I takt med att andelen äldre ökar i samhället rapporteras om stigande läkemedelsanvändning. Normala åldersförändringar, ökad risk för multisjuklighet och kroniska sjukdomar i kombination med polyfarmaci och bristande följsamhet medför en ökad risk för läkemedelsrelaterad ohälsa hos äldre. Bristande följsamhet till läkemedelsbehandling är en stor och problematik hos äldre vilket kan medföra negativa konsekvenser för både patienten och samhället. Syftet med studien är att beskriva kunskapsläget avseende associerade faktorer till den äldres upplevelse av följsamhet och bristande följsamhet till läkemedelsbehandling. Studien är en integrativ litteraturstudie med sammanställning av totalt 11 vetenskapliga artiklar både kvalitativa och kvantitativa från databaserna CINHAL, PubMed, Web of Science och Nursing and Allied Health database. Efter granskning av artiklarna framträdde tre huvudteman; Kunskap och förståelse, Minne och vardagliga hinder, Stöd och strategier, utifrån dessa formades tio subteman. I resultatet framkom det att äldres upplevelse av bristande följsamhet till läkemedelsbehandling var associerade till flertal faktorer. Bakomliggande orsaker till äldres upplevelse av bristande följsamhet var således relaterade till bristande kunskap om sin läkemedelsbehandling, kognitiv svikt samt otillräckligt stöd och brist på strategier. Faktorer som hade positiv effekt på följsamhet till läkemedelsbehandling var kunskap och information om sina läkemedel, stöd från anhöriga, stöd och god relation med sin vårdgivare samt hitta rätt strategier. Studiens slutsats är att med hjälp av patientens egna strategier samt vårdgivarens stöd, information och undervisning kan äldres följsamhet till läkemedel främjas och osäker läkemedelsbehandling reduceras. / With the growing number of older people in society there is a report of increasing drug use. Normal age changes, increased risk of multiple morbidity and chronic diseases in combination with polypharmacy and lack of medication adherence entail an increased risk of drug-related illness in the elderly. Lack of medication adherence is a major problem in the elderly, which could have negative consequences for both the patient and society. The purpose of the study is therefore to describe the state of knowledge regarding factors associated with the elderly's experience of medication adherence and lack of medication adherence. The study is an integrative literature study with a compilation of a total of 11 peer reviewed articles both qualitative and quantitative from the databases CINHAL, PubMed, Web of Science and Nursing and Allied Health database. Through review of the articles, three main themes emerged; Knowledge and understanding, Memory and everyday obstacles, Support and strategies, based on these, ten sub-themes were formed. The result showed that the elderly's experience of lack of medication adherence was associated with several factors. The underlying causes of the elderly´s experience of lack of medication adherence were related to lack of knowledge about their drug treatment, cognitive impairment and insufficient support and lack of strategies. Factors that had a positive effect on medication adherence were knowledge and information about their drug treatment, support from relatives, support and a good relationship with their healthcare providers and finding the right strategies. The study concludes that with the help of the patient's own strategies and the support from the healthcare provider, information and education, the elderly's medication adherence can be promoted and unsafe medication treatment can be reduced

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Contexte: À date, il existe peu de données sur l’adhésion, la persistance et les coûts associés aux antidépresseurs selon le type d’assurance médicament (privé ou public). Objectif: Comparer selon le régime d’assurance médicament (privé ou public), l'adhésion, la persistance et les coûts des antidépresseurs. Méthodes de recherche: Une étude de cohorte appariée a été réalisée en utilisant des bases de données du Québec. Sujets: Nous avons sélectionné 194 patients assurés par un régime privé et 1923 patients assurés par le régime public de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) (18-64 ans) qui ont rempli au moins une ordonnance pour un antidépresseur entre décembre 2007 et septembre 2009. Mesures: L’adhésion, mesurée sur une période d’un an, a été estimée en utilisant le proportion of prescribed days covered (PPDC). Un modèle de régression linéaire a été utilisé afin d’estimer la différence moyenne en PPDC entre les patients assurés par un régime privé et ceux assurés par le régime public de la RAMQ. La persistance a été comparé entre ces deux groupes avec un modèle de régression de survie Cox, et le coût mensuel d'antidépresseurs ($ CAN) a été comparé entre ces deux groupes en utilisant un modèle de régression linéaire. Résultats: Le PPDC parmi les patients assurés par un régime privé était de 86,4% (intervalle de confiance (IC) 95%: 83,3%-89,5%) versus 81,3% (IC 95%: 80,1%-82,5%) pour les patients assurés par le régime public de la RAMQ, pour une différence moyenne ajustée de 6,7% (IC 95%: 3,0%-10,4%). La persistance après un an parmi les patients assurés par un régime privé était de 49,5% versus 18,9% pour les patients assurés par le régime public de la RAMQ (p <0,001), et le rapport de risque ajusté était de 0,48 (IC 95%: 0,30-0,76). Comparativement aux patients assurés par le régime public de la RAMQ, les patients ayant une assurance privée ont payé 14,94 $ CAD (95% CI: $12,30-$17,58) de plus par mois en moyenne pour leurs antidépresseurs. Conclusion: Les patients assurés par un régime privé avaient une meilleure adhésion, persistance, mais avaient aussi un plus haut coût pour leurs antidépresseurs que ceux assurés par le régime public de la RAMQ. Cette différence de coûts peut être due aux différentes exigences de paiement en pharmacie entre les deux régimes ainsi qu’aux limites des honoraires des pharmaciens imposés par le régime public. / Background: The influence of the type of drug insurance on adherence, persistence and cost of antidepressants is not well known. Objective: To compare adherence, persistence and cost of antidepressants in patients with private and public drug insurance. Research Design: A matched cohort study was conducted using prescription claims databases from Quebec, Canada. Subjects: 194 privately and 1923 publicly insured patients (18-64 years) who filled at least one prescription for an antidepressant between December 2007 and September 2009. Measures: Adherence over one year was estimated using the proportion of prescribed days covered (PPDC). The difference in mean PPDC between patients with private and public drug insurance was estimated with a linear regression model. Persistence was compared between the groups with a Cox regression model, and the monthly cost of antidepressants (CAD$) was compared between the two groups using linear regression. Results: The PPDC was 86.4% (95% CI: 83.3-89.5) in patients with private and 81.3% (95%CI: 80.1-82.5) in patients with public drug insurance and the adjusted mean difference was 6.7% (95% CI: 3.0-10.4). Persistence was 49.5% in patients with private and 18.9% in patients with public drug insurance at one year (p<0.001), and the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.48 (95%CI: 0.30-0.76). Patients privately insured paid 14.94$ CAD (95% CI: 12.30; 17.58) more per month on average for their antidepressants. Conclusion: Better adherence and persistence and higher costs were observed in privately insured patients. Cost difference might be due to different pharmacy payment requirements and pharmacists’ honorary restrictions under the public plan.

L’assurance médicaments est un des facteurs qui peuvent influencer l’adhésion aux médicaments. Les objectifs de ce mémoire étaient d’évaluer l’impact du type d’assurance médicaments (publique versus privée) sur l’adhésion et le coût des antihypertenseurs et d’évaluer l’impact des procédures de remboursement et de la contribution du patient sur l’adhésion aux médicaments prescrits pour traiter une maladie chronique. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, deux cohortes rétrospectives ont été construites à partir des bases de données de la RAMQ et reMed : une cohorte appariée d’utilisateurs d’antihypertenseurs couverts par une assurance médicaments privée ou publique et une cohorte de patients couverts par une assurance médicaments privée ayant rempli au moins une ordonnance pour un médicament traitant une maladie chronique. Les résultats montrent que le niveau d’adhésion aux antihypertenseurs était similaire entre les deux types d’assurance médicaments et que le coût des antihypertenseurs était 28,9 % plus élevé au privé. De plus, il a été observé que les procédures de remboursement n’affectaient pas l’adhésion, alors que le niveau de contribution des patients l’affectait. Les patients qui déboursaient un plus grand montant à l’achat de leurs médicaments étaient moins adhérents (différence : -19,0 %, Intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : -24,0 à -13,0), alors que les patients qui n’avaient rien à débourser étaient moins adhérents (différence : -9,0 %, IC à 95 % : -15,0 à -2,0), que ceux qui devaient débourser une petite somme. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire montrent que l’assurance médicaments influence l’adhésion par l’entremise des caractéristiques des plans d’assurance. / Drug insurance is one of many factors that can influence medication adherence. The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the impact of the type of drug insurance (private versus public) on adherence to antihypertensive medications and the cost of medications, and to evaluate the impact of drug reimbursement procedures and out-of pocket expenses on adherence to medications prescribed for chronic diseases. To meet these objectives, two retrospective cohorts were constructed from the RAMQ and reMed databases: a matched cohort of antihypertensive users covered by private or public drug insurance and a cohort of patients covered by private drug insurance who filled at least one prescription for a medication prescribed for a chronic disease. The results have shown that the level of adherence to antihypertensive medications was similar between the two types of drug insurance and that the cost of antihypertensive medications was 28,9% higher for those privately insured. It was also observed that drug reimbursement procedures didn’t affect medication adherence, while the level of out-of-pocket expenses affected it. Patients with the highest out-of-pocket expenses were less adherent (difference: –19.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: –24.0 to –13.0), while patients with no out-of-pocket expenses were less adherent (difference: -9.0%; 95% CI: –15.0 to –2.0) than those with low out-of-pocket expenses. The results presented in this thesis have shown that drug insurance affects medication adherence through the characteristics of drug insurance plans.

A adesão do paciente ao tratamento é crucial para a efetividade dos programas de aids. O Programa Brasileiro recomenda monitorar a adesão e incorporar ao cuidado atividades de promoção, tais como atendimentos individuais com foco em adesão. Revisões sistemáticas apontam maior efetividade das intervenções complexas, que incluem sessões de conversas entre profissional-paciente: informativas, educativas e aconselhamentos motivacionais. Criticam: insuficiente explicitação das bases teóricometodológicas das intervenções; enfoque excessivo no nível individual com baixa incorporação do contexto sociocultural; insuficiência de informação acerca da fidelidade aos protocolos. Poucos estudos descrevem a \"intimidade\" das sessões. Planejada para o cuidado individual, uma modalidade de intervenção psicossocial de apoio à adesão teve seu protocolo implementado em ensaio clínico com pacientes adultos, com carga viral detectável, em serviço especializado do SUS, em São Paulo- Brasil. Suas bases teórico-metodológicas: Quadro da Vulnerabilidade e Direitos Humanos na dimensão psicossocial do Cuidado, filiados a uma perspectiva construcionista de psicologia social na saúde. Focada na noção de sucesso prático, a intervenção objetivou contribuir para que as pessoas construíssem formas de conviver melhor com o tratamento que lhes fossem mais convenientes. Baseada na interação profissional-paciente buscou intensificar a dialogia mediante a exploração dos sentidos intersubjetivos que as \"tomadas\" das medicações adquirem em diferentes cenas/cenários. Para avaliar qualitativamente a implementação selecionaram-se 12 casos (4 de cada uma das profissionais que conduziram a intervenção) entre os 44 pacientes do grupo experimental. A análise contemplou dois eixos interdependentes: a) fidelidade da implementação ao protocolo; b) qualidade dialógica das conversações. Apresentamse os resultados em três artigos. A variação nas modalidades e enfoques comunicacionais implementados permitiu a classificação em quatro níveis crescentes de fidelidade ao protocolo: nível 1 (3 casos), nível 2 (6), nível 3 (1), nível 4 (2). A inflexão na direção da dialogia não ocorreu plenamente. Princípios relacionais como solidariedade, não repreensão, foram bem desenvolvidos. As conversas valorizaram experiências singulares de dificuldades com o tratamento e produziram coentendimentos sobre o que acontecia cotidianamente. Entretanto, a decodificação de sentidos na compreensão \"dos problemas\" e criação de \"soluções\" priorizou o nível individual cognitivo-comportamental. Por exemplo, ao invés de dialogar sobre atrasos/perdas de doses em situações sociais relacionadas ao estigma/discriminação, o sentido \"problemas de memória\" prevaleceu na decodificação das falhas no tratamento. Foi incipiente a incorporação de dimensões socioculturais e programáticas ao entendimento das situações e construção/imaginação de estratégias para lidar com \"impasses\" que implicavam prejuízos à adesão. Mesclados à comunicação de enfoque cognitivo-comportamental ocorreram momentos dialógicos que se mostraram mais promissores à construção pelos participantes de enunciados de satisfação, bem-estar, intenções e mudanças práticas benéficas à adesão. Situações psicossociais dos pacientes influíram sobre a comunicação. Quanto mais complexas, desafiam \"o como dialogar\" sobre aspectos graves, sinérgicos e multidimensionais que prejudicam a saúde. São necessárias, mas insuficientes, estratégias que aprimorem a qualidade comunicacional e o enfoque psicossocial das intervenções em adesão nos serviços. Devem complementálas: a coordenação do Cuidado em equipe e ações clínicas e sociais, imediatas e objetivas, para mitigar situações que implicam graves vulnerabilidades, prejudiciais tanto à adesão ao tratamento da aids como à saúde integral / Patient\'s adherence to treatment is essential to the effectiveness of AIDS programs. The Brazilian Program recommends monitoring adherence and incorporating activities to care that promote adherence, such as individual care focusing adherence. Systematic reviews point towards greater effectiveness of complex interventions, which include conversation sessions - educational, informative, motivational counseling - between the health professional and the patient. They criticize: incomplete explanation of the theoretical-methodological bases of interventions; excessive focus on the individual level, with low incorporation of the sociocultural context; insufficient information on the fidelity to protocols. Few studies describe the \"intimacy\" of the conversation sessions. Planned for the individual care, a modality of psychosocial intervention supporting adherence had its protocol implemented in a clinical trial with adult patients with detectable viral load in a specialized care service of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), in São Paulo. The following theoretical-methodological bases were adopted: the Framework of Vulnerability and Human Rights in the psychosocial dimension of Care, affiliated to a social psychology constructionist perspective in health. Focused on the notion of practical success, the intervention aimed at contributing so that people would build ways of coping better with the treatment which was the most convenient for them. Based on the health professional-patient interaction, it sought to intensify dialogic in exploring intersubjective meanings that the medication intake acquires in different scenes/scenarios. In order to qualitatively evaluate implementation, 12 cases (4 cases of each one of the health professionals who conducted the intervention) were selected among 44 cases of the experimental group. The analysis comprised two interdependent axes: a) implementation fidelity to protocol; and b) dialogic quality of conversations. The findings are presented in three papers. Variation in the implemented modalities and communicational approaches allowed the classification in four levels of increasing fidelity to protocol: level 1 (3 cases), level 2 (6 cases), level 3 (1 case), and level 4 (2 cases). Inflection towards dialogic has not completely occurred. Relational principles, such as solidarity and no reprimand, were well developed. The conversations valued singular experiences of difficulties with the treatment. Furthermore, they produced co-understandings on what happened in the daily routine. Nevertheless, the decoding of meanings in understanding \"problems\" and creating \"solutions\" prioritized the cognitive-behavioral individual level. For example, rather than dialoguing on delays/abolishing doses of medication intake in social situations concerning stigma/discrimination, it prevailed the sense of \"memory problems\" in decoding treatment failures. Programmatic and sociocultural dimensions were incipiently incorporated to the understanding of contexts and construction/imagination of strategies to cope with \"impasses\" which implied adherence losses. Mingled with the communication of cognitive-behavioral approach, there were more dialogic moments which showed to be more promising to the construction by the participants of utterances regarding satisfaction, well-being, intentions, and beneficial and practical changes to adherence. The psychosocial situations of patients influenced communication. The more complex, the more they challenge \"how to have a conversation\" about multidimensional, synergistic, serious issues which harm health. It is necessary, but insufficient, to have strategies which enhance the communication quality and psychosocial approach of adherence interventions in care. The coordination of Care as a team and social and clinical actions, both immediate and objective, should complement them in order to mitigate situations which imply serious vulnerabilities that impair AIDS treatment adherence as well as the overall health

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) reduziu a mortalidade e a morbidade por aids, melhorou a qualidade de vida das pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) e, recentemente, foi reconhecida pelo seu papel como instrumento para redução da transmissão do HIV. Entretanto, a efetividade da TARV depende da manutenção de altas taxas de adesão à mesma. Tipo de tratamento, características individuais dos pacientes, barreiras de acesso ao serviço e à informação, falta de regularidade no comparecimento às consultas e às retiradas de medicamentos podem associar-se negativamente à adesão. Do ponto de vista da gestão, a falta à consulta agendada é um problema para os serviços de saúde que pode ser traduzido em custos para a sociedade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil dos pacientes com HIV/aids que faltaram a consultas médicas agendadas de infectologia em um serviço especializado no atendimento de PVHA adultos, utilizando uma base de dados secundários gerados por um sistema administrativo destinado ao monitoramento da produção e ao faturamento. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas PVHA em acompanhamento no Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes HIV/Aids (SEAP HIV/Aids) com registro de pelo menos uma consulta agendada de infectologia em 2006 e 2007. Excluídos os sujeitos com discordância nas informações sobre sexo e data de nascimento, gestantes e com registro de óbito ou de transferência de serviço antes da primeira consulta de infectologia em 2007. Através do Sistema de Informação e Gestão Hospitalar (SIGH) foram obtidos dados do cadastro dos pacientes, registros de consultas e atendimentos em especialidades médicas e disciplinas de saúde, de internações hospitalares no ICHCFMUSP e de retiradas de medicamentos. A variável desfecho foi falta em consulta agendada de infectologia em 2007. As variáveis independentes incluíram características sócio-demográficas dos sujeitos, consultas e atendimentos em especialidades e disciplinas disponíveis no SEAP HIV/Aids, internações no ICHCFMUSP; tipo de médico infectologista que acompanhou o sujeito: se assistente ou residente, mudança de médico e retirada de antirretrovirais (ARV), em 2007. Na análise foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado de Pearson e t de Student. RESULTADOS: Sob o olhar da qualidade de informação, observou-se baixa frequência de registros de consultas e atendimentos em duplicidade. Embora a completitude e a acessibilidade tenham sido consideradas adequadas para grande parte dos dados, as variáveis cor, ocupação e endereço, não foram analisadas devido à baixa consistência dos dados referentes às mesmas. Entre os 3075 sujeitos incluídos 38,9% (1195) faltaram em pelo menos uma consulta de infectologia e a taxa de faltas às consultas de infectologia foi de 13,9%; 70,1% (2157) dos sujeitos eram do sexo masculino e não foi observada associação entre sexo e falta em consulta (p=0,32). A proporção de sujeitos que faltaram diminuiu à medida em que aumentou a idade (p<0,001) e a média de idade dos que faltaram foi menor do que a dos que não faltaram (p<0,001). Os sujeitos que faltaram agendaram 33,3% mais consultas em infectologia (p<0,001) e compareceram a menos consultas (p<0,001) quando comparados aos que não faltaram. A falta foi associada a maior comparecimento em consulta sem agendamento (p<0,001) e em atendimento de serviço social (p<0,001), a internação hospitalar no ICHCFMUSP (p<0,001), a assistência feita por médico residente e a troca de médico (p=0,02), e a menor comparecimento em consultas de ginecologia (p<0,001) e de proctologia (p=0,00). Sujeitos em uso de TARV faltaram em menor proporção (p<0,001). A média de retiradas de ARV entre os sujeitos que faltaram foi menor quando comparados aos que não faltaram (p<0,001). A organização do serviço de saúde é um fator relevante para o comparecimento dos pacientes em consulta. No contexto da atenção à saúde de PVHA, acesso a mais modalidades de assistência, atendimento em horário marcado, e uma gestão que tenha por objetivo diminuir as barreiras de acesso ao tratamento podem contribuir para elevar a qualidade da assistência ofertada. A elaboração e acompanhamento de indicadores de qualidade tais como acompanhamento de taxas de faltas e de retiradas de ARV pode contribuir para a redução de taxas de faltas às consultas. Embora ainda necessite de melhorias, o SIGH revelou-se um instrumento útil para a elaboração de indicadores relacionados à qualidade da atenção à saúde de PVHA / BACKGROUND: The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduced AIDS morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients, improved their quality of life and, was recognized as prevention to HIV transmission. However, the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on high levels of adherence to it. Treatment regimens, patient individual characteristics, access barriers, missing scheduled appointments and not taking ART drugs can be associated with low adherence. For managers, a missed appointment could be translated in costs. Our goal is to characterize HIV/AIDS patients who missed scheduled medical appointments, according to SIGH, an electronic administrative database. METHODS: Adults HIV/AIDS patients followed at a public outpatient clinic specialized in HIV/AIDS attached to the Clinics Hospital of the São Paulo University Medicine School who had at least one scheduled appointment with an infectious disease physician in 2006 and 2007 were included. Patients with uncertain age and gender registry, pregnant or who were transferred or died before first scheduled appointment in 2007 were excluded. The outcome was missed scheduled medical appointment with an infectious diseases physician in 2007. Data on sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, color/race, occupation, and address), appointments with physicians and health care providers care available in the clinic, hospitalization at Central Institute of Clinics Hospital of the São Paulo University Medicine School and ART withdrawal from the pharmacy in 2007 were obtained from a computerized administrative database; besides, the sort of infectious disease physician (assistant or resident) who cared for the patient, physician changing and number of changes were other independent variables included. Chi-square and Student-t test were used on analysis. RESULTS: We observed few duplicities of registry of appointments. Although the database showed a good completeness and accessibility for most variables, color/race, occupation and address had low consistency and were not analyzed. The study included 3075 subjects, 38.9% (1195) of them missed at least 1 scheduled medical appointment with an infectious disease physician in 2007; 13.9% of all medical appointments were missed. Subjects who missed medical appointments scheduled 33.3% more (p<0.001) and had less medical consultations (p<0.001) compared with those who did not miss medical visits. Seventy one percent (2157) of the subjects were men and we found no association between gender and missing medical appointment (p=0.32). Missing medical appointment was associated with younger age (p<0.001), unscheduled medical (p<0.001) and social worker visits (p<0.001), hospitalization (p<0.001), assistance by resident (p=0.04), change of physician (p=0.02), lower attendance to gynecologist (p<0.001) and proctologist (p=0.00); besides, not be on HAART was associated to missing medical appointment (p<0.001) and subjects who missed medical visits withdrew few ART drugs from the pharmacy (p<0.001). The organization of the health service is relevant for improving patient attendance to it. Access to more medical specialties and health disciplines, scheduled medical visits, reduction of barriers to access are all management instruments to increase the quality of health services. The use of quality indicators, like rate of missed medical appointments and withdrawal of drugs from the pharmacy, may increase the adherence of HIV/aids patients to the treatment. The performance of SIGH was satisfactory when it was used for quality indicators, although some improvement is still necessary