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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía / La obra presente se propone como objetivo indagar distintas vertientes o corrientes que puede adquirir la „teoría de lo mental‟ cartesiana con el motivo de entregar la versión que, a mi juicio, es la más justa y provechosa con respecto a las pretensiones del mismo autor como con lo que se quiere conseguir de él. De ninguna manera pretendo afirmar que la posición a la cual he llegado luego de esta investigación debe ser entendida como una posición definitiva o estandarizada de la filosofía cartesiana. Ante las típicas críticas surgidas por la caricaturización que Gilbert Ryle realizó sobre la filosofía de Descartes me propongo analizar si todo el conjunto de las mismas, englobadas por la general presunción del „fantasma dentro de la máquina‟ son, en definitiva, críticas válidas y acertadas a la hora de desprestigiar el sistema de Cartesio. Dicho de otro modo, me pregunto si toda crítica que apela al „dualismo cartesiano‟ es válida sólo por invocar al dualismo como un elemento reprochable de suyo. Pienso que las variables en cuanto a perspectivas que pueden surgir de un Descartes „dualista anómalo‟ son lo suficientemente amplias como para contraatacar al menos a algunos de los argumentos esbozados por los autores que condenan el dualismo, de modo que la teoría cartesiana de lo mental aún puede permanecer de pie en algunos campos de batalla (lo cual de ninguna manera afirma su veracidad). El motivo de un análisis tal consiste en demostrar que el pensamiento cartesiano no es tan fútil y tan fácil de combatir como colectivamente se piensa luego de los esfuerzos de Ryle.

Les Méditations cartésiennes exposent sommairement le rôle de la phénoménologie dans le projet de refondation des sciences. Husserl y discutera, à partir du doute cartésien, une sortie du scepticisme vers une fondation de la connaissance. Pour cela, deux choses devront être exposées : premièrement, le principe central à la subjectivité nommé « l’ego transcendantal » qui permettra de comprendre ce qui constitue l’essence de la subjectivité. Deuxièmement, la communauté intersubjective elle-même qui, une fois atteinte, permettra la constitution d’une connaissance certaine. Ce mémoire retracera le développement fait entre la première réduction, qui semble restreindre le phénoménologue à sa propre subjectivité, à celle de l’atteinte d’une communauté intersubjective. En exposant méthodiquement l’avancée de Husserl, nous montrerons comment une réelle intersubjectivité est développée, tout en soulevant certaines objections qui limitent la portée de cette entreprise, afin de parvenir à deux choses : premièrement, une remise en contexte d’un argument complexe se laissant trop souvent réduire à une lecture idéaliste au sens classique du terme; deuxièmement, que le corps joue un rôle central dans le projet husserlien et que ce sera sur celui-ci, pris en un sens spécifique, que s’édifiera la communauté existant entre les différentes monades. / Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations shows the role of phenomenology in the project of refoundation of sciences. Husserl exposed, starting from the Cartesian’s doubt, a solution to skepticism through an absolute foundation of knowledge. To do that, two things must be achieved: first, the main component of subjectivity, otherwise known as the “transcendental ego,” must be clarified to expose the essence of the subjectivity. Second, the intersubjective community, if properly constituted, should guarantee apodictic knowledge to phenomenology. This master’s thesis follows the development from the first reduction, which appears to refocus the phenomenologist’s gaze onto his own subjectivity, to the constitution of an intersubjective community. By showing methodically Husserl’s procedure, we will demonstrate how he develops a bona fide intersubjectivity, but also its epistemological limits. This examination will lead us to two things: first, the re-contextualization of what is a complex argument that is often reduced to a simple, classical idealism; second, the central role of the body, understood in a specific sense, in the Husserlian project, which should help to bridge the gap between what he called the different monads (subjects).

The classification of the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius as a spiritual exercise by Pierre Hadot has been widely accepted and exerts a strong influence on any interpretation of the text. However, such genre categorization is by itself an interpretative choice excluding other possible readings. The present thesis offers a new reading of the Meditations based on Gilles Deleuze's interpretation of stoicism and on his philosophy of event. This reading avoids any genre classification and focuses instead on the text itself by analyzing the changes of linguistic person. The Deleuzian interpretation of linguistic person and his concept of event allow for explanation of this particular feature of the Meditations and thus for addressing the problem of person and individual in stoic philosophy. Furthermore, the Deleuzian framework makes it possible to explore significant, but up to now marginalized themes recurring in the text that are directly linked to the problem of individuation - non-tragic theatre and death.

This project examines and compares the political philosophies supporting the centralized authority of monarchs elaborated by two major figures of antiquity, Mèngzǐ (Mencius, 372-289 BC) of the Warring States period in China, and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Μαρκος Αυρηλιος Αντωνινος, 121-180 AD) of the later Roman Empire. The texts that have transmitted the ideas of these two men--the Mèngzǐ and the Meditations--have shaped the political actions of rulers, as well as the ideas and ideals of political theorists, from their formation down to the present day. Each thinker made substantial claims concerning the role of a philosophically-oriented monarch in actualizing governance that is both benevolent and beneficent under a form of absolute authority. The present study will compare basic principles of Mèngzǐ's and Marcus's political philosophies as they relate to monarchical rule expressed in those two classic works, and draw from these principles to create a new criterion in political philosophy that can be used to critique contemporary political arrangements characterized by strong centralization of power. This project will not be a polemic for monarchy or strongly centralized political governments; it is an exploration into political philosophical principles advocated by Marcus and Mèngzǐ, demonstrating how rulers in strongly centralized political institutions can exercise their power in ways that result in good for the people, and how principles advocated by Marcus and Mèngzǐ can be transformed into a criterion for practical application in contemporary political settings, without having to resort to political philosophical principles popular in most Anglo-European contexts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zeneide Gomes da Costa.pdf: 1036986 bytes, checksum: 32c2eebdb29e9f2c619650e2e543fb92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-10 / The aim of this research is to analyze the Theory of Knowledge presented in the book Meditations on First Philosophy written by French Philosopher Rene Descartes. The study comprehends a brief exploration of his philosophical work, followed by the analysis of the six Meditations. The Meditation IV Concerning the True and the False will be specifically explored in its epistemological and ontological aspects / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a teoria do conhecimento na obra Meditações sobre Filosofia Primeira do filósofo René Descartes. O estudo compreende uma sucinta análise do conjunto da obra filosófica de Descartes. Posteriormente, procedeu-se o exame do conjunto das seis Meditações, seguido da análise específica da Meditação Quarta do verdadeiro e do falso e da causa do erro humano em seus aspectos epistemológicos e ontológicos

Thesis (DTh)--University of Stellenbosch, 1998. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is concerned with integrated spirituality. Spirituality is understood as a life orientation that presents itself both in worship and in a re-ordering of the elements of a person's life to a growing correspondence with the reality presented in worship. It finds expression in a web of relationships between God, the particular individual, the other and creation. Integrated spirituality is spirituality that is equally serious about God and our life in the material world, and it refuses to separate these two passions. God is the constitutive reality of Christian spirituality. He is the source of perspective and energy for Christian spirituality. However, the shape of spirituality is co-determined by factors from material existence, such as context, confessional tradition, narratives (both personal narratives and narratives of one's community) and the personal make-up of an individual. Any congregational strategy that aims at facilitating integrated spirituality, needs to incorporate both these aspects of spirituality. Nonetheless, it will have to give priority to the focus on God, but in such a way that the focus on material life retains full attention. The spirituality that we encounter in the Psalter is a clear example of integrated spirituality. Both the subject-matter and the editorial structure of the Psalter exhibit a passion for God and full attention to the concrete realities of daily life. As such, they present us with a valuable tool for facilitating integrated spirituality. We contend that the strategy of using the Psalms as prayers in congregations will have a distinct impact on the kind of spirituality that will evolve in these congregations. The Psalms can be used as prayers in liturgical and pastoral contexts, as well as in the private devotions of members of congregations. Praying the Psalms in these contexts will lead to integrated spirituality. However, this will depend on a number of prerequisites: The Psalms should be prayed from a proper understanding of their meaning and inner dynamics. Additionally, the whole spectrum of meaning found in the Psalms should become part of the prayer life of a congregation. If a congregation attains this, the result will be growth in integrated spirituality. Our exploration into the dynamics of spirituality as well as our overview of the Psalter's dual focus on God and life in the material world, forms the basis for this conviction. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing handel oor geintegreerde spiritualiteit. Spiritualiteit word verstaan as 'n lewensorientasie wat uitdrukking vind in beide aanbidding en in die herrangskikking van die elemente van 'n persoon se lewe tot 'n groeiende ooreenkoms met die werklikheid wat in aanbidding voorgehou word. Dit kom tot uitdrukking in 'n web van verhoudinge tussen God, die betrokke individu, die ander en die skepping. Geintegreerde spiritualiteit is spiritualiteit met ewe veel erns oor God en oor die lewe in die materiele wereld, en wat weier om hierdie twee belange te skei. God is die grondliggende werklikheid van Christelike spiritualiteit. Hy is die bron van perspektief en energie vir Christelike spiritualiteit. Die gestalte van spiritualiteit word egter medebepaal deur faktore uit die materiele lewe, soos konteks, konfessionele tradisie, narratiewe (beide persoonlike narratiewe en die narratiewe van iemand se gemeenskap) en die persoonlikheidstruktuur van 'n individu. Enige gemeentelike strategie wat geintegreerde spiritualiteit wil fasiliteer, moet beide hierdie aspekte van spiritualiteit insluit. Dit sal egter aan die fokus op God prioriteit moet gee, maar op so 'n wyse dat die fokus op die konkrete aardse lewe volle aandag bly geniet. Die spiritualiteit wat ons in die Psalms aantref, is 'n duidelike voorbeeld van geintegreerde spiritualiteit. Beide die inhoud en die redaksionele struktuur van die Psalms vertoon 'n passie vir God en 'n totale ingesteldheid op die konkrete werklikhede van die alledaagse lewe. As sodanig bied hulle vir ons 'n waardevolle instrument waarmee ons geintegreerde spiritualiteit kan fasiliteer. Ons voer aan dat die strategie om die Psalms as gebede in gemeentes te gebruik 'n merkbare impak sal he op die tipe spiritualiteit wat in hierdie gemeentes sal groei. Die Psalms kan gebruik word as gebede in liturgiese en pastorale kontekste, en ook in die persoonlike gebedstye van gemeentelede. Die bid van die Psalms in hierdie kontekste sal lei tot geintegreerde spiritualiteit. Dit sal egter van 'n aantal vereistes afhang: Die Psalms moet gebid word vanuit 'n behoorlike begrip vir hulle betekenis en innerlike dinamika. Verder moet die hele betekenisspektrum van die Psalms deel word van die gebedslewe van die gemeente. As'n gemeente hieraan voldoen, sal daar groei in geintegreerde spiritualiteit wees. Die grondslag van hierdie oortuiging word gevorm deur ons verkenning van die dinamika van spiritualiteit, sowel as ons oorsig oor die Psalms se dubbele fokus op God en lewe in die materiele wereld.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Maria Martins.pdf: 910708 bytes, checksum: f7146708aa23e2c46a6a8a8805df7f46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of our thesis was to reconstruct fundamental aspects of Michel Foucault's philosophy from a problematic cell inscribed within Histoire de la Folie à l'âge classique. It concerns the thesis which claims that the impossibility of being mad is the first qualification acquired by the Cartesian subject, even before Cogito statement. Foucault's polemical stance gives raise to the episode known by the Foucault-Derrida dispute. In the text Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu , written in 1972, Foucault explicits such reading by identifying in Descartes's Meditations a double weft: a demonstrative discourse guided by the order of reasons and an ascetic discourse guided by the performatic exercise of creating the subject of knowledge. The present research has showed that, in such a rare moment when Foucault puts himself in the role of a commentator of a philosophical text, the highlighted aspects in the Cartesian text are equally emblematic of his own philosophical method. Characterized by pointing out the visible and the enunciable, Foucault's histories also make up a double weft and encourage a kind of ascesis / O objetivo da tese foi reconstituir aspectos fundamentais da filosofia de Michel Foucault a partir de uma célula problemática inscrita em Histoire de la Folie à l'âge classique. Trata-se da tese que afirma que a impossibilidade de ser louco é a primeira qualificação adquirida pelo sujeito cartesiano, antes mesmo da enunciação do cogito. A polêmica posição de Foucault dá origem ao episódio que veio a ser conhecido como querela Foucault-Derrida. No texto Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu , de 1972, Foucault explicita esta leitura identificando no texto das Meditações uma dupla trama: um discurso demonstrativo guiado pela ordem das razões e um discurso ascético orientado pelo exercício performativo de criação do sujeito de conhecimento. A pesquisa mostrou que, neste raro momento em que Foucault se colocou no papel de comentador de um texto filosófico, os aspectos realçados no texto cartesiano são igualmente emblemáticos de seu próprio método filosófico. Particularizando-se pelo apontamento de visíveis e enunciáveis, as histórias foucaultianas também perfazem uma dupla trama e incitam uma espécie de ascese

Il lavoro consiste nell'analisi dei tratti peculiari della lingua delle Meditazioni dell'imperatore Marco Aurelio Antonino in relazione alla prosa imperiale coeva all'autore; nel contempo la ricerca mira a riconoscere una possibile influenza della lingua latina nella stesura del trattato. / The work is about the language of Marcus Aurelius's Meditations compared to the imperial contemporary prose and tries to find influences of Latin language in the composition of the treatise.