本研究是探討中文雙字詞的語意透明度是否影響詞彙在心理辭典中的表徵方式。實驗一、二操弄詞彙的語意透明度、字頻及詞頻，以詞彙判斷作業進行。結果發現顯著的語意透明度效果，語意不透明的詞（成語詞）之反應時間和錯誤率均較語意透明的詞（組合詞）少；詞頻效果也達顯著，高頻詞的反應時間和錯誤率均較低頻詞少。而字頻與語意透明度間有交互作用存在，組合詞有顯著的字頻效果，成語詞則不受字頻影響。實驗三、四則利用眼動追蹤技術，探討不同語意透明度、字頻、詞頻的詞彙在語句中的閱讀處理歷程。結果發現，在有關凝視時間的指標上，均出現顯著的語意透明度效果和詞頻效果。成語詞的字頻效果除了出現於第一次凝視時間指標外，在其餘指標上均無字頻效果。組合詞的字頻效果則出現於第一次凝視時間及總凝視時間上，而第一次經過的其餘眼動指標也有存在字頻效果的趨勢。本篇研究以Taft annd Zhu(1995)的多層次交互激發表徵模式為架構，提出一中文成語詞與組合詞的詞彙表徵模型。此模式顯示組合詞在詞素層次具有詞素表徵，在詞彙層次具有全詞表徵。而成語詞在詞素層次無對應的詞素表徵，是以全詞方式表徵於詞彙層次中。 關鍵字：眼動、語意透明度、心理辭典 / The present study aims to investigate the semantic transparency of Chinese di-syllabic words whether influences the representation in mental lexicon. Two sets of experimental tasks were adopted. In the first set (experiment 1 and 2), the target words were varied in terms of semantic transparency, character frequency and word frequency. Subjects were asked to deicide whether the target word presented is a word or not. A two-way ANOVA indicated main effects for semantic transparency that idiomatic words were responded faster than compositional words, for word frequency that high frequency words were responded faster than low frequency words. There were also significant interactions between character frequency and semantic transparency. In the compositional condition, the results clearly showed a significant character frequency effect, but in the idiomatic condition, the results showed no character frequency effect. In the second set (experiment 3 and 4), eye movements of subjects were monitored as they read sentences containing target words that varied on terms of semantic transparency, character frequency and word frequency. There were significant semantic transparency effect and word frequency effect in the fixation duration measures. Except the first fixation duration, there was no character frequency effect with idiomatic words in other measures. The results showed a significant character frequency effect with compositional words in the first fixation duration (FFD) and total viewing duration(TVD), and showed a marginal significant character frequency effect in other first pass measures. The present study proposed a model of mental lexicon based on the Interactive-activation Model (Taft & Zhu, 1995). In our model, the compositional words have morpheme and whole word representation, and the idiomatic words are processed as single units, have whole word representation but no morpheme representation. Key words：eye movement、semantic transparency、mental lexicon

This thesis investigates learners’ reading practices and especially the processing of cross-linguistic similarities at the lexical level. The aim is to determine how learners proceed in order to understand text in French (L3). Data were collected using various reading comprehension tasks in combination with the think-aloud method. Reading comprehension was mainly assessed through a translation task while the reading practices were observed in think-aloud protocols. According to a reading comprehension score, 20 learners were divided into high level and low level groups. The majority of participants were Swedish learners who are also proficient in English L2. Another group of 10 Swedish learners and 10 French native speakers participated in a cross-linguistic word association task. Reading practices were defined as including skills, strategies and readers’ reactions to the text, the tasks and their own capacities. A typology of twelve reading practices was established including three categories based on intralingual and interlingual similarities. Results from the translation task and the think-aloud protocols show that interlingual processing is more important when learners have difficulties in understanding text content. The more learners in the low level groups relied on intralingual and especially interlingual similarities the less they understood the text content. The high level groups on the other hand used reading practices such as reformulation or translation procedures. The think-aloud protocols also show that learners believe that they compare words in the French text (L3) with English similar words (L2) although their interlingual processing during translation actually confirms the dominance of Swedish (L1). Moreover, results from a cross-linguistic word association task suggest that French Swedish/English cognates and false friends activate this type of words more often than French control words. Cross-linguistic stimuli actually triggered patterns of potential interlingual similarities, for example sacrifice (stimulus) – religion (response), even more than words that are similar to the stimulus diplomate – diplom ‘diploma’.

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A doença de Alzheimer produz alterações nas funções cognitivas, entre eles, de processos que são responsáveis pela linguagem e memória. Com o intuito de termos uma melhor compreensão das alterações da linguagem, este trabalho investigou características presentes em redes semânticas de pacientes com diagnóstico de provável Alzheimer, com foco nos verbos. Os resultados das comparações entre as redes de indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com Alzheimer indicam diferenças topológicas entre eles. Neste trabalho, também foram construídos classificadores que poderiam captar as diferenças entre os vários perfis de indivíduos, e que podem ser utilizados para classificar novos indivíduos de acordo com o perfil mais próximo. Esse esforço se deu com o intuito de ajudar no diagnóstico de doenças que afetam a linguagem, como a doença de Alzheimer. / Alzheimer’s disease produces alterations of cognitive functions and of processes that are responsible for language and memory. In order to have a better understanding of language changes, we investigate the characteristics of the semantic networks of patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer, focusing on verbs. The results of comparisons with networks of healthy individuals and patients with Alzheimer disease highlight some topological differences among them. We also constructed classifiers that could capture the differences between the various profiles of speakers, and that can be used to classify unknown speakers according to the closest profile. We made this effort in order to help the diagnosis of diseases that affect language, such as the Alzheimer’s disease.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T19:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1449589 bytes, checksum: 4e6ee8df94134deb1dd7db8c3bee32e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T19:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1449589 bytes, checksum: 4e6ee8df94134deb1dd7db8c3bee32e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-11 / This dissertation aims to understand and analyze the lexical relations existing in the processing of regular words inflected in number in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), as well as to suggest a model of representation for these kind of words. We observed how words inflected in number are stored in and retrieved from the mental lexicon. Recent psycholinguistic studies have pointed out that factors like base frequency influence the processing time of forms inflected both in gender and number (DOMINGUEZ; CUETOS; SEGUI, 1999). Specifically regarding to gender inflection in BP, a frequency effect of gender inflected dominant form has been found (CORRÊA; ALMEIDA; PORTO, 2004). This experiment was carried out in order to provide some evidence about if the frequency of dominant form affects the forms inflected in number, similarly to the forms inflected in gender. The experimental design consisted of a word reading task in which both the base frequency and the frequency of dominant form inflected in gender were controlled. The results were similar to the ones found by Corrêa, Almeida e Porto (2004), since the singular words were retrieved in its whole form and the plural words were retrieved by lexical decomposition, excepting the cases of plural forms with high level of frequency, that also behave as singular forms. These results evidence the way how the inflected words are stored in the mental lexicon of BP speakers, as well as to describe its organization from a linguistic and psycholinguistic point of view. / Este trabalho se propõe a investigar as relações lexicais existentes no processamento de vocábulos flexionados em número em Português Brasileiro (PB), além de sugerir um modelo de representação para os referidos vocábulos. Observamos como as formas flexionadas em número são armazenadas e recuperadas do léxico mental. Estudos psicolinguísticos recentes têm apontado que fatores como a frequência da base influem no tempo de processamento de formas flexionadas em gênero e em número (DOMINGUEZ; CUETOS; SEGUI, 1999). No tocante especificamente à flexão de gênero em PB, um efeito da frequência dominante entre as formas flexionadas em gênero foi registrado, (CORRÊA; ALMEIDA; PORTO, 2004). A fim de prover evidências sobre se a frequência dominante afeta as formas flexionadas em número, tal qual como nas flexionadas em gênero, elaborou-se o primeiro experimento. O desenho experimental consistiu em um teste de leitura de palavras composto por vocábulos com flexão regular de número. Apresenta-se também o segundo experimento, que também consistiu em um teste de leitura de palavras, composto por vocábulos com flexão irregular de número. Nestes testes, procurou-se observar se a forma no singular era acessada por inteiro, tendo em vista efeitos de frequência dominante, e se a forma no plural era acessada por decomposição, tendo em vista efeitos de frequência não-dominante, salvo os casos de alta frequência da forma no plural, nesses casos, a referida forma também seria acessada por inteiro, contribuindo para um modelo de dupla rota. Os resultados experimentais foram na mesma direção da hipótese, atestando, assim, que as palavras com frequência dominante são processadas de forma mais rápida que as formas com frequência não-dominante.

A doença de Alzheimer produz alterações nas funções cognitivas, entre eles, de processos que são responsáveis pela linguagem e memória. Com o intuito de termos uma melhor compreensão das alterações da linguagem, este trabalho investigou características presentes em redes semânticas de pacientes com diagnóstico de provável Alzheimer, com foco nos verbos. Os resultados das comparações entre as redes de indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com Alzheimer indicam diferenças topológicas entre eles. Neste trabalho, também foram construídos classificadores que poderiam captar as diferenças entre os vários perfis de indivíduos, e que podem ser utilizados para classificar novos indivíduos de acordo com o perfil mais próximo. Esse esforço se deu com o intuito de ajudar no diagnóstico de doenças que afetam a linguagem, como a doença de Alzheimer. / Alzheimer’s disease produces alterations of cognitive functions and of processes that are responsible for language and memory. In order to have a better understanding of language changes, we investigate the characteristics of the semantic networks of patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer, focusing on verbs. The results of comparisons with networks of healthy individuals and patients with Alzheimer disease highlight some topological differences among them. We also constructed classifiers that could capture the differences between the various profiles of speakers, and that can be used to classify unknown speakers according to the closest profile. We made this effort in order to help the diagnosis of diseases that affect language, such as the Alzheimer’s disease.

A doença de Alzheimer produz alterações nas funções cognitivas, entre eles, de processos que são responsáveis pela linguagem e memória. Com o intuito de termos uma melhor compreensão das alterações da linguagem, este trabalho investigou características presentes em redes semânticas de pacientes com diagnóstico de provável Alzheimer, com foco nos verbos. Os resultados das comparações entre as redes de indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com Alzheimer indicam diferenças topológicas entre eles. Neste trabalho, também foram construídos classificadores que poderiam captar as diferenças entre os vários perfis de indivíduos, e que podem ser utilizados para classificar novos indivíduos de acordo com o perfil mais próximo. Esse esforço se deu com o intuito de ajudar no diagnóstico de doenças que afetam a linguagem, como a doença de Alzheimer. / Alzheimer’s disease produces alterations of cognitive functions and of processes that are responsible for language and memory. In order to have a better understanding of language changes, we investigate the characteristics of the semantic networks of patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer, focusing on verbs. The results of comparisons with networks of healthy individuals and patients with Alzheimer disease highlight some topological differences among them. We also constructed classifiers that could capture the differences between the various profiles of speakers, and that can be used to classify unknown speakers according to the closest profile. We made this effort in order to help the diagnosis of diseases that affect language, such as the Alzheimer’s disease.

There are different types of psycholinguistic approaches which attempt to examine the quality and the organization of the human mental lexicon; the word association experiment is one of them. The word association experiment can be used to probe the development of human vocabulary. The current investigation was carried out in order to trace the influence of the cultural background and L2 knowledge on the mental lexicon of the undergraduate Pakistani L2 learners of English. It was hypothesized that the individual‟s culture and knowledge of L2 bear direct relation with their mental lexicon. Influenced by the culture, they may connect different words with attitudinal bonds, whereas L2 knowledge is accountable for the growth of vocabulary. The motivation stems from the fact that none of the previous studies has targeted Pakistani L2 learners for the word association test in order to investigate their mental lexicon. The data was gathered through a word association test. The results supported the hypothesis. A considerable amount of attitudinal responses emerged in their responses, and the number of paradigmatic responses found in the data was the highest of all. Therefore, it was concluded that Pakistani L2 learners‟ vocabulary was considerably influenced by their cultural milieu due to the presence of attitudinal responses to the stimulus words, and their vocabulary is patterning toward native-like since the number of paradigmatic relations with the stimulus words was the highest of other types of relations. The findings carry important implications for didactics.

MASLIŠ, Martin. Isolated nominal forms in Ancient Greek. Prague, 2019. Master's thesis. Charles University. Faculty of Arts. Institute of Greek and Latin Studies. Supervisor Ján BAKYTA. The submitted thesis is a study of isolated nominal forms in Ancient Greek undergoing semantic change. Synchronically isolated lexemes are defined as forms which cannot be classed with their respective cognates by the speakers due to formal disparities. This leads to increased opacity which in turn hampers the mapping of meaning onto the forms during the acquisition phase. Accordingly, a hypothesis that isolated forms are susceptible to semantic change is tested. An argumentation is developed based on the assumed information structure in the mental lexicon of speakers and the mechanism of word meaning acquisition. This process allows for reanalysis on the part of speakers which results in semantic change from the diachronic point of view. Lexemes which have been selected according to the proposed research method are organized in a dataset and their occurrences textually analysed. A synthesis aims to describe the mechanism of semantic change for the transparent as well as isolated forms. Keywords: mental lexicon, derivational family, isolated forms, semantic change, deetymologization

This study investigates how two non-finite forms, infinitives and conversion nouns, are represented in the mind of L1 and L2 speakers and what is their relationship to other members of the corresponding word family. German native speakers and proficient German learners with Czech as L1 participated in four overt priming experiments involving a grammatical judgement task. We investigated the relationship between infinitives (Experiment 1) and conversion nouns (Experiment 2) and formally identical verbal or noun forms. We further focussed on the relationship between conversion nouns and regular nominal derivation forms with two derivational suffixes: -er and -ung (Experiments 3 and 4). Our results show that the two non-finite forms differ in their relations to other members of a word family and do not constitute a special class of non-finites as suggested in previous literature. While German infinitives seem to be closer related to finite verbal forms, conversion nouns behave in the same way as other regular nominal derivatives within the same word family. As for the German L1 and L2 contrast, no significant difference in the mental representation of the examined forms was found. This finding suggests that with respect to the explored phenomena, proficient learners rely on the same linguistic organisation as L1 speakers.