Les grands marchands italiens des XIIIe et XIVe siècles, ceux qui opéraient sur les marchés internationaux, furent précurseurs de bien des techniques commerciales et de gestion. Ils ont également « inventé » la compagnie commerciale.Les analyses classiques de cette institution ne rendent pas suffisamment compte des causes de son apparition. Les risques moindres ni le montant plus important des capitaux nécessaires ne paraissent, pour cette époque, des facteurs tout à fait déterminants et suffisants. Les influences et les expériences dont ont pu bénéficier les commerçants italiens ne l’expliquent pas non plus.La plupart des documents qui nous sont parvenus apparaissent adaptés, plus qu’à une gestion efficace des opérations à celle de la relation entre les acteurs de ces compagnies. Cela conduit à s’interroger sur les raisons pour lesquelles ces marchands mirent en place à la fois l’institution et ces extraordinaires moyens de gestion.Le parallélisme observé entre l’apparition des compagnies, de ses outils de gestion, les évolutions politiques et celles des administrations publiques au moment de l’ascension du Popolo, fournit un premier indice sur ce moment de création de l’institution. Comme les communes, elle apparaît fondée sur une association originale entre personnes libres, sur la recherche de la concorde, et pour cette raison fut pourvue d’outils de gestion rigoureux.Les apports et les nouvelles conceptions de la science économique institutionnelle, la vision de la « firme » comme une solution alternative moins coûteuse au marché, et comme un outil de gestion du « problème de l’agence », complètent l’explication de l’apparition des compagnies. / The great Italian merchants of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, those who operated on international scale, were the precursors of many commercial and management technics. They also "invented" the commercial company. The classical analyzes of this institution do not sufficiently explain their appearance. The lesser risks for this activity and the greater amount of capital required are not decisive and sufficient explanations for this time. Neither do the influences and experiences that Italian traders have benefited. Most of the management documents, especially the ledgers and the letters, seem adapted to the management of the relationship between the actors of these companies rather than of operations. This leads to questions about why these merchants set up both the institution and these extraordinary management methods.The parallel observed and analyzed between the appearance of these companies, their management tools and the political and public administrations evolutions at the time of the rise of the Popolo highlights this moment of creation of the institution. It thus appears, like the communes, based on an original association of free people, on the search for concord and for this reason provided with rigorous management tools.The use of analysis and new conceptions of the "firm", by institutional economics, the vision of it as a less expensive alternative to the market, and as a tool for managing the “agency problem”, complete the explanation to the appearance of companies.

Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

在中國近代史上，1872年（清朝同治十一年）創立的招商局有十分深遠的影響，其地位是舉足輕重的，相關的探討，也因此成為中國近現代歷史研究的重要組成部分。本文通過闡述招商局的歷史沿革、重大事件、產業發展，而以香港招商局起義的背景、經過為主題，進而論述其後香港招商局的發展，以及1985年招商局集團成立後的經營狀況，指出了招商局歷史與中國近代史和現代史的密切聯繫。此外，還把招商局歷史放在中國近代經濟中，探討其重要意義，並對如何更深入地開展招商局歷史研究作了思考和建議。本文總共有六章，每章分為三節。第一章是引言，交代有關研究的情況和文獻著作等；第二章敘述招商局的發展概況及其歷史分期；第三章闡明1949年至1951年間招商局起義的原因和過程，尤其是香港招商局起義的作用和影響；第四章探討香港招商局的業務及其海內外聯繫，包括1979年蛇口工業區建設的啟動、招商局集團的成立和振興；第五章從管理團隊、機構體制及核心產業三方面，分析1949年至1999年間香港招商局的進展情形；第六章為結論，對香港招商局起義作出歷史評價，申論招商局集團在香港、中國內地以至國際上的角色和地位，從而展望今後的發展方向。附錄招商局集團業務架構圖、招商局與香港大事年表。Established in 1872 during late Qing's Westernization Movement, the China Merchants, also known as China Merchants Company (CMC), is a pioneer of China's national industrial and commercial enterprises. Setting up by the means of open stock-recruitment, CMC, as the first ever joint-stock company of China, played an important role in Chinese society. CMC had established China's first merchant fleet, opened China'first bank and insurance company, and along with many start-ups in the shipping industry and other economic areas in China, CMC had become an essential part in the history of modern China. Over the past 145 years, CMC and Hong Kong (HK) are closely tied up with each other. CMC has seen its rapid growth thanks to the HK environment, while giving back to the HK society at the same time. In face of the new era, since 1985, China Merchants Group (CMG) sticks to the 'Go Forward with Time, while Sharing the Common Fate with the Nation' belief and aims to 'Push Forward the Progress of Time by the Success in Business', and continues to excel at innovation and efficiency while moving forward. Currently, with its headquarters in HK, CMG has carried out business in a number of emerging markets of significant vitality and potential in the region, including those in HK, China Mainland, Southeast Asia and etc. CMG is one of the Big Four Chinese Enterprises in HK. It plays an important role and has an extensive impact on the industrial and commercial sectors internationally. Accordingly, studying the development process and current status of CMG is of great value and significant meaning in the field. In previous studies, historical researchers have produced significant findings on areas such as CMC's 'government-supervision and merchant-operation'system, key personnel, business success and failure, etc. This study, based on the existing findings, aims to have a more thorough and in-depth understanding on CMG through further investigation on both old and new aspects. Some attentions was paid to assessing the role in which CMG played in the relations between Hong Kong and China Mainland. This study thus fills up an important gap and offers an assessment of the significance of the CMG in Hong Kong's economic and enterprise history.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-08T12:10:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Di Giorgi.pdf: 1734039 bytes, checksum: 54113f4a780e0f80bd1720b279698c9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T12:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Di Giorgi.pdf: 1734039 bytes, checksum: 54113f4a780e0f80bd1720b279698c9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / The focus of this dissertation is e-commerce, a sales channel that emerged from innovations in information and communications technology (ICT). Using a Marxist framework, the aim of this work is to explain the changes occurring in the movement of goods in retail derived from e-commerce, and its contradictions. As a secondary objective, the dissertation also aims to explain (a) the new driving forces of capital concentration and changes in the retail market structure, (b) changes and innovations in the services market in general, induced by electronic commerce, (c) functional impairment of trade and the direct selling by industry, (d) the extent of technological platforms used by the biggest online stores to provide selling services for small retailers (the marketplace function) and (e) the new opportunities derived from multi/omni channel commerce technology / O objeto da dissertação é o comércio eletrônico, canal de vendas surgido a partir das inovações tecnológicas nas áreas de processamento da informação e comunicações. Por meio de um referencial marxista, o objetivo é explicar as transformações ocorridas na esfera da circulação de mercadorias no varejo derivadas da introdução do comércio eletrônico e suas contradições. Como objetivos secundários a dissertação se propõe a explicar as novas forças propulsoras da concentração do capital no comércio e as alterações na estrutura do mercado varejista; as modificações e inovações no mercado de serviços em geral, induzidas pelo comércio eletrônico; o enfraquecimento funcional do comércio e a venda direta pela indústria; a extensão do uso da plataforma tecnológica das grandes lojas virtuais para a prestação de serviços a pequenos lojistas (marketplace) e as novas oportunidades de uso das tecnologias viabilizadas pelo comércio eletrônico

This paper deals with how seamen onboard merchant ships flying the Swedish flag apprehendthe culture, information and leisure possibilities that offer them by the Swedish GovernrnentSeamen's Service, HKF.The objective with this work is two folded: first of all suggest some actions to be taken inorder to improve the situation for seamen, based on the results from interviews with crewsonboard three merchant ships.Secondly, draw the attention to HKF's activity in general and to the activity of the SwedishSeamen's Library in particular, for people working within libraries.The result of this examination shows that people onboard really regards the service carriedout by HKF as very good in general, but there are some activities which hopefully can beimproved. However, perhaps the most important role can be played by the shipping companies,based on the wishes that came about from the seamen. These conclusions and discussion aredealt within chapter 8.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que buscou verificar se as normas vigentes no Brasil para os alojamentos dos tripulantes de navios mercantes são efetivas em propiciar boas condições de habitabilidade e segurança. O processo utilizado para esta verificação foi o de comparar tais normas com recomendações e determinações de diversas fontes. A opção por este objeto de pesquisa se justifica uma vez que atualmente, após mais de duas décadas de decadência da indústria naval e da frota mercante brasileiras, há um grande número de navios em construção. Além disso, a vida útil dos navios é de aproximadamente trinta anos, o que significa que a inadequação das normas segundo as quais são construídos implicaria em consequências de longo prazo e difíceis de serem revertidas, em função da complexidade dos navios. Por outro lado, a Organização Marítima Internacional e outras fontes citam o projeto dos alojamentos como um dos fatores que podem influenciar no aumento do número de casos e na intensidade da fadiga entre os tripulantes, com reflexos na incidência de erros humanos e, consequentemente, de acidentes marítimos. Um indicador da existência de deficiências na configuração dos espaços de alojamento é o número de acidentes pessoais neles ocorridos, relativamente alto quando comparado com o das áreas de trabalho e operação da embarcação, onde o risco de acidentes é consideravelmente maior. A confrontação das normas vigentes no Brasil com recomendações e determinações das diversas fontes consultadas evidenciou que estas admitem condições mais desfavoráveis do que as aceitas para embarcações destinadas a fins especiais e em navios de algumas marinhas de guerra. Ademais, sua análise revelou que não especificam os níveis considerados apropriados ao conforto térmico, acústico, iluminação e vibrações, o que indica que estão desatualizadas e aponta para a necessidade de sua revisão com base em estudos atuais. / This Master\'s dissertation presents the results of research which seeks to establish whether the prevailing standards for crew accommodation in merchant shipping in Brazil is effective in providing good conditions of habitability and safety. The verification process used was to compare such standards with recommendations and requirements from several different sources. The justification for this choice of research is that following more than two decades of decline in the shipbuilding sector and the Brazilian merchant navy, there are now a large number of ships once more under construction in indigenous shipyards. Since ships have a useful life of approximately thirty years, this means failure to adhere to construction standards would imply long term consequences, difficult to revert in the light of the complexity of vessels. Conversely, the International Maritime Organization as well as other sources, cites the onboard accommodation project as one of the factors that can impact the number of cases of fatigue and its intensity among crew members. This in turn is reflected in the level of human error and consequently, maritime accidents. One indicator of deficiencies in accommodation configuration is the number of personal accidents that occur in them, relatively high compared with onboard working and operational areas where risk of accidents is considerably greater. The comparison of the prevailing standards in Brazil with recommendations and requirements of several sources which have been consulted, revealed that these tolerate conditions which are less favorable than those acceptable in special purpose vessels and in the ships of some navies. Additionally, comparison showed that standards prevailing in Brazil fail to specify the levels deemed appropriate for thermal and acoustic comfort, lighting and vibration. The indication is that such are out-of-date - pointing to a need for review based on current studies.

Este trabalho discute as interferências no ambiente urbano provenientes de ações e intervenções realizadas nas cidades tendo como principal elemento de análise o transporte público centrado no projeto e na obra do Expresso Tiradentes e seus efeitos sobre o comércio da Rua Silva Bueno, no Ipiranga, São Paulo. A partir de notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa foi elaborado, inicialmente, um histórico da concepção, projeto e obra do Expresso Tiradentes e do contexto socioeconômico e político de todo o seu processo, destacando os efeitos no entorno urbano, com destaque para as imediações da estação Sacomã e seu reflexo na principal rua de comércio do bairro do Ipiranga. Para a análise do comércio foram realizados mapeamentos dos estabelecimentos comerciais, entrevistas com comerciantes e consumidores, levantamento de notícias na mídia impressa e de demais ações envolvidas com a área. Com base nessas análises foi possível reforçar a amplitude das interferências decorrentes de intervenções urbanas e da necessidade de uma compreensão mais sistêmica de tais projetos, principalmente no que se refere às deficiências presentes nas análises de estudos de impacto urbano sobre os efeitos em áreas predominantemente comerciais, bem como da importância de ações pró ativas no enfrentamento e apropriação das mudanças observadas. / This paper discusses the interference in the urban environment from actions and interventions in the cities with the primary element of analysis focused on public transportation project and the work of the Expresso Tiradentes and its effects on trade of Silva Bueno Street, in Ipiranga, São Paulo. From reports in the print media was developed, initially a historical concept, design and workmanship of the Expresso Tiradentes and the socioeconomic and political context of the whole process, highlighting the effects on the urban environment, especially in the vicinity of the station Sacomã and its reflection in the main shopping street in the neighborhood of Ipiranga. For the analysis of trade were made mappings from business premises, interviews with traders and consumers, survey on news print and other actions involved in the area. Based on these analyzes it was possible to enhance the amplitude of interference from urban interventions and the need for amore systemic understanding of such projects, especially with regard to the deficiencies present in the analysis of urban impact studies on the effects in predominantly commercial and the importance of pro active in dealing and ownership of the changes that was observed. Keywords:

本文是對閩粵移民史的一個片斷作個案研究， 著重的是移民台灣時的動 機與在台灣的適應及其市街聚落的建立， 並以十八世紀的新莊街作為個 案，探討移民在市街級的區域內，移墾的歷程，其中包含草地開墾、 水 利建設、與市街的建立等。全文共分五章敘述。第一章是前言，論述移民 史是歷史學的一重要課題， 特別是移民的經驗是台灣人長時期以來共有 的記憶，為解台灣移民史， 須將研究的架構置於閩粵移民史之下，並介 紹新莊地區的相關歷史研究成果。第二章探討漢人移民前的新莊自然與人 文環境。 自然環境著重與人類聚落形成有關的因素，分別以地形、氣候 兩主題說明對漢人的居住地、 水源、農業生產與交通等的影響；人文環 境說明漢人在移入新莊之前， 本地有長時期的住民生活史，本章根據荷 蘭人、漢人的文獻， 試圖說明新莊平埔族的活動及外人對他們理解的轉 變， 並注意其聚落地理位置與族群規模。第三章是移民過程的研究，首 先討論移民的原因， 認為人口壓力說對於原因的解釋，過於簡化，而必 須注意十六、七世紀以來閩粵的經商、 移民傳統以及清朝與荷蘭、明鄭 等政權爭鬥中， 台灣的地位的突出與統治者的經營。其次，台灣成為移 民的有利環境， 不是台灣本來即適合漢人居住，而是移民與環境間的互 動中改變了環境。新莊的實證研究，可以見到當時的開墾模式， 即番社 ──墾戶──佃戶的生產關係，以及開墾淡水河西岸平原的四大墾戶系統 ， 其中以林天成墾號與新莊的關係最密切，林天成租業後來林成祖取得 ， 不久又賣與張廣福墾號。第四章論述移民聚落的形成，以新莊街為例 ，敘述新庄街的建立， 在漢人移墾初期，新庄街是台北盆地最重要的市 街，政治、經濟、 與宗教的重心。本章討論其市街建立年代、位置，以 及最興盛時期的聚落規模。第五章為結論，將本文主要觀點及研究所得簡 要概述， 並提出一些研究上的缺失與值得進一步探討的歷史課題。

<p>Background: The project controller is a function witch evolved due to the strong gaining ground of project operation. Why the area of the project controller is interesting to study is explained by the fact that increasing knowledge of this function is important in order to make project operation work well. The fact that opinions in this field disagree, further increases the interest of the field. In order to study the function of the project controller three companies have been singled out. They are IFS, Intentia and Saab Bofors Dynamics. The selection is based upon them being knowledge based companies with project intense operation. </p><p>Aim: The aim with this study is to compare and analyse the function of the project controller in three project intense knowledge based companies. </p><p>Method: This study is based upon three methodological bases being qualitative study, case study and interview. As a complement to the interviews, document analysis have been used. </p><p>Result: The field of responsibility of accounting controllers is still of great importance, but can be seen as a smaller part of the collected project controller functions. A new area for the function of the project controller stresses constitutes of interaction, which both directly and indirectly supports project control. In the interactive function, both offensive and defensive functions are included, which can be conceived paradoxically. Furthermore the function of the project controller is rather influenced by how companies organise and structure the management control than the importance of the project operation.</p>

Background: The project controller is a function witch evolved due to the strong gaining ground of project operation. Why the area of the project controller is interesting to study is explained by the fact that increasing knowledge of this function is important in order to make project operation work well. The fact that opinions in this field disagree, further increases the interest of the field. In order to study the function of the project controller three companies have been singled out. They are IFS, Intentia and Saab Bofors Dynamics. The selection is based upon them being knowledge based companies with project intense operation. Aim: The aim with this study is to compare and analyse the function of the project controller in three project intense knowledge based companies. Method: This study is based upon three methodological bases being qualitative study, case study and interview. As a complement to the interviews, document analysis have been used. Result: The field of responsibility of accounting controllers is still of great importance, but can be seen as a smaller part of the collected project controller functions. A new area for the function of the project controller stresses constitutes of interaction, which both directly and indirectly supports project control. In the interactive function, both offensive and defensive functions are included, which can be conceived paradoxically. Furthermore the function of the project controller is rather influenced by how companies organise and structure the management control than the importance of the project operation.