Orientador: Hugo Enrique Hernandez Figueroa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hsu_AtilioClaudio_M.pdf: 6986419 bytes, checksum: 5d1120daa8d4126ad4a6fd84fd5ac188 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e a implementação de algoritmos para geração de malhas adaptativas de elementos triangulares, visando o estudo de problemas de propagação eletromagnética em domínios bidimensionais. Foram implementadas duas técnicas de refinamento, uma baseada no método da troca de arestas denominado Delaunay e a outra baseada na técnica de suavização de Laplace. O gerador implementado leva em conta interfaces de curvatura arbitrária e, também, pode ser facilmente integrado aos programas desenvolvidos no Departamento de Microonda e Óptica (DMO) / Abstract: This work presents the development of algorithms for adaptive mesh generation of triangular elements applicable to electromagnetic propagation problems in bidimensional domains. Several techniques were used, such as edgeflip, known as Delaunay method, and the Laplacian¿s smoothing method. The program considers arbitrary curvature interfaces and can be easily integrated to the programs created in the Department of Microwaves and Optics (DMO) / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

La simulation numérique des écoulements (CFD) est largement utilisée aujourd'hui dans l'industrie aéronautique, de l'avant-projet à la conception des appareils. En parallèle, la puissance des calculateurs s'est accrue, permettant d'effectuer des simulations résolvant les équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées (RANS) dans un délai de restitution acceptable du point de vue industriel. Cependant, les configurations simulées sont de plus en plus complexes géométriquement, rendant la réalisation du maillage très coûteuse en temps humain. Notre objectif est de proposer une méthode permettant de simplifier la génération de maillages autour de géométries complexes, en exploitant les avantages de la méthode Chimère, tout en levant les difficultés principales rencontrées par cette méthode dans le calcul des connectivités. Dans notre approche, le domaine de calcul est découpé en régions proches et en régions éloignées des corps. Des grilles curvilignes de faible extension décrivent les régions autour des corps. Le maillage de fond est défini par un ensemble de grilles cartésiennes superposées aux grilles de corps, qui sont engendrées et adaptées automatiquement selon les caractéristiques de l'écoulement. Afin de traiter des maillages recouvrants autour de géométries complexes sans surcoût humain, les différentes grilles sont regroupées par composant Chimère. Des relations d'assemblage sont alors définies entre composants, en s'inspirant de la Géométrie de Construction des Solides (CSG), où un solide peut être construit par opérations booléennes successives entre solides primitifs. Le calcul des connectivités Chimère est alors réalisé de manière simplifiée. Des simulations RANS sont effectuées autour d'un fuselage d'hélicoptère avec mât de soufflerie et autour d'une aile NACA0015 en incidence, afin de mettre en oeuvre la méthode. / Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used today in aeronautics, while the computing power has increased, enabling to perform simulations solving Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) within an acceptable time frame from the industrial point of view. However, the configurations are more and more geometrically complex, making the mesh generation step prohibitive. Our aim is here to propose a method enabling a simplification of the mesh generation over complex geometries, taking advantage of the Chimera method and overcoming the major difficulties arising when performing overset grid connectivity. In our approach, the computational domain is partitioned into near-body regions and off-body regions. Near-body regions are meshed by curvilinear grids of short extension describing the obstacles involved in the simulation. Off-body mesh is defined by a set of adaptive Cartesian grids, overlapping near-body grids. In order to consider overset grids over complex geometries with no additional cost, grids are gathered by Chimera component, and assembly relations are defined between them, inspired by Constructive Solid Geometry, where a solid can result from boolean operations between primitive solids. The overset grid connectivity is thus simplified. RANS simulations are performed over a helicopter fuselage with a strut, and over a NACA0015 wing.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta algoritmos de geração automática de malhas de elementos finitos bidimensionais e tridimensionais que, juntamente com outros algoritmos desenvolvidos dentro da linha de pesquisa ao qual ele está inserido, são integrados consistentemente em um pacote computacional. Os algoritmos geradores de malhas foram modificados para serem independentes dos pré-processadores, podendo assim serem incorporados em diferentes programas. Um novo algoritmo bidimensional de geração de elementos triangulares é proposto. Este algoritmo incorpora novas idéias, adaptadas de um algoritmo de geração tridimensional de malhas em volume arbitrário, e procura gerar elementos de melhor qualidade geométrica possível. Duas técnicas de geração de malhas sólidas são apresentadas: uma de mapeamento transfinito tridimensional, onde a malha sólida é construída a partir das seções transversais do modelo; e uma técnica de sweep, onde a malha sólida é construída pelo - arrasto - de uma seção transversal ao longo de um curva no espaço. Os algoritmos são incorporados em um modelador geométrico tridimensional, o MG (Mesh Generator), e alguns exemplos são feitos para demonstrar a capacidade de modelagem do ambiente criado. Em particular são mostrados exemplos para modelagem composta com diferentes métodos de construção de malhas e diferentes tipos de elementos finitos em um mesmo modelo. Também é feito um estudo de algumas medidas de distorção para elementos finitos planos. O cálculo dessas medidas de distorção é implementado em um modelador bidimensional gráfico interativo. A visualização das medidas de distorção é feita através de uma escala de cores. / [en] This work presents algorithms for two-dimensional and three- dimensional mesh generation of finite elements that, together with another algorithms developed by its research group, are integrated in a computational package. The mesh generation algorithms become independent of the preprocessor, and may be incorporated in different programs. An algorithm for two-dimensional planar triangular mesh generation is proposed. The algorithm incorporates new ideas, adapted from a three-dimensional mesh generation algorithm for arbitrary domains, which is focused on the generation of - optimal - shape elements. Two techniques of solid mesh generation are presented: a three-dimensional transfinite mapping, that generates the solid mesh interpolating cross-section meshes; and a sweep technique, that generates the solid mesh by sweeping a cross-section mesh along a curve in space. The algorithms are integrated in a three-dimensional geometric modeler, MG (Mesh Generation), and some examples demonstrate the modeling capability of the created environment. Specifically, the examples show the capability for composite modeling with different methods of mesh generation and different types of finite elements in the same model. A study of some distortion measures for planar finite elements is also performed. Computation of these distortion measures is implemented in a two-dimensional interactive graphics modeler. The visualization of the distortion measures is made through a color scale. / [es] Este trabajo presenta algoritmos de generación automática de mallas de elementos finitos bidimensionales y tridimensionales que, conjuntamente con otros algoritmos desarrollados dentro de esta línea de investigación, son integrados consistentemente en un paqueote computacional. Los algoritmos generadores de mallas fueron modificados para ser independentes de los preprocesadores, permitiendo que sean incorporados a diferentes programas. Se propone un nuevo algoritmo bidimensional de generación de elementos triangulares. Este algoritmo incorpora nuevas ideas, adaptadas de un algoritmo de generación tridimensional de mallas en volumen arbitrario, y busca generar elementos de la mejor calidad geométrica posible. Se presentan dos técnicas de generación de mallas sólidas: una de mapeamiento transfinito tridimensional, donde la malla sólida se construye a partir de las secciones transversales del modelo; y una técnica de swep, donde la malla sólida se construye al arrastrar una sección transversal a lo largo de una curva en el espacio. Los algoritmos se incorporan en un modelador geométrico tridimensional, el MG (Mesh Generator), y se incluyen algunos ejemplos para demostrar la capacidad de modelaje del ambiente creado. En particular son mostrados ejemplos que contemplan diferentes métodos de construcción de mallas y diferentes tipos de elementos finitos en un mismo modelo. También se realiza un estudio de algumas medidas de distorción para elementos finitos planos. EL cálculo de esas medidas de distorsión se implementa en un modelador bidimensional gráfico interactivo. La visualización de las medidas de distorsión se efectua a través de una escala de colores.

Com a popularização de equipamentos tradicionais de captura de imagens, como câmeras digitais, e o avanço tecnológico dos dispositivos não invasivos, como tomografia e ressonância, cresce também a necessidade e consequente uso de métodos numéricos para simulação de fenômenos físicos em domínios definidos por imagens. Um dos pré-requisitos para a aplicação de tais métodos numéricos consiste na discretização do domínio em questão, num processo denominado geração de malhas. Embora diversos métodos de geração de malha tenham sido propostos para discretizar domínios definidos por primitivas geométricas, pouco tem sido feito no sentido de gerar uma decomposição diretamente a partir de imagens. Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma abordagem de geração de malhas de qualidade a partir de domínios definidos por imagens com textura. Mais especificamente, a pesquisa descrita nesta tese contribui com a melhoria do algoritmo Imesh, ao sanar três de suas principais limitações: tratamento de imagens com texturas; controle do nível de refinamento da malha e suporte a outros tipos de elementos. Estas contribuições flexibilizam o processo de geração da malha, e ainda ampliam o domínio de aplicações do algoritmo Imesh, à medida que são considerados domínios definidos por imagens com textura e o uso de métodos numéricos para elementos não simpliciais torna-se possível. O algoritmo de melhoria da malha gerada utiliza uma abordagem inovadora de remalhamento baseada em templates e guiada por retalhos de Bézier / With the spreading of traditional image capturing devices, such as digital cameras, and the technological advancement of more specific imaging devices such as CT and MRI, also increased the need and the following use of numerical methods for simulation of physical phenomena in domains defined by images. One of the prerequisites for the application of such numerical methods is the discretization of the corresponding domain, in a process called mesh generation. Although several methods of mesh generation have been proposed to discretize domains defined by geometric primitives, little has been done to generate a decomposition directly from images. We present an approach to generate quality meshes from domains defined by images with texture. More specifically, the research described in this thesis contributes to the improvement of the Imesh algorithm, removing three of its main limitations: treatment textured images, control of the level of the mesh refinement and support for other types of non-simplicial elements. These contributions provide flexibility to the mesh generation process, and extend the range of applications of Imesh by both handling textured images and considering the use of numerical methods for non-simplicial elements. The mesh quality improvement algorithm uses a new approach based on mesh templates and it is guided by Bezier patches

A reconstrução de superfícies a partir de nuvens de pontos faz parte de um novo paradigma de modelagem em que modelos computacionais para objetos reais são reconstruídos a partir de dados amostrados sobre a superfície dos mesmos. O principal problema que surge nesse contexto é o fato de que não são conhecidas relações de conectividade entre os pontos que compõe a amostra. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são estudar métodos implícitos para a reconstrução de superfícies e propor algumas melhorias pouco exploradas por métodos já existentes. O uso de funções implícitas no contexto da reconstrução conduz a métodos mais robustos em relação a ruídos, no entanto, uma das principais desvantagens de tais métodos está na dificuldade de capturar detalhes finos e sharp features. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho propõe o uso de abordagens adaptativas, tanto na poligonalização de superfícies quanto na aproximação de superfícies. Além disso, questões relativas à robustez das soluções locais e à qualidade da malha também são abordadas. Por fim, o método desenvolvido é acoplado aumsoftware traçador de raios afimde se obterumamaneira de modelar cenas tridimensionais utilizando nuvens de pontos, além dos objetos gráficos tradicionais. Os resultados apresentados mostram que muitas das soluções propostas oferecem um incremento à qualidade dos métodos de reconstrução anteriormente propostos / Surface reconstruction from point clouds is part of a new modeling paradigm in which computational models for real objects are reconstructed from data sampled from their surface. The main problem that arises in this context is the fact that there are no known connectivity relationships amongst the points that compose the sample. The objectives of the present work are to study implicit methods for surface reconstruction and to propose some improvements scarcely explored by previous work. The use of implicit functions in the context of surface reconstruction leads to less noise sensitive methods; however, one major drawback of such methods is the difficulty in capturing fine details and sharp features. Towards this, the present work proposes the use of adaptive approaches, not only in the polygonization but also in the surface approximation. Besides, robustness issues in local solutions and mesh quality are also tackled. Finally, the developed method is embedded in a ray tracer software in order to set a basis for modeling tridimensional scenes using point sets, in addition to traditional graphic objects. The presented results show that a great deal of the proposed solutions offer a quality increase to the reconstruction method previously proposed

Continuing the previous work in the preprint 97-11 done for the 2D-approach in this paper we describe the Yserentant preconditioned conjugate gradient method as well as the BPX-preconditioned cg-iteration fastly solving 3D-elliptic boundary value problems on unstructured quasi uniform grids. These artificially constructed hierarchical methods have optimal computational costs. In the case of the sequential computing several numerical examples demonstrate their efficiency not depending on the finite element types used for the discretiziation of the original potential problem. Moreover, implementing the methods in parallel first results are given.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) models often need to be processed due to data translation issues and requirements of the downstream applications like computational field simulation, rapid rototyping, computer graphics,computational manufacturing, and real-time rendering before they can be used. Automatic CAD model processing tools can significantly reduce the amount of time and cost associated with the manual processing.In this dissertaion, automated topology generation and feature removal techniques are developed to prepare suitable models with mimunum user interaction. A topology generation algorithm, commonly known as CAD repairing/healing, is presented to detect commonly found geometrical and topological issues like cracks, gaps, overlaps, intersections, T-connections, and no/invalid topology in the model, process them and build correct topological information. The present algorithm is based on the iterative vertex pair contraction and expansion operations called stitching and filling respectively. The algorithm closes small gaps/overlaps via the stitching operation and fills larger gaps by adding faces through the filling operation to process the model accurately. Processed models are guaranteed to be free of intersecting faces or surfaces. Moreover, the topology generation algorithm can process manifold as well as non-manifold models, which makes the procedure more general and flexible. This algorithm uses an automatic and adaptive distance threshold that enhances reliability of the process and preserves small features in the model. In addition, a spatial data structure, the octree, is used for searching and neighbor finding to process large models efficiently. In this way, the combination of generality, accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of this algorithm seems to be a significant improvement over existing techniques. Results are presented showing the effectiveness of the algorithm to process two- and three-dimensional configurations. Feature detection and removal and feature collapse algorithms are presented to detect and remove small features from CAD models automatically. The feature detection and removal algorithm uses a feature size measure based on the surface area and perimeter to detect small features accurately and remove them from the model. Small feature removal may create holes in the model that are post-processed using the stitching and/or filling operations of the topology generation algorithm. The feature collapse algorithm is based on the iterative vertex pair contraction operation, which is a generalization of an edge-collapse operation, to collapse small features. Unlike previous efforts that use edge-collapse as a dimension reduction operator, the feature collapse algorithm can pair up any arbitrary vertices and perform iterative vertex pair contraction to collapse small features as well as glue unconnected regions. Results showing the automatic detection and removal of most commonly found small features like small edges/faces, fillets, chamfers, nuts, and bolts from real mechanical parts are presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RairamFCA_DISSERT2.pdf: 4758176 bytes, checksum: bfb1653549a50848b4721bda9a78bd6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / The pumping through progressing cavities system has been more and more employed in the petroleum industry. This occurs because of its capacity of elevation of highly viscous oils or fluids with great concentration of sand or other solid particles. A Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) consists, basically, of a rotor - a metallic device similar to an eccentric screw, and a stator - a steel tube internally covered by a double helix, which may be rigid or deformable/elastomeric. In general, it is submitted to a combination of well pressure with the pressure generated by the pumping process itself. In elastomeric PCPs, this combined effort compresses the stator and generates, or enlarges, the clearance existing between the rotor and the stator, thus reducing the closing effect between their cavities. Such opening of the sealing region produces what is known as fluid slip or slippage, reducing the efficiency of the PCP pumping system. Therefore, this research aims to develop a transient three-dimensional computational model that, based on single-lobe PCP kinematics, is able to simulate the fluid-structure interaction that occurs in the interior of metallic and elastomeric PCPs. The main goal is to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of PCP s efficiency based on detailed and instantaneous information of velocity, pressure and deformation fields in their interior. To reach these goals (development and use of the model), it was also necessary the development of a methodology for generation of dynamic, mobile and deformable, computational meshes representing fluid and structural regions of a PCP. This additional intermediary step has been characterized as the biggest challenge for the elaboration and running of the computational model due to the complex kinematic and critical geometry of this type of pump (different helix angles between rotor and stator as well as large length scale aspect ratios). The processes of dynamic generation of meshes and of simultaneous evaluation of the deformations suffered by the elastomer are fulfilled through subroutines written in Fortan 90 language that dynamically interact with the CFX/ANSYS fluid dynamic software. Since a structural elastic linear model is employed to evaluate elastomer deformations, it is not necessary to use any CAE package for structural analysis. However, an initial proposal for dynamic simulation using hyperelastic models through ANSYS software is also presented in this research. Validation of the results produced with the present methodology (mesh generation, flow simulation in metallic PCPs and simulation of fluid-structure interaction in elastomeric PCPs) is obtained through comparison with experimental results reported by the literature. It is expected that the development and application of such a computational model may provide better details of the dynamics of the flow within metallic and elastomeric PCPs, so that better control systems may be implemented in the artificial elevation area by PCP / O sistema de bombeamento por cavidades progressivas est? sendo cada vez mais empregado na ind?stria do petr?leo, devido ? sua capacidade de eleva??o de ?leos altamente viscosos ou de fluidos com grandes concentra??es de areia ou outras part?culas s?lidas. Uma Bomba de Cavidades Progressivas (BCP) ? composta, basicamente, por um rotor - uma pe?a met?lica de forma semelhante a um parafuso exc?ntrico, e um estator - um tubo de a?o revestido internamente por uma h?lice dupla, a qual pode ser r?gida ou deform?vel/elastom?rica. Em geral, uma BCP ? submetida a uma combina??o de press?o do po?o com press?o gerada pelo pr?prio processo de bombeio. Em BCPs elastom?ricas, essa combina??o de esfor?os comprime o estator, gerando ou aumentando a folga existente entre o rotor e o estator, reduzindo, portanto, o efeito de veda??o entre suas cavidades. Tal abertura da regi?o de selagem produz o que ? conhecido como escorregamento do fluido, diminuindo, com isso, a efici?ncia de sistema de bombeio por BCP. Dessa maneira, este trabalho se prop?e a desenvolver um modelo computacional tridimensional transiente do processo din?mico da intera??o fluido-estrutural (FSI) que ocorre no interior de BCPs met?licas e elastom?ricas. O objetivo principal ? avaliar, a partir do uso do modelo desenvolvido, as caracter?sticas din?micas de efici?ncia de bombeio por BCPs, em fun??o de informa??es locais e instant?neas detalhadas dos campos de velocidade, press?o e deforma??o no seu interior. Para o alcance de tais metas (desenvolvimento e uso do modelo), fez-se necess?rio o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia pr?pria para gera??o de malhas computacionais din?micas, m?veis e deform?veis, representando as regi?es fluida e estrutural de uma BCP. Tal procedimento caracterizou-se como o maior desafio para a elabora??o do modelo computacional, devido ? cinem?tica complexa e ? geometria cr?tica desse tipo de bomba (?ngulos de h?lice diferentes entre rotor e estator e grandes diferen?as de escala de comprimento). Os processos de gera??o din?mica das malhas e de avalia??o simult?nea das deforma??es sofridas pelo elast?mero s?o realizados atrav?s de sub-rotinas em linguagem Fortran 90, as quais interagem dinamicamente com o software de din?mica dos fluidos computacional CFX/ANSYS. Desde que o modelo linear el?stico ? empregado para avaliar as deforma??es elastom?ricas, n?o ? necess?rio usar nenhum software para an?lise estrutural. Entretanto, uma proposta inicial para simula??o din?mica no ANSYS empregando-se modelos constitutivos hiper-el?sticos para o elast?mero ? tamb?m apresentada no presente trabalho. A valida??o dos resultados produzidos com a presente metodologia (gera??o de malha, simula??o do escoamento em BCPs met?licas e simula??o da intera??o fluido-estrutural em BCPs elastom?ricas) ? obtida atrav?s da compara??o com resultados experimentais reportados pela literatura. Vislumbra-se que o desenvolvimento e aplica??o de tal ferramenta computacional poder?o fornecer maiores detalhes da din?mica do escoamento no interior de BCPs met?licas e elastom?ricas, de maneira que melhores sistemas de controle possam ser implementados na ?rea de eleva??o artificial por BCPs

Surface coating is widely used in microelectronic industry to produce thin films over surfaces with uneven topography. Such processes are used in fabricating integrated circuits, storage devices, such as magnetic disks, memory devices and optical disks as well as for manufacturing adhesives, magnetic tapes, magazines which can produce thicker films over patterns of similar depth and width at higher speeds. Other applications of film flow over uneven surfaces come from specific designs of surfaces of heat-exchangers and the surfaces of various structured packings used to improve heat and mass transfer operations. The one-dimensional, gravity-driven film-flow of a linear or exponential PTT liquid, flowing either on the outer or on the inner surface of a vertical cylinder or over a planar wall is analyzed. Numerical solution of the governing equations is generally possible. Analytical solutions are derived only for: (i) linear PTT model in cylindrical and planar geometries in the absence of solvent and the affinity parameter set at zero; (ii) linear or exponential PTT model in a planar geometry in the absence of solvent and the affinity parameter the affinity parameter obtains nonzero values; (iii) exponential PTT model in planar geometry in the absence of solvent and the affinity parameter set at zero. Then, the two-dimensional, steady flow of a viscoelastic film over a periodic topography under the action of a body force is studied. It is examined the interplay of elastic, viscous, inertia and capillary forces on the film thickness and planarization efficiency over steep topographical changes of the substrate. The code is validated by verifying that in isolated topographies the periodicity conditions result in fully developed viscoelastic film flow at the inflow/outflow boundaries and that its predictions for Newtonian fluids over 2D topography under creeping flow conditions coincide with those of previous works. Finally, the steady film-flow of a Newtonian fluid has been studied over a trench examining the various types of inclusions that can be formed. It can be distinguished three possible flow configurations when (a) the triple contact points are ‘pinned’ at the lips of the cavity, (b) the triple contact points are at the left side and the bottom of the cavity so that the cavity is not filled with liquid only around its left concave corner and (c) the two triple contact points are at the two sides of the cavity so that its bottom remains empty. / Η μελέτη ρευστών υμένων κατέχει σημαντική θέση στη σύγχρονη επιστήμη και τεχνολογία και συναντάται ευρύτατα σε βιομηχανικές διεργασίες (π.χ. κατασκευή ηλεκτρονικών εξαρτημάτων όπως είναι μικροεπεξεργαστές, ολοκληρωμένα κυκλώματα και συσκευές μνήμης, κατασκευή ψηφιακών αποθηκευτικών μέσων όπως μαγνητικοί δίσκοι, δισκέτες, κασέτες και οπτικοί δίσκοι, διεργασίες φωτολιθογραφικής επικάλυψης και εκτύπωσης όπως επικαλυπτικές ουσίες, μαγνητικές ταινίες και περιοδικά κ.α.). Επιπλέον, οι ρευστοί υμένες χρησιμοποιούνται για την βελτιστοποίηση διεργασιών μεταφοράς θερμότητας και μάζας (εναλλάκτες θερμότητας). Πρώτα αναλύεται η μονοδιάστατη ροή λόγω βαρύτητας ενός υμένα ιξωδοελαστικού ρευστού που ακολουθεί το καταστατικό μοντέλο Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) σε γραμμική ή εκθετική μορφή. Το ρευστό ρέει είτε στην εξωτερική είτε στην εσωτερική επιφάνεια ενός κατακόρυφου κυλίνδρου ή σε επίπεδο τοίχωμα. Η αριθμητική επίλυση των διεπουσών εξισώσεων είναι πάντοτε δυνατή. Αναλυτικές εκφράσεις εξάγονται μόνο για (i) γραμμικό μοντέλο PTT σε κυλινδρικές και επίπεδες γεωμετρίες απουσία διαλύτη και η παράμετρος συγγένειας είναι μηδενική, (ii) γραμμικό ή εκθετικό μοντέλο PTT σε επίπεδη γεωμετρία απουσία διαλύτη με μη μηδενική παράμετρο συγγένειας και (iii) εκθετικό μοντέλο PTT σε επίπεδη γεωμετρία απουσία διαλύτη και με μηδενική παράμετρο συγγένειας. Στη συνέχεια μελετάται η δισδιάστατη μόνιμη ροή ενός ιξωδοελαστικού υμένα κατά μήκος περιοδικής τοπογραφίας υπό την επίδραση είτε της βαρύτητας είτε της φυγοκέντρου δύναμης. Εξετάζεται τόσο η επίδραση των ιξωδοελαστικών ιδιοτήτων υπό συνθήκες έρπουσας ροής όσο και των τριχοειδών και αδρανειακών δυνάμεων καθώς και της γεωμετρίας του υποστρώματος στο πάχος του υμένα και στη δυνατότητα εξομάλυνσής του παρά τις απότομες αλλαγές του υποστρώματος. Ο κώδικας ελέγχθηκε μέσω της σύγκρισης των προβλέψεών του με προηγούμενες εργασίες που αφορούν σε Νευτωνικά και σε ιξωδοελαστικά ρευστά. Τέλος, εξετάζεται η δισδιάστατη μόνιμη ροή ενός Νευτωνικού υμένα πάνω από παρόμοια μεταβαλλόμενο υπόστρωμα, ενώ επιτρέπεται να σχηματίζονται εγκλείσματα αέρα μεταξύ του υμένα και του υποστρώματος. Διακρίνονται οι εξής δυνατότητες σχηματισμού εγκλεισμάτων αέρα ανάλογα με τη θέση της κάτω επιφάνειας του υμένα: (α) εμφανίζονται σταθερά σημεία επαφής στις άνω (κυρτές) γωνίες του υποστρώματος, (β) σχηματίζεται έγκλεισμα γύρω από την πρώτη κοίλη γωνία του υποστρώματος και (γ) εμφανίζονται δύο τριπλά σημεία επαφής με τις παράπλευρες επιφάνειες του υποστρώματος.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Uma simulação numérica que leva em conta os efeitos de estratificação e mistura escalar (como a temperatura, salinidade ou substância solúvel em água) é necessária para estudar e prever os impactos ambientais que um reservatório de usina hidrelétrica pode produzir. Este trabalho sugere uma metodologia para o estudo de escoamentos ambientais, principalmente aqueles em que o conhecimento da interação entre a estratificação e mistura pode dar noções importantes dos fenômenos que ocorrem. Por esta razão, ferramentas de simulação numérica 3D de escoamento ambiental são desenvolvidas. Um gerador de malha de tetraedros do reservatório e o modelo de turbulência algébrico baseado no número de Richardson são as principais ferramentas desenvolvidas. A principal dificuldade na geração de uma malha de tetraedros de um reservatório é a distribuição não uniforme dos pontos relacionada com a relação desproporcional entre as escalas horizontais e verticais do reservatório. Neste tipo de distribuição de pontos, o algoritmo convencional de geração de malha de tetraedros pode tornar-se instável. Por esta razão, um gerador de malha não estruturada de tetraedros é desenvolvido e a metodologia utilizada para obter elementos conformes é descrita. A geração de malha superficial de triângulos utilizando a triangulação Delaunay e a construção do tetraedros a partir da malha triangular são os principais passos para o gerador de malha. A simulação hidrodinâmica com o modelo de turbulência fornece uma ferramenta útil e computacionalmente viável para fins de engenharia. Além disso, o modelo de turbulência baseado no número de Richardson leva em conta os efeitos da interação entre turbulência e estratificação. O modelo algébrico é o mais simples entre os diversos modelos de turbulência. Mas, fornece resultados realistas com o ajuste de uma pequena quantidade de parâmetros. São incorporados os modelos de viscosidade/difusividade turbulenta para escoamento estratificado. Na aproximação das equações médias de Reynolds e transporte de escalar é utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Os termos convectivos são aproximados utilizando o método semi-Lagrangeano, e a aproximação espacial é baseada no método de Galerkin. Os resultados computacionais são comparados com os resultados disponíveis na literatura. E, finalmente, a simulação de escoamento em um braço de reservatório é apresentada. / To study and forecast the environmental impacts that a hydroelectric power plant reservoir may produce, a numerical simulation that takes into account the effects of stratification and scalar mixing (such as temperature, salinity or water-soluble substance) is required. This work proposes a methodology for the study of the environmental fluid flow phenomena, mainly for flows in which the knowledge of the interaction between stratification and mixing can give important notions of the phenomena that occur. For this, a numerical simulation tool for 3D environmental flow is developed. A tetrahedral mesh generator of the reservoir based on the terrain topology and an algebraic turbulence model based on the Richardson number are the main tools developed. The main difficulty in tetrahedral mesh generation of a reservoir is nonuniform distribution of the points related to the huge ratio between the horizontal and vertical scales of the reservoir. In this type of point distributions, conventional tetrahedron mesh generation algorithm may become unstable. For this reason, a unstructured tetrahedral mesh generator is developed and the methodology used to obtain conforming elements is described. Triangular surface mesh generation using the Delaunay triangulation and the construction of the tetrahedra from the triangular surface mesh are the main steps to the mesh generator. The hydrodynamic simulation of reservoirs with a turbulence model provides a useful tool that is computationally viable for engineering purposes. Furthermore, the turbulence model based on the Richardson number takes into account the effects of interaction between turbulence and stratification. The algebraic model is the simplest among the various models of turbulence, but provides realistic results with the fitting of a small amount of parameters. Eddy-Viscosity/Diffusivity models for stratified turbulent flows models are incorporated. Using the Finite Element Method (FEM) approximation the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and mean scalar transport equations are approximated. The convective terms are discretized employing the Semi-Lagrangian method, and the spatial discretization is based on the Galerkin method. The computational results are compared with the results available in the literature. Finally, the simulation of the flow in a branch of a reservoir is presented.