Instructional media is expensive yet it may be underutilized. This study explored the perceptions of tertiary educators in Botswana on the role of instructional media in tertiary students’ conceptualization of intended learning outcomes. Quantitative research was used to a greater extent and the qualitative to a lesser extent. The study is a survey in which a questionnaire with twenty-two (22) items was used as a data collection instrument. An initial total of 300 copies of the questionnaire were sent to a sample of 30 tertiary institutions in Botswana. A total of 183 questionnaires were returned, thus 61% return rate. A number of findings emanated from this study, and it was concluded that instructional media enhances tertiary students’ conceptualization of intended learning outcomes. There was a correlation between instructional media utilization and students’ conceptualization of intended learning outcomes. Respondents also reported that instructional media aroused interest in learning and enhanced effective teaching and learning during the teaching and learning process; and that instructional media improved learning, thereby improving academic achievement of the learners, up to estimated 50% or better than students who were taught using the traditional ways. It was also found out that computers and their accessories were frequently used as well as a combination of instructional media. Another finding was that the same media were frequently used because of lack of resources and that they were the only instructional media available in the institutions. The study further concluded that, the amount used to purchase and maintain instructional media at departmental, faculty and or institutional level was seen to be put to good use. The study recommends that: instructional media be one of the main components of teaching and learning process in tertiary institution; a policy to be formulated on financing; use and management of instructional media; training of tertiary educators on different types of instructional media to be made a priority; otherwise purchased instructional media may end up as white elephants in schools. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

This study analyses mistrust of media. Door-to-door interviews were conducted with 318 respondents in six different parts of Sweden. In 2015 the Swedish research institute SOM published an interesting study of mistrust of media in Sweden, showing that the group that mistrust the media is dominated by supporters of the Sweden Democrats. The aim of this study is to gain understanding of the causes and nature of mistrust of media. The interviews featured both open and closed questions, covering political interest and the respondents opinions about what is good and less good in society. This essay primarily analyses the issues that concern trust in the media linked to community involvement. This essay is based on the framework of a larger study by the think tank Arena Idé. The interviews were conducted by 10 interviewers and the coding of the material was done by a person employed by the think tank. For the interview guide, a code scheme was created and the computer programme Nvivo was used for the coding. Employing theories about public connection and the hostile media effect, this study aims to provide a better understanding of popular mistrust. The findings point to the conclusion that there are reasons to believe that a hostile media effect exists. The expressions of mistrust of media are classified into three different themes: Source criticism, Alleged obfuscation of truth, and Angling of media. The connection to society in the group with a low level of trust in the media is found to be narrow but intense.

This thesis sets out to investigate the representation of smartphones by one of the biggest English daily newspapers of the world – the New York Times – and further sheds light on the potential influence the newspaper has on the norms of smartphone behavior. The research is conducted in two parts. For the first research question through a quantitative and the second research question a qualitative content analysis of New York Times articles about smartphones from the years 2007 and 2016. For the content analysis as well as the analysis of the results three different theoretical frameworks are applied: Stuart Hall’s (1997b) representation theory, McGuire’s (2001) media effect factors and social norms theory, mainly according to Cristina Bicchieri (2017). Since assumptions on the outcome of research question one exist on the grounds of previous research conducted in the field, two hypotheses were formed:H1 – In 2007 the coverage of smartphones will be mainly positive and focus on technological aspects.H2 – In 2016 the coverage will be more critical about the consequences of the pervasion and influence of the smartphone in society.The main findings of the thesis are, for research question one, a validation of the hypotheses through the quantitative content analysis and application of the representation theory through which a distinction in the representation of the smartphones denotation and connotation could be made. And for research question two, that the strongest potential of influence on norms of smartphone behavior lies in conveying and updating and thus sometimes changing of empirical and normative expectations together with further intertwined factors.

1 Abstract The thesis titled Partisans perception of controversial topics in online news and influence of hostile media effect is dedicated to a modern phenomenon from the field of media effects and media audience research called hostile media effect. Its theory has been shaping since the mid 80s of the previous century and it is defined as a tendency of polarized partisans to perceive even-handed and balanced media coverage of a controversial topic as biased against their own opinion. With this effect, both polarized groups evaluate unbiased media content as more favorable towards the contrary point of view. Theoretical part includes the history of the phenomenon, its context within development of new digital media and social media, factors that influence its impact and how it affects cognitive processes, therefore why there is a tendency of such perceptions within polarized partisans. The last chapter of theory covers a summary of major studies and their findings. In the research part, I conducted a questionnaire inspired by an American study from 2012 that observes different perceptions of media coverage among partisans in the topic of mandatory children vaccination. This is the first research that confirmed a tendency of hostile media phenomenon on Slovak online population.

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Dagens teknologi förenklar integrationen mellan människor med stort avstånd, något man inte kunde föreställa sig tidigare. Massmedier som nyhetskanaler och sociala medier tillåter människor att interagera samt läsa och samla in information från hela världen. En person kan exempelvis samla information från bekvämligheten av sitt egna hem, utan personliga erfarenheter. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur mediebevakningen av flyktingströmmen har påverkat turisters attityder mot turistdestinationer. Studien avgränsas geografiskt till den grekiska ön Lesbos, för att få en inblick på hur turister påverkas av massmedia. Därtill har författarna av studien implementerat en kvantitativ forskningsmetod i form av strukturerade intervjuer. Sekundärdata har även samlats in i form av tidigare forskningar, information tilldelad av massmedia och fakta från myndigheter. Valet att inkludera dessa former av sekundärdata är för att få insikt och en djupare förståelse om hur världen ser ut idag i samband med studien. Resultatet av den strukturerade intervjun visade att majoriteten av de tillfrågade fått sin kunskap om Lesbos genom massmedier.  Dessutom visar det sig att majoriteten av respondenterna uppgav att de inte kunde tänka sig resa till ön Lesbos i Grekland för nöje och avkoppling. Studiens undersökning visar att mediebevakningen av flyktingströmmen och ön Lesbos har haft stort inflytande bland respondenterna. Baserat på informationen från massmedia, har ön beskrivits som flyktingmottagning och respondenter som reser för avkoppling och nöje valde att undvika Lesbos som ett resmål. Det författarna fick fram av studien var att majoriteten av de svenska turisterna har en negativ attityd och syn på Lesbos. Detta på grund informationen som förmedlas av massmedia och dess informationsspridning om ön. Vidare är det viktigt att notera att turismens attityder och åsikter skiljer sig åt mellan varje individ, eftersom varje individ tar emot informationen olika, även om den kommer från samma källa. / Today’s technology allows people to interact at a great distance that could not be imagined before. Through the technology, the media such as news channels and social media which allows people to interact as well as read and gather information from all over the world. For example, a person can gather information from the comfort of his own home, without having to experience it himself. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the media coverage affects and alters tourist’s attitudes and views of a tourist destination. The study has limited itself to the Greek Island of Lesvos and how its tourism has been affected by the media reports of the refugee movements. The authors of the study have applied a quantitative research method in the form of structured interviews. Secondary data have also been collected such as; news from social media, scientific articles, statistics, and facts from governmental organizations, in order to have a deeper understanding of the subject that is studied. The results of the structured interview showed that the majority of respondents gained their knowledge of the island Lesvos through media outlets.  Whilst the majority of those who participated expressed that they could not imagine traveling to the island of Lesvos in Greece for pleasure and relaxation. The study survey shows that the media coverage of the refugee tide and the island of Lesvos had a great influence among the respondents. Based on the information from the media outlet, the island was described as a refugee camp and the respondents traveling for relaxation and fun chose to avoid Lesvos as a tourist destination I conclusion; the study indicates that the majority of the Swedish tourists have a negative attitude and view towards Lesvos due to the coverage and information spread by the media. Furthermore, it is important to note that the attitudes and views of the tourists differ from each individual. This is because every individual receives and perceives the information differently, even though it may come from the same source.

This work is based on an assumption that human decision-making process is following several approximate rules (heuristics) that causes predictable and systematic errors in judgement (cognitive biases). Although this stand point is typical for fields like behavioural economics or behavioural law and economics, there is no reason to not apply this logic also on other discipline like a mass media communication studies. This work offers an analysis of the information market where supply side is represented by producers of information (e.g. media organizations) and demand side is represented by consumers of those information (audience). The analysis is focused on factors that cause perceived description of a particular event can vastly differ from this event. One of those cognitive biases which cause different perception of the same media content is called hostile media effect. In respect to this effect, sympathizers with a socially controversial topic tend to perceive information in the mass media as hostile to their own opinion. Previous research concluded that hostile perception is mainly caused by a reach of information which is explained by the selective categorization - although individuals with different worldview can see the same content, they perceive it with a different valence. The valence of the...

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法庭應否開放電視轉播此一問題，早在1964年，美國因錢德勒案（Chandler v. Florida）沸沸揚揚，當時國內即有倡議開放者。但直到2000年蘇建和等三人刑事再審案開庭時，法院因旁聽席不足，將審理實況錄影轉接至法庭外同步播放，電視媒體則自行拍攝轉播予公眾，變通出「間接轉播」的形式，法庭究竟能否經由電視轉播給公眾觀看，才引起廣泛討論。 本研究之目的有二，其一在於檢視我國既存的間接轉播模式，並藉由四個面向探討我國法庭開放電視轉播的可行性，包括：（一）法庭開放電視轉播所涉的爭議及國內外之現況；（二）司法資訊公開作為法庭開放電視轉播的憲法上理論基礎；（三）從傳播效果研究觀察法庭開放電視轉播可能產生的負面影響；（四）我國法庭開放電視轉播的建議方案；其二則就國內較少進行研究的法庭活動進行初探研究。本研究透過文獻回顧，掌握美國、日本、德國與中國大陸的相關論爭，歸納轉播可能面臨的難題為何。其次，就資訊公開及大眾傳播理論中的效果研究進行分析，探討司法資訊公開的理論基礎，並釐清轉播可能產生的負面效果。同時，藉由敘事結構分析我國司法制度下的審判敘事為何，然後建議透過電視轉播法庭，改善過濃的法制移植色彩，強化人民對司法的認同，及透過分析影像的真實模態提出適合我國法庭開放轉播的建議方案。 本研究認為，為促進資訊公開及審判公開，增進司法教育，強化司法認同，充實法庭言說活動，並參考國會公開的先例，再加上轉播的負面影響尚乏實證支持，以及因技術及噪音干擾法庭的情形已改善，故支持我國法庭開放電視轉播。 本研究礙於時間及資源之限制，無法進行精確而有效的電視轉播實驗及評估可行方案、影像資訊公開的風險管控、敘事結構對閱聽人的實證影響及法庭上權力與語言關係等等詳加探討。惟法庭開放電視轉播，因傳播技術的革新，遲早會是一個無法迴避的重要政策問題，本研究希望能藉此拋磚引玉，並期待未來能有更多的研究投入。