Chan, Mui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Declaration --- p.v / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xiv / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Soft-Chemistry --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Sol-Gel Method --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Co-precipitation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Microemulsion --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Application of Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods in Materials Synthesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Fundamentals of Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Advantages of Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods in contrast to Conventional Synthetic Approaches --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Preparation of Materials --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Application of Transition Metal Oxides As Functional Materials --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aim and Scope of Work --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- References --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Template Free Synthesis of ZnO Microspheres / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experimental Section --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Synthesis of ZnO Microspheres by Solvothermal Method --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Synthesis of ZnO Microspheres by Hydrothermal Method --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Doping ZnO Microspheres with Silver or Gallium by Solvothermal Method --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Characterization --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Measurement of Photocatalytic Activity --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- X-Ray Diffraction Analysis --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- ZnO-HT and ZnO-ST --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- ZnO-ST: Effect of Different Concentrations of Zinc Acetate --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Doping ZnO-ST with Silver or Gallium --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- SEM study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- ZnO-HT and ZnO-ST --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- ZnO-HT-Different Volume Ratios of Ethylene Glycol to Water --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- ZnO-ST --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.2.3.1 --- Different Volume Ratios of Benzyl Alcohol to Ethylene Glycol --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2.3.2 --- Different Concentrations of Zinc Acetate --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2.3.3 --- Different Concentrations of Urea --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- TEM Study --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- TEM and HRTEM of ZnO-HT --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- TEM and HRTEM of ZnO-ST --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- TEM Images of Ga-Doped ZnO-ST --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- TEM Images of Ag-Doped ZnO-ST --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- XPS Study of ZnO-ST --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- XPS Study of ZnO-HT --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.5.3 --- XPS Study of Silver Doped ZnO-ST --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.5.4 --- XPS Study of Gallium Doped ZnO-ST --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- FR-IR Spectra --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Photocatalytic Activity on Degradation of Methylene Blue --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Proposed Formation Mechanism for ZnO-ST --- p.64 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Proposed Formation Mechanism for ZnO-HT --- p.68 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- Optical Property of ZnO Microspheres --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.73 / Chapter 2.5 --- References --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Lithium Niobate Submicrometer Rods / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental Section --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Characterization --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- X-Ray Diffraction Analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- SEM Study --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Surfactants Dependent Morphologies Change --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Concentrations of CTAB --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Time Dependent Morphologies Change --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- TEM Study --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- XPS Analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- BET Analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Proposed Formation Mechanism --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.7.1 --- Effect of Microemulsion --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.7.2 --- Effect of CTAB --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.7.3 --- Ostwald Ripening --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.7.4 --- Formation of LiNi3O8 --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5 --- References --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Flower-Like α-Nickel Hydroxide synthesized by hydrothermal method / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental Section --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Synthesis of Nickel Hydroxide by Hydrothermal Method --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Characterization --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- X-Ray Diffraction Analysis --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- SEM Study --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- TEM and HRTEM Study --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- XPS Analysis --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- FT-IR Analysis --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- BET analysis --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Proposed Formation Mechanism of the Flower like α-Ni(OH)2 --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.123 / Chapter 4.5 --- References --- p.124 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusions and Future Work / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future work --- p.129

Submitted by Luciana Daniele Trino (lucianadtrino@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T15:40:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Luciana_Daniele_Trino_POSMAT.pdf: 6699069 bytes, checksum: be06e9652268b5025a7ed7d568576862 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-06-08T17:37:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 trino_ld_dr_bauru.pdf: 6603946 bytes, checksum: dacabdf3e79f4b7c7de3dc9da7bdaa1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T17:37:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 trino_ld_dr_bauru.pdf: 6603946 bytes, checksum: dacabdf3e79f4b7c7de3dc9da7bdaa1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O titânio e suas ligas são utilizados em diversas aplicações, dentre elas em implantes ortopédicos e dentários devido à sua reconhecida biocompatibilidade. No entanto, falhas e subsequentes efeitos colaterais clínicos ainda são recorrentes em implantes. Neste contexto, melhorias podem ser alcançadas projetando biomateriais nos quais o bulk e a superfície do titânio são independentemente modificadas. Deste modo, filmes finos nanoestruturados de óxidos metálicos, tais como TiO2 e ZnO, podem melhorar as propriedades físico-químicas, a biocompatibilidade e a resistência à corrosão dos implantes de titânio. Além disso, a conjugação de biomoléculas, como peptídeos derivados da proteína da matriz dentinária 1 (DMP1), na superfície dos óxidos metálicos pode melhorar sua bioatividade, acelerando o processo de osteointegração. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi funcionalizar óxidos metálicos com diferentes moléculas bifuncionais e investigar as propriedades físico-químicas de grupos silano, amino, ácido carboxílico, tiol e hidroxila que atuaram como espaçadores entre os óxidos metálicos e os peptídeos da DMP1. Além disso foram realizadas análises de biocompatibilidade, mineralização, resistência à corrosão e à tribocorrosão das superfícies bio-funcionalizadas com os peptídeos da DMP1. Neste trabalho, filmes de TiO2 e ZnO nanométricos foram sintetizados pelo método sol-gel e depositados pela técnica spin coating em substratos de titânio. Posteriormente, os filmes finos de óxidos metálicos foram funcionalizados com (3-aminopropil) trimetoxissilano (APTMS), ácido 3- (4-aminofenil) propiônico (APPA), ácido 3-mercaptopropiônico (MPA) ou polietilenoglicol (PEG), que atuam como espaçadores entre os óxidos metálicos e os peptídeos da DMP1. As análises físico-químicas por XPS, microscopia confocal, AFM, ângulo de contato e energia de superfície revelaram a efetiva modificação das superfícies dos óxidos metálicos com APTMS, APPA, MPA e PEG. Após a bio-funcionalização as análises físico-químicas confirmaram a presença dos peptídeos da DMP1 na superfície dos óxidos metálicos. Além disso, testes biológicos indicaram que os peptídeos puderam modular a afinidade, proliferação e diferenciação de células mesenquimais humanas. Para a amostra contendo o dióxido de titânio, foram observados melhores resultados para o TiO2 funcionalizado com MPA e os peptídeos da DMP1. Já para o óxido de zinco, melhores resultados de biocompatibilidade foram observados para ZnO funcionalizado com APPA e os peptídeos. Além disso, a imobilização dos peptídeos da DMP1 através dos espaçadores APPA e MPA, para ambos os óxidos, levou à formação de biominerais de apatita. Os resultados eletroquímicos indicaram um aumento da resistência à corrosão nos materiais bio-funcionalizados, sendo que melhores resultados foram observados para o TiO2 quando comparado ao ZnO. Além disso a análise de tribocorrosão apresentou menor perda de massa para as amostras de TiO2 bio-funcionalizadas. Considerando os aspectos de biocompatibilidade, diferenciação osteogênica, mineralização, resistência à corrosão e à tribocorrosão a amostra de TiO2 funcionalizada com MPA e os peptídeos da DMP1 foi a que apresentou melhores resultados. Portanto, os resultados obtidos sugerem que a bio-funcionalização de óxidos metálicos é capaz de projetar implantes de melhor qualidade aplicados à medicina regenerativa. / Titanium and its alloys are used in a variety of applications, including orthopedic and dental implants because of their recognized biocompatibility. However, failures and subsequent clinical side effects are still recurrent in implants. In this context, improvements can be achieved by designing biom aterials in which the bulk and surface of the titanium are independently tailored . Thus, nanostructured metal oxides thin films , such as TiO 2 and ZnO, can improve the physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of titanium implant s. In addition, the conjugation of biomolecules, such as peptides derived from the dentin matrix 1 protein (DMP1), on the surface of the metal oxides can improve their bioactivity, accelerating the os t eointegration process. Therefore, the objective of thi s work was to functionalize metal oxides with different bifunctional molecules and to investigate the physicochemical properties of silane, amino, carboxylic acid, thiol and hydroxyl groups that act as spacers between metal oxides and DMP1 peptides. In add ition, biocompatibility, mineralization, corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance of the bio - functionalized surfaces were performed. In this work, nanosized TiO 2 and ZnO thin films were synthesized by sol - gel method and deposited by spin coating technique o n titanium substrates. Subsequently, the thin films of metal oxides were functionalized with (3 - aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), 3 - (4 - aminophenyl) propionic acid (APPA), 3 - mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) or polyethylene glycol (PEG), which acted as spac ers between the metal oxides and the DMP1 peptides. The physicochemical analyzes by XPS, confocal microscopy, AFM, contact angle and surface energy revealed the effective modification of the metal oxides surfaces with APTMS, APPA, MPA and PEG. After the bi o - functionalization the physicochemical analyzes confirmed the presence of the DMP1 peptides on the surface of the metal oxides. In addition, biological tests indicated that the peptides could modulate the affinity, proliferation and differentiation of hum an mesenchymal stem cells. For the sample containing the titanium dioxide, better results were observed for the TiO 2 functionalized with MPA and the DMP1 peptides. On the other hand, better biocompatibility results were observed for ZnO functionalized with APPA and peptides. In addition, the immobilization of the DMP1 peptides through the APPA and MPA spacers for both oxides led to the formation of apatite biominerals. The electrochemical results indicated an increase in corrosion resistance in the bio - func tionalized materials, and better results were observed for TiO 2 when compared to ZnO. In addition, the tribocorrosion analysis presented lower mass loss for the bio - functionalized TiO 2 samples. Considering the aspects of biocompatibility, osteogenic differ entiation, mineralization, resistance to corrosion and tribocorrosion, the TiO 2 functionalized with MPA and DMP1 peptides presented the best results. Therefore, the results suggest that the bio - functionalization of metal oxides can design better quality im plants applied to regenerative medicine / 2014/01713-3

Non-crystalline thin solid films are seeing increasing interest for a wide variety of applications. However, understanding structure and compositional variations in these films is an immense challenge. Conventional bulk structural or compositional characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction often do not provide an adequate amount of information on their own. Electron microscopy is an incredibly powerful technique for structural and compositional film characterization, but is limited to inspection of only a small volume of any given sample. Rather than using one technique alone to gain information about a specimen, the greatest success is realized when these techniques are used in concert. This dissertation illustrates the idea that statistical analysis of electron microscopy data can provide information invaluable to interpreting bulk structural and compositional data from non-crystalline films. The first set of examples include demonstration of a statistical analysis method that can be applied to electron microscopy data to determine the presence of inhomogeneity along one film axis. This analysis method is applied to understanding compositional inhomogeneity that develops during formation of amorphous oxide films from aqueous solutions. Key insights are revealed that aid interpretation of bulk film X-ray characterization and possible processing conditions that lead to the compositional inhomogeneity. The second and third sets of examples describe the importance of electron microscopy analysis for structure determination in rotationally-disordered, non-epitaxial 2D heterostructures prepared from modulated elemental reactants. The second set of examples investigates the effects of nanoarchitecture on interlayer interactions and layer structure in heterostructures with interleaved BiSe and NbSe2 layers. The BiSe layers in these compounds display an interesting structural variation that impacts the overall compound properties. The structural variation is not visible using typical X-ray diffraction experiments, but analysis of electron microscopy images provides key insight into its existence. Finally, the third set of examples investigate several SnSe-containing heterostructures that provide insight into the unusual consequences of their non-epitaxial structure and film formation from modulated elemental reactants. Electron microscopy analysis, in conjunction with other characterization techniques, was invaluable for uncovering structural and compositional details within these compounds. This work contains previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 10000-01-01

SILVA, Eder Nascimento. Propriedades Vibracionais de Perovskitas Complexas Ordenadas. 2008. 181 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2008. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-04T19:23:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_ensilva.pdf: 7886254 bytes, checksum: baaeb81edf0f9b9bff1c7ee1c5ae7c79 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-07T16:52:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_ensilva.pdf: 7886254 bytes, checksum: baaeb81edf0f9b9bff1c7ee1c5ae7c79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T16:52:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_ensilva.pdf: 7886254 bytes, checksum: baaeb81edf0f9b9bff1c7ee1c5ae7c79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The A2B0B00O6 double perovskites can crystallize in at least 12 different space groups, where the B0O6 and B00O6 octahedra (1:1 order) alternate along the three crystallographic axis. Four perovskites with this order are studied in this work, to know: Sr2CoWO6 (I4/m), Ca2CoWO6, Ca2CoTeO6 and Sr2CoTeO6 (P21/n). In many cases, total or partial disorder due to the random distribution of the B0 and B00 cations in the B sites of the ABO3 perovskites can be observed. An example of compound with total disorder is Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 (Cm), where the Fe3+ and Nb5+ cations possess an occupation factor 1/2 in the octahedral sites of the perovskite structure. The compounds: (i) Ba2In(In1/3U2/3)O6, Ba2In(In1/3W2/3)O6 (Fm¯ 3m), Sr2In(In1/3U2/3)O6, Sr2(In0,87W0,13)(In0,46W0,54)O6 (P21/n) and (ii) a2(Fe0,73W0,27)(Fe0,60W0,40)O6 (P21/n) and Sr2(Fe0,79W0,21)(Fe0,54W0,46)O6, Sr2(Fe0.90Te0.10)(Fe0.57Te0.43)O6 (I4/m) possess partial disorder in the sites of the B0 and/or B00 cations, but nevertheless they exhibit 1: 1 order. In the present work, the phonon spectra of the above-mentioned perovskites are studied through the Raman scattering and infrared transmittance and/or diffuse reflectance. To analyze the phonon spectra of these compounds, theory group methods are used based on three ion sub-lattices, to know: A, B0 and B00O6. The vibrational freedom degrees of the 12 ordered perovskites are described in terms of the internal vibrations of the B00O6 octahedron and of the translational modes of the A and B0 cations. This model is valid when the vibrations of the B0O6 octahedron are negligible compared with the one of the B00O6 octahedron. We used crystallographic information to discuss the processes behind the changes in the phonon energies based on the internal modes of the octahedra. Besides, our results of Raman scattering of low temperature in Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramic, reveal pronounced anomalies in the phonon spectra around N´eel temperature TN∼150 K. We attributed these anomalies to the magnetoelectric effect in this compound.

Issues with the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfides in liquid organic electrolytes hinder the advance of lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries for next generation energy storage. To trap and re-utilize the polysulfides, brush-like, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires based interlayers were prepared ex-situ using a wet chemistry method and were coupled with a sulfur/multi-walled carbon nanotube (S/MWCNT) composite cathode. The cell with this configuration showed a good cycle life at a high current rate ascribed to (a) a strong interaction between the polysulfides and ZnO nanowires grown on conductive substrates; (b) fast electron transfer and (c) an optimized ion diffusion path from a well-organized nanoarchitecture. A praline-like flexible interlayer consisting of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and carbon (C) nanofiber was further prepared in-situ using an electrospinning method, which allows the chemical adsorption of polysulfides throughout a robust conductive film. A significant enhancement in cycle stability and rate capability was achieved by incorporating this interlayer with a composite cathode of S/MWCNT. These results herald a new approach to building functional interlayers by integrating metal oxides with conductive frameworks. The derivatives of the TiO2/C interlayer was synthesized by changing the precursor concentration and carbonization temperature. Finally, a dual-interlayer was fabricated by simply coating titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles onto an electro-spun carbon nanofiber mat, which was then sandwiched with a sulfur/assembled Ketjen Black (KB) composite cathode with an ultra-high sulfur loading. The conductive polar TiN nanoparticles not only have a strong chemical affinity to polysulfides through a specific sulfur-nitrogen bond but also improve the reaction kinetics of the cell by catalyzing the conversion of the long-chain polysulfides to lithium sulfide. Besides, carbon nanofiber mat ensures mechanical robustness to TiN layer and acts as a physical barrier to block polysulfides diffusion. The incorporation of dual interlayers with sulfur cathodes offers a commercially feasible approach to improving the performance of Li-S batteries.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-17T12:00:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RonanGorskiCadó.pdf: 4606921 bytes, checksum: 27f08f60a9019e436d5f312683f24ab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RonanGorskiCadó.pdf: 4606921 bytes, checksum: 27f08f60a9019e436d5f312683f24ab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Ionizing radiations with X-rays energy range offer risk to human health and might be source of interference on sensitive devices. The increased use of ionizing radiations causes the need of development of new materials for radiological protection. The main goal of this study is to determine the attenuation properties of X-rays in polymeric nanocomposites with insertion of metal oxides. To obtain the nanocomposite, lead, cooper and tungsten oxides were synthesized. The oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential with different pH. The synthesized oxides have average crystallite size between 25 and 55 nm. Polymeric films were made by dissolving polyamide 6.6 pellets in different combinations of formic acid / chloroform, determining by stress-strain tests that the combination 75/25 (%/%) of the reagents had better condition for the polymeric film use as fabric. The oxides were dispersed on the polymer solution for homogenization, obtaining polymer nanocomposites with 0.2 g, 0.08 g and 0.02 g of PbO, 0.2 g, 0.08 g and 0.02 g of CuO and 0.2 g of WO3.The nanocomposites were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, showing diffraction peaks in the amorphous region of the polymer film. The attenuation of X-rays was measured with the aid of an ionization chamber, varying the voltage of the X-ray tube (kV), and the time of exposure (mAs). The results showed attenuation of 26% compared to the polymeric film, in combination kV/mAs 40/10 and 13.11% in 100/10, for the nanocomposite with higher amounts of PbO. The nanocomposite with WO3 showed attenuation of 21,78% and 11,5% compared to the polymeric film, in the combinations 40/10 and 100/10, respectively. The nanocomposite of CuO with the larger amount of the oxide, showed attenuation of 10.11% and 4.5%, compared to the polymeric film, in combinations of 40/10 and 100/10, respectively. These results suggest that the nanocomposites produced has great potential for application in radiological protection. / As radiações ionizantes com energias na faixa dos raios X oferecem riscos para a saúde humana e podem ser fontes de interferência em equipamentos sensíveis. O aumento do uso das radiações ionizantes ocasiona na necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos materiais para uso em proteção radiológica. Este estudo tem por objetivo determinar as propriedades de atenuação dos raios X em nanocompósitos poliméricos com inserção de óxidos metálicos. Para a obtenção dos nanocompósitos, foram sintetizados óxidos de chumbo, de cobre e de tungstênio. Os óxidos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, espectroscopia de infravermelho e por potencial zeta em diferentes pH. Os óxidos sintetizados possuem tamanho de cristalito médio entre 25 e 55 nm. Foram produzidos filmes poliméricos a partir da dissolução de grãos de poliamida 6.6 em diferentes combinações de ácido fórmico/clorofórmio, determinando por ensaios de tensãodeformação que a combinação 75/25 (%/%) dos reagentes apresentou melhor condição para o do filme polimérico como tecido. Os óxidos foram dispersos na solução polimérica para homogeneização, obtendo nanocompósitos poliméricos com 0,2 g, 0,08g e 0,02 g de PbO, 0,2 g, 0,08g e 0,02 g de CuO e 0,2 g de WO3. Os nanocompósitos foram avaliados por difração de raios X, apresentando picos de difração na região amorfa do filme polimérico. A atenuação dos raios X foi avaliada com auxílio de uma câmara de ionização, variando as condições de tensão do tubo de raios X (kV) e do tempo de exposição (mAs). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram atenuação de 26% em relação ao filme polimérico, na combinação kV/mAs 40/10 e 13,11% na 100/10, para o nanocompósito com maior quantidade de PbO. O nanocompósito de WO3 apresentou atenuação em relação ao filme polimérico de 21,78% e 11,5% nas combinações 40/10 e 100/10, respectivamente. O nanocompósito de CuO com maior quantidade de CuO apresentou atenuação em relação ao filme polimérico de 10,11% e 4,5%, nas combinações 40/10 e 100/10. Estes resultados sugerem aos nanocompósitos produzidos um grande potencial para aplicação em proteção radiológica.

Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_RobsondaSilva_D.pdf: 3278244 bytes, checksum: 2e1ca95b3150412fa8bd30a247646db7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O etilenoglicol é um composto orgânico com vasta aplicação em diversos setores da indústria química. Embora as aplicações mais conhecidas sejam como líquido anti-congelante ou na composição de fluídos hidráulicos, o maior consumo deste composto está na fabricação de resinas poliéster saturadas e insaturadas, além de poliuretanos. A produção de etilenoglicol, ou etano-1,2-diol, é feita a partir da reação do óxido de etileno, ou 1,2-epoxietano, com água na presença de um catalisador, como ácido sulfúrico diluído, na temperatura de 60 ºC, porém a síntese do óxido de etileno demanda 300 ºC e 20 atm para a reação alcançar elevados níveis de rendimento. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma alternativa para a obtenção convencional do óxido de etileno, que, no eletrólito aquoso, forma-se etilenoglicol. O processo de oxidação do gás etileno utilizou-se eletrodos de difusão gasosa (EDG). O EDG foi produzido por pressão e sinterização dos óxido de titânio e rutênio. Os eletrodos foram caracterizados física e eletroquimicamente. Os eletrodos de difusão gasosa de Ti/Ru e Ti/Ru/V2O5 foram testados preliminarmente utilizando o metano como gás de trabalho e os resultados mostraram que o EDG de óxidos metálicos possui a propriedade de oxidar o metano formando metanol, formaldeído e ácido fórmico. Quando se utilizou o EDG com 20% óxido de vanádio, (TiO2)0,661(RuO2)0,283(V2O5)0,056, observou-se uma melhora na formação do metanol, com a formação de 340 mg L-1 do álcool em 1 hora de experimento. Foi observada também uma melhora de 75% e 38% para as eficiências química e elétrica, respectivamente. Foi observada uma diminuição do consumo de energia quando comparado com o EDG com TiO2/RuO2. Durante os experimentos de oxidação do etileno, o EDG de TiO2/RuO2 mostrou a formação de etilenoglicol e etanol, com 161 mg L-1 e 41 mg L-1 respectivamente. A formação do etilenoglicol sem óxido de vanádio alcançou 36% de eficiência química, 18% de eficiência elétrica e um consumo de 9 kWh kg-1 de etilenoglicol formado. Os experimentos que utilizaram os eletrodos com 20% de óxido de vanádio apresentaram os melhores resultados para a formação do etanol se comparado com os experimentos sem catalisador, alcançando 47 mg L-1 de etilenoglicol e 98 mg L-1 de etanol com 9% de eficiência química e 14% de eficiência elétrica, ambos para a reação de formação do etilenoglicol. A adição de 20% de óxido de prata apresentou uma melhora nos resultados de formação do etilenoglicol, se comparados com o EDG com óxido de vanádio. Os resultados mostraram que a formação do etilenoglicol alcançou 195 mg L-1 e o etanol alcançou 16 mg L-1, para a reação de formação do etilenoglicol, os valores de eficiência alcançaram 37% e 34% para eficiência química e para a eficiência elétrica, respectivamente. O oxido de paládio foi também estudado com catalisador. Com 20% de catalisador, os resultados mostraram a maior formação de etilenoglicol, alcançando 209 mg L-1 e apenas 12 mg L-1 de etanol. A adição do óxido de paládio também promoveu uma melhora nos valores de eficiência para a reação de formação do etilenoglicol, 42% de eficiência química e 37% de eficiência elétrica. Durante os experimentos a corrente constante, o eletrodo com oxido de paládio também apresentou um melhor rendimento nos experimentos para a geração de etilenoglicol e etanol, com melhor seletividade para etilenoglicol / Abstract: Ethyleneglycol is an organic compound with large application in various areas of the chemical industry. Although its most known applications are anti freezing liquid and hydraulic fluids, its major consumption is in the manufacture of saturated and unsaturated polyester resins and polymers. The ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) production is manufactured by the reaction of ethylene oxide (1,2 epoxyethane) with water in the presence of a catalyst, at temperature of 60 °C. Furthermore, ethylene oxide manufacturing is carried out at 300°C and 20 atm to reach high yields. In this work, an alternative method to the conventional synthesis of ethylene oxide/ethyleneglycol is proposed. Electro-oxidation of in aqueous medium is performed using gas diffusion electrodes (GDE). GDE were produced by pressing and sintering powder of titanium and ruthenium oxides, catalyzed by vanadium, palladium or silver, with PTFE. The electrodes were physically and electrochemically characterized. The gas diffusion electrodes of Ti/Ru and Ti/Ru/V2O5 were preliminarily tested using the methane as reactant and the results demonstrated that the GDE of metallic oxides have the property of to oxidize methane to methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid. When used the GDE with 20 % vanadium oxide, (TiO2)0,661(RuO2)0,283(V2O5)0,056, higher methanol generation rate was observed, with the formation of 340 mg L-1 of the alcohol in 1 hour of experiment. It was also observed an improvement of 75% and 38% in the chemical and electrical efficiencies, respectively. A decreasing in the energy consumption was also observed when compared to the performance of the GDE with TiO2/RuO2. During the experiments of ethylene oxidation the TiO2/RuO2 GDE showed a fair performance in the electrosynthesis of ethylene glycol and ethanol, with 161 mg L-1 and 41 mg L-1 respectively, in the experiments of one hour. The ethyleneglycol formation without catalyst reached 36% of chemical efficiency, 18% of electrical efficiency and an energy consumption of 9 kWh kg-1. The experiments that used the electrodes with 20% of vanadium oxide has showed best results to the ethanol formation when compared to the experiments without oxide vanadium. 47 mg L-1 of ethyleneglycol and 98 mg L-1 of ethanol concentrations were reached when vanadium oxide was incorporated to the electrode mass. Furthermore, 9% of chemical efficiency and 14% electrical efficiency in the ethyleneglycol formation reaction. The addition of 20% of silver oxide has showed a good improvement in the results of ethyleneglycol formation compared to the experiments carried out with the GDE catalyzed with vanadium oxide. The results have shown that the ethyleneglycol formation reached 195 mg L-1 and the ethanol, 16 mg L-1. Observed chemical efficiency and current efficiency were 37% and 34%, respectively. Palladium oxide was also tested as a catalyst. With 20% catalyst, a 209 mg L-1 and 12 mg L-1 of ethanol to ethanol her formation of ethyleneglycol, reaching. The addition of palladium oxide also promoted a higher efficiency to the reaction formation of ethyleneglycol, 42% of chemical efficiency and 37% electrical efficiency. During the experiments at constant current, electrode with palladium oxide also showed a best performance in the experiments for the generation of ethyleneglycol, with better selectivity for ethyleneglycol / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Heloise de Oliveira Pastore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:58:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quites_FernandoJunior_M.pdf: 5104737 bytes, checksum: f5fb8d7a9b43d3881aa0cc1477b348f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Na primeira parte deste trabalho, novos materiais híbridos foram desenvolvidos com a intercalação dos polieletrólitos poli(cloreto de dialildimetilamônio) PDDA e poli(cloreto de alilamina) PAH no espaço interlamelar do pentóxido de vanádio (V2O5) e do trióxido de molibdênio (MoO3) usando tratamento hidrotérmico. Um estudo sistemático da síntese dos materiais híbridos pela reação direta dos policátions PDDA e PAH com V2O5 e com MoO3 mostrou que o espaço interlamelar destes óxidos expande significativamente após a intercalação destas espécies convidadas. Foi também mostrado que a intercalação dos polieletrólitos ocorre apenas quando alguns íons metálicos da rede inorgânica são reduzidos, ou seja, íons V são reduzidos a V e íons Mo são reduzidos a Mo. Sendo assim, os polieletrólitos atuam como entidades contrabalanceadoras de cargas, pois com a redução são geradas cargas negativas na lamela inorgânica e os polieletrólitos entram nos espaços lamelares destes óxidos para contrabalancear estas cargas e ao mesmo tempo, como esses polímeros possuem alta densidade de carga, eles carregam pares iônicos para dentro do espaço interlamelar. Estes sítios podem ser usados como trocadores aniônicos. Os materiais híbridos produzidos [PDDACl]0.24[PDDA]0.29V2O5 e [PAHCl]0.28[PAH]0.47V2O5 exibiram aproximadamente 45,0 e 38,0% de íons cloretos trocáveis e os materiais híbridos [PDDACl]0.26[PDDA]0.24MoO3 e [PAHCl]0.18[PAH]0.38MoO3apresentaram 52,9 e 32,0%, respectivamente de íons cloretos trocáveis que podem ainda ser usados para a troca aniônica. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, os materiais híbridos produzidos baseados em V2O5 e MoO3, foram usados para ocluir o corante aniônico cianina Iris 3.5b. Neste caso, os pares iônicos ocluídos no espaço interlamelar foram usados como sítios de troca iônica pela saída de íon cloreto e entrada de cianina. A presença do corante foi evidenciada nos materiais obtidos através de bandas de absorção na região de 520- 580 nm e por uma fluorescência significante relacionada à molécula de corante com uma emissão na região de 600-617nm / Abstract: In the first part of this work, novel hybrid materials were developed by insertion of poly(diallymethylammonium chloride) PDDA and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) PAH polyelectrolytes into V2O5 and MoO3 interlayer spaces using hydrothermal treatment. A systematic study of the synthesis of hybrids materials by direct in situ reaction of PDDA and PAH polycations with V2O5 and MoO3 powders showed that the interlayer space of V2O5 and MoO3 expands significantly upon intercalation using PDDA and PAH polyelectrolytes. Reduction of V to V and Mo to Mo intercalation of the polyelectrolytes as charge balancing entities possible and, consequently, the generation of anionic exchange sites in theses oxides layers. The hybrid materials produced, [PDDACl]0.24[PDDA]0.29V2O5 and [PAHCl]0.28[PAH]0.47V2O5 exhibited approximately 45.0 % and 38.0 % of chloride ions still available for anionic exchange, respectively. The hybrids [PDDACl]0.26[PDDA]0.24MoO3 and [PAHCl]0.18[PAH]0.38MoO3 presented approximately 52,9 % and 32,0 % of chloride ions anionic exchange, respectively. In the second part of this study, these materials were used to encapsulate the cyanine anionic dye. The presence of the dye was evidenced by significant fluorescence, with emission band centered at 605-620 nm regions / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-25T13:34:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Hoffmann Greghi Kalinke - 2014.pdf: 4742432 bytes, checksum: 25f5da138374c7cff051566a46fd40fb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-25T14:42:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Hoffmann Greghi Kalinke - 2014.pdf: 4742432 bytes, checksum: 25f5da138374c7cff051566a46fd40fb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-25T14:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Hoffmann Greghi Kalinke - 2014.pdf: 4742432 bytes, checksum: 25f5da138374c7cff051566a46fd40fb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The composite materials studies have been treated in many fields of science, in order to obtain materials with improved properties compared to isolated constituents. There are several matrices, and dispersed phases, that can be used to build composite materials. From the reduced particle size materials point of view, the matrix can act restricting the particles growth. In this work, the procedure used to obtain composites was precursor metal oxamate complexes by wet impregnation followed the in situ reaction to obtain hetero bimetallic complexes within the matrix. The matrices used were the layered double hydroxides, mesoporous silica and porous Vycor glass (PVG). The composites prepared into PVG matrix was thermal decomposition to obtain de mixed oxides CuO-CeO2 and NiO-CeO2. The structural, optical, magnetic and electronic properties was studied by X ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, magnetic measurements and transmission electron microscopy. It was possible to observe the magnetic and electronic properties dependence due the confinement of the materials in the matrix. The molecular magnets built into LDH matrix, Mcu(opba)@HDL, where M= Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II), showed magnetic behavior the suggest the magnetic isolation of the materials through matrix layer. The material CoCu(opba)@SX, where X= 1, 2, 3 and 4; showed the size dependence of the chain size with the pore volume of the silica matrix. The composites CeCu@PVGX and CeNi@PVGX, where X= 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10; presented phase segregation oxides and formation of the oxides solid solution confined into PVG matrix. / Os estudos de materiais compósitos têm sido tratados nas diversas áreas da ciência, no intuito de produzir materiais com propriedades melhoradas em relação aos constituintes isolados. Diversas são as matrizes e fases que podem ser utilizadas para construir materiais compósitos. Do ponto de vista da construção de materiais com tamanho reduzido de partículas, a matriz do compósito pode atuar restringindo o crescimento dessas partículas. Neste trabalho, a metodologia empregada para preparação dos compósitos foi a impregnação por via úmida de complexos precursores de metais de transição, com o ligante ponte oxamato, e posterior reação in situ, para obtenção dos complexos hetero-bimetálicos na matriz. As matrizes utilizadas foram hidróxidos duplos lamelares, sílica mesoporosa e vidro poroso Vycor®. Os compósitos preparados na matriz do vidro poroso Vycor foram submetidos a decomposição térmica para síntese dos óxidos mistos do metais CuO-CeO2 e NiO-CeO2. As propriedades estruturais, ópticas, magnéticas e eletrônicas foram estudadas por difratometria de raios X, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia na região do UV-vis, espectroscopia Raman, análises magnéticas e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Foi possível observar a dependência das propriedades magnéticas e elétricas dos materiais devido ao confinamento nas matrizes. Os materiais magnéticos moleculares construídos na matriz HDL, MCu(opba)@HDL, onde M= Co(II), Mn(II) e Ni(II), apresentaram comportamento magnético que sugere um isolamento magnético dos materiais através das lamelas da matriz. Os materiais CoCu(opba)@SX, onde X= 1, 2, 3 e 4, mostram a dependência do tamanho da cadeia bimetálica com o volume de poro da matriz de sílica. Os compósitos CeCu@PVGX e CeNi@PVGX, onde X= 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 apresentaram segregação de fases dos óxidos e a formação de solução sólida dos óxidos confinados na matriz PVG.

Metal oxides are of interest not only because of their huge abundance but also for their many applications such as for electrocatalysts, gas sensors, diodes, solar cells and lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Nano-sized metal oxides are especially desirable since they have larger surface-to-volume ratios advantageous for catalytic properties, and can display size and shape confinement properties such as magnetism. Thus, it is very important to explore the synthetic methods for these materials. It is essential, therefore, to understand the reaction mechanisms to create these materials, both on the nanoscale, and in real-time, to have design control of materials with desired morphologies and functions. This dissertation covers both the design of new syntheses for nanomaterials, as well as real-time methods to understand their synthetic reaction mechanisms. It will focus on two parts: first, the synthesis of 1-dimension (1-D) featured nanomaterials, including manganese-containing spinel nanowires, and tin dioxide and zinc oxide-based negative nanowire arrays; and second, a mechanistic study of the synthetic reactions of nanomaterials using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The work presented here demonstrates unique synthetic routes to single crystalline “positive” and “negative” metal oxide nanowires, and introduces a new mechanism for the formation of single-crystalline hollow nanorods.