Past discussions about paradigm shift mostly put emphasis on evolution, exploiting paradigm shift or not and exist or not. Existence or not problem basically fall into block logic and expire the possibility of recombination. The dissertation explore the happening of paradigm shift according to the loading on China shipping forwarder market from 1987-2001 for Taiwan shipping forwarders, focus on exploring happening than evolution. In the second chapter about literature reviews, the dissertation explore merchant economy context analysis approach instead of usual industrial economy analysis more fit with the specialty of service industry about shipping forwarder industry. And make definition about paradigm and paradigm shift analysis in the merchant economy context. This dissertation build the methodology in oral history and action research. The third chapter introduce a case study to describe the 15 years loading on China shipping market process with the view of Taiwan shipping forwarders. The forth chapter explore the pre-loading on paradigm in Taiwan and the fifth one the post-loading on paradigm in China market. The opposite paradigm appreciate the difference and content. Then, according to merchant economy context analysis approach to create four propositions to present the happening of paradigm shift including the inspiration of paradigm shift, the progress of paradigm shift, the development of paradigm shift, and the fulfilling of paradigm shift. New findings take much look the inspiration of paradigm shift with truly recombination happened, secondly, entrepreneurial make the progress of paradigm shift as positive adjustment and adoption to fit with local law regulations instead of abidance. Keeping with competition and cooperation relationship apply further the new resources in the development of paradigm shift. Finally, entrepreneurial concentration the ownership and control will fulfill paradigm shift.

Past research on eighteenth-century ships has primarily taken one of two avenues, either focusing on naval warship construction or examining the merchant shipping industry as a whole in terms of trends and economics. While these areas are important to pursue, comparatively little is known about actual construction techniques used on the ordinary merchant vessels of the period. Most modern sources emphasize hull design and lines drawings; contemporary sources take a similar direction, explaining the theory of ship design but often leaving out how to put the ship together. In recent years, however, new information has come to light through archaeological excavations regarding Anglo-American merchant ship construction. In this study, several of these shipwrecks were examined in light of economic factors and the literary evidence from the period in an attempt to gain a better understanding of colonial American merchant ship construction in the eighteenth century. While the data set was not large enough to make conclusive statements, this type of comparative analysis should begin to establish a framework for the interpretation of future shipwreck excavations.

Francesco di Marco Datini (c. 1335-1410) left his native city of Prato, near Florence, in about 1350 to become a successful merchant in Avignon, France. He returned three decades later to decorate his newly built private residence in the historic center of Prato. Under his patronage, frescoes of sacred and secular subject matter were executed in the residence from 1389-95. The artists that have been concretely identified, or suggested, as working in the Palazzo Datini include: Arrigo di Niccolò, from Prato; minor painters Dino di Puccio, Jacopo d’Agnolo, and Agnolo; Florentine artists Tommaso del Mazza, Bartolomeo di Bertozzo, and Pagolino d’Ugolino; and the master artists Niccolò di Pietro Gerini and Agnolo Gaddi. Many of the original frescoes were uncovered during renovations of the 1950s. Those in the entry hall and ground floor rooms survive in varied condition. This recovery is significant because the survival of large scale private works of this kind in Italy is rare. Datini’s legacy also comprises hundreds of ledgers, account books, and thousands of personal and business letters dating from 1363 to 1410. These are now contained in the Archivio Storico di Prato. Using the surviving visual and written material as a reference point, this thesis examines the contexts behind Datini’s choices as patron. In particular, the influence of predominant values in merchant culture will be considered. The frescoes are explored in comparison with the interior decoration in the palaces of contemporaries. Precedence is given to residences in Florence and other urban centers in Tuscany. Related paintings from Avignon are also considered, as Datini lived there for many years. Visual parallels can also be drawn between the Datini frescoes and manuscript illuminations, among other sources. The murals were influenced by Datini’s own interests, larger cultural values, and the painters, who derived from the Florentine tradition. This thesis seeks to examine the cultural and artistic environment in late Trecento Prato, Datini’s contact with the artists, the subject matter and style of the frescoes, and their reception. / Thesis (Master, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2010-10-25 16:44:10.326

Den svenska handelsflottan har de senaste åren varit utsatt för massiva utflaggningar vilket har lett till att många sjömän har fått gå i land eller sökt arbete under annan flagg. Trots problemen med utflaggning och en potentiell minskad arbetsmarknad har sjöingenjörsprogrammet de senaste åren inte haft några större problem att fylla sina utbildningsplatser. Framtiden är fortsatt oviss och konkurrensen från andra sjöfartsnationer ökar. Syftet med denna undersökning var att undersöka vilka bakomliggande attityder och förväntningar som gjorde att studenter år 2013 valde att börja studera på det fyra åriga sjöingenjörsprogrammet i Kalmar, samt att mäta inställningen till den allt mer krympande svenska handelsflottan. För att genomföra detta arbete användes en enkätundersökning där förstaårsstudenterna på det fyraåriga sjöingenjörsprogrammet utgjorde populationen. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att möjligheten att få utveckla sina praktiska färdigheter var av stor betydelse vid utbildningsvalet. Andra faktorer som värderades högt var ett intressant utbildningsinnehåll och intressanta arbetsuppgifter efter avslutad utbildning. / The Swedish merchant fleet has in the past years been subject to flagging-out which has forced many mariners to go ashore or look for work under a foreign flag. Despite the problems with flagging-out and a potential reduction in the labour market the marine engineering programme has over the previous years not faced any major problems to fill up their training positions. The future remains uncertain as competition from other shipping nations increases significantly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying attitudes and expectations that made students in 2013 choose to study the four -year marine engineering programme at the Kalmar Maritime Academy. Furthermore the study investigates the students attitudes towards the shrinking Swedish merchant fleet. To carry out this investigation, a survey was made among the first year students on the marine engineering programme. The results of the survey show that the opportunity to develop the student’s practical skills was of great importance in educational choice. Other factors that were highly valued were an interesting educational content and interesting job tasks after graduation.

Under international law, every state has the sovereign right to establish the conditions under which it will grant its nationality to a vessel. By consequence, different schemes for ship registration have been developed, traditionally the nationalist and open system. While the nationalist system imposes strict requirements regarding national ownership and manning, along with burdensome fiscal regimes for the shipping industry, the open system offered flexible requirements and a friendly taxation environment, that help shipowners to minimize their operation costs. / Open registries have been criticized for not complying with international accepted shipping standards in safety, environmental, and labour aspects. However, some of them have made great efforts to raise these standards, mainly obliged by the new demands of the shipping industry. Nonetheless, the shift to a new culture of quality shipping is not only a responsibility of flag states, but of all the actors of a maritime scenario.

Arbitration is the preferred method of dispute resolution in international trade. Naturally, a set of rules is necessary to govern the conflict&rsquo / s resolution. For cultural, political, economical or other reasons the parties&rsquo / national laws may not serve the individual interests and needs of that particular contract well. If one wants to avoid the application of both parties&rsquo / national laws, one can choose that the contract be governed by an a-national legal standard, e.g. general principles of International Trade Law or the general usages of a particular trade. These internationally accepted principles of law governing contractual relations are called lex mercatoria (law merchant).<br /> <br /> Lex mercatoria already existed in the Middle Ages and can even be dated back to antiquity. Later it disappeared through the nationalization of International Trade Law and was rediscovered in the 1950s, when international traders were again creating their own law and disputes were increasingly resolved outside of the national jurisdictions and applying a-national law. Lex mercatoria is being applied more and more by arbitrators and is therefore becoming increasingly important for dispute resolution in International Trade. Numerous different concepts and theories of lex mercatoria have been developed. Its being an autonomous legal system is questioned by some authors and the doctrine in favour of it called unfounded. The critics also argue that the authority to apply lex mercatoria may be a recipe for amateurism and the substitution of the arbitrator&rsquo / s private preferences for the parties&rsquo / intentions, for itis easy to proclaim common principles on the basis of limited knowledge. The lex mercatoria is said only to exist because scholars talk about it. However, these and other allegations can be refuted by critically analyzing the arguments that are supposed to underline those assumptions. Applying lex mercatoria to solve international trade disputes has many advantages. By choosing lex mercatoria the parties avoid rules which are unfit for international contracts, e.g. peculiar formalities, brief cut-off periods and special difficulties created by domestic laws. In addition to that, neither of the parties has the advantage of having the dispute governed by his own law. Since one of the central rules is the principle of good faith and fair dealing, lex mercatoria neither leads to arbitrary results nor does it favour the rich. Is it possible for the arbitrators to apply lex mercatoria if no law has been chosen by the parties? The failure of the parties to indicate a choice could well mean that they did not wish to have their contract governed by any of their national laws. In some awards arbitrators applied lex mercatoria as they considered the community of international merchants to be autonomous and to exist beyond national legislation. However, it cannot be deduced from the absence of such a choice that the parties have impliedly chosen lex mercatoria to be the law governing the conflict. Lex mercatoria is applicable only as a subsidiary law in cases where no national law has been chosen and seems apt.

Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri State University, 2008. / "December 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-97). Also available online.

Thèse. Droit. Paris. 1933.

With the evolution of technology and the Internet, the world is heading to a "cashless society". China has moved towards one solution -  mobile payment in the recent decade. In every corner of urban life, mobile payment has become a favorite way of conducting transactions for merchants and customers. This thesis aims to get a deep understanding of why mobile payment platform has become so widely used in China, and in particular to explore why merchants choose to adopt it. To investigate the issue, this study has formed a theoretical framework including the topics of mobile payment, platform and multi-sided market, network effects, lock-in effect, technology acceptance model, and other influential factors. Based on the framework, a qualitative study was conducted to examine merchants and mobile payment service providers in terms of adoption and diffusion. The findings show that several factors such as customer demands, cost, initial trust and benefits have significant influence on merchant’s adoption of mobile payment. The study implies the provider’s strategies of diffusion largely depend on the cooperation with merchants and having a massive customer base.

This thesis analyses behaviour of consumers within the South Bohemian food market. First part theoretically describes basic concepts concerning this topic. Next part consists of research regarding South Bohemian merchant chains, primarily focussed on the number of them. Following section consists of a questionnaire. The aim of the research is to define consumers' behaviour in the food market. All data gathered and recommendations for change are summarized at the end in discussion and summary.