI). Samples were made by assessing answers of 962 Czech adult respondents, and the survey packet was distributed to participants online. We found significant differences between younger and older adults in the importance attributed to different goals which concerned: Affiliation, Sense of community, Physical health, Financial Success, Image, Popularity,...

Purpose: To identify how young women of generation Y define what apparel quality means for them based on their personal wardrobe content by further considering their knowledge in the field and values in their upbringing. Methodology: The research was conducted through nine semi-structured face to face interviews with young women. The interviews took place in the respondents’ homes as their wardrobe content was required for the purpose of the study. Empirical data: The data was collected through a purposive sampling of Gothenburg-based young women using a recruitment instrument with specific respondent criteria. Conclusion: The findings of this study support various aspects of existing literature on consumers’ quality definition and assessment, however, also highlights the importance of experience with garments as a quality indicator when there is a knowledge gap about garment construction. In accordance with that, durability was the most important quality indicator of wardrobe items, while fabric blend and sensory feel were most useful when assessing quality before purchase. Respondents based their knowledge primarily on own experiences and information gained through media and their mothers as main socialization agents. The relevance of sustainability in quality assessments had previously not been investigated but was revealed in this study.

The overall aim of this thesis is to develop a typology of the relationship between parents and schools by clarifying different meanings of that relationship. The study is anchored in a tradition within the sociology of knowledge which stresses the ongoing interpretative struggle between different social groups (Mannheim 1928/1968). Based on this theoretical approach, and in the light of international research, four models of the parent–school relationship are developed. Each model is related to an overall system of meaning, thereby clarifying competing conceptualizations of central concepts such as “parent” and “involvement”. The partnership model (1) stresses that it is in the children’s best educational interests to encourage cooperation between parents and schools. I argue that this model was originally based on the concept of equality, but that this concept was replaced in the 1980s by those of efficiency and learning. The user participation model (2) entails formal involvement of parents in the governance of individual schools. Participatory democracy, I argue, is one component in an overall system of meaning for this model. The other is efficiency, a concept that is related to changes in school governing bodies and school management during the 1980s. The choice model (3) emphasizes the rights of parents to choose among schools for the sake of their own children. Despite different interpretations of what choice entails, I argue that this model of the parent–school relationship can be related to an overall system of meaning in which the autonomous civil citizen is in focus. The separation model (4) takes as its starting point the differences between parents (home) and teachers (school) and problematizes the endeavour to achieve cooperation between the two. I argue that one component in the overall system of meaning associated with this model could be termed constitutive differences, a component that is also embedded in the concept of teacher professionalism. Two other components of the separation model are equality and integrity, the latter from the vantage point of children and young people. The thesis also analyses the parent–school relationship in the Swedish historical context, using the four models and the concepts mentioned above as analytical tools. In the first period, beginning with the reports of the 1940 School Committee and the 1946 School Commission, the focus was on the partnership model and the separation model. The user participation model was introduced in connection with a proposal to establish local governing bodies in the mid-1970s, and the choice model emerged, in the Swedish context, in the early 1990s.

The role of input and output in the acquisition of language has been a source of controversy in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. This present study aimed to investigate the relative effects of processing instruction (PI) as a type of input-based instruction and traditional instruction (TI) as a type of output-based instruction. Specifically, this experiment examined whether PI and TI bring about any improvement in comprehension and production of the Arabic subjunctive by beginner-level learners of Arabic. The PI instructional technique was based on the principles of input processing suggested by VanPatten (1993, 2002, 2004). It has three main elements: (a) an explicit explanation of grammar, (b) information on processing strategies, and (c) structured input activities. The study involved second semester students of Arabic and it aimed at assessing the impact of PI and traditional output instruction on the interpretation and production of the Arabic subjunctive on immediate and delayed posttests. One instructional package was developed for the PI group and another package was developed for the TI group. To assess the effects of instruction, a pretest/posttest/delayed posttest procedure with three tests was used. Each test included: 1) interpretation task with sixteen multiple choice items and 2) production task with sixteen sentence-completion items. The results from this study showed that participants who received PI outperformed participants from the TI as measured by Interpretation tasks of the subjunctive. However, the performance of both groups were statistically similar as was measured by the production tasks of the subjunctive. These results supported those of previous research that had compared PI with TI (Benati, 2001, 2005; Cadierno, 1995; VanPatten & Cadierno, 1993a, 1993b; VanPatten & Wong, 2004).

La présente recherche porte sur l'emploi des termes populisme et populiste lors de l'élection présidentielle française de 2012. Cette étude a été réalisée en traitant deux corpus : les discours politiques et complémentairement les discours journalistiques, recouvrant la période d'octobre 2010 à mai 2012. En se positionnant dans le cadre des théories de la sémantique discursive et de la praxématique, nous avons convoqué l'analyse du discours afin d'analyser la production de sens desdits termes.L'objectif étant de comprendre comment les candidats à la présidentielle de 2012 et les commentateurs dans la presse écrite emploient les termes en question dans leurs discours et de déterminer les procédés linguistiques qui interviennent dans ces discours afin de représenter ces termes.Les résultats obtenus illustrent qu'à partir du point de vue de la production de sens, il existe un jeu sur le sémantisme de ces termes : nous les recevons avec une production de sens majoritairement négative, même si certains locuteurs/écrivains essayaient d'injecter le sens positif dans son sens négatif antérieur. / This research focuses on the use of the terms populism and populist during the French presidential election of 2012. This study had carried out by treating two corpuses : political discourses and additionally journalistic discourses, covering the period from October 2010 to May 2012. By positioning in the theories of discursive semantics and of praxématique, we convened the discourse analysis to analyze the production of the meaning of those terms.The goal is to understand how the presidential candidates of 2012 and commentators in the press use the terms in question in their discourses, and to determine the linguistic processes involved in these discourses to represent these terms.The results show that from the point of view of the production of meaning, there is a semantic act on these terms, which we receive mostly with a negative meaning, although some speakers / writers was trying to inject the positive direction in their previous negative meaning.