Problem - Ponava is an area with relatively large areas of brownfield sites. Ponava should be territory with clearly defined texture blocks, mixed functions , high proportion of total housing and urban character. The area solved in this work was selected as most suitable for the creation of the initiation core, ie core starting as development of the whole territory. Uncertainty about the future, including needs to be in 5, 10, 20 years doing the classic urban planning dysfunctional method of working with the territory. Solution - My urban concept seeks to provide sufficient flexibility in terms of use of buildings and open spaces. It is particularly advantageous because it can hold more small investors, who can work independently. Each part of the territory may work alone, just under the current situation and needs of society. The concept is simple division of the area in a regular rectangular network by the same part of the individual and their subsequent filling. Placing buildings is chessboard, thus ensuring their adequate sun and at the same time easy permeability of territory in all directions. The spaces between buildings have in the outer parts character of living square with a strong influence of the adjacent street. Inside these areas is the interspace quiet and mainly serves the local population.

Funktionsintegrering är ett planeringsideal som förespråkas i dagens stadsplanering. Funktionsintegreringen kom som en motreaktion till funktionalismens funktionsseparering. Viljan att blanda olika verksamheter och funktionsintegrera kommer från en vilja att skapa en hållbar stad med närhet och ett flöde av människor bland annat skapar trygghet. Trots detta finns det fördelar med funktionsseparering för exempelvis störande verksamheter. Idrottsverksamheter har specifika svårigheter som att de upptar stora ytor, skapar stora flöden av människor och har störande faktorer som buller. Därför analyserar denna uppsats möjligheten att planera för funktionsintegrering i ett tidigare renodlat idrottsområde genom en fallstudie av Gavlehov i Gävle. Gavlehov har sedan 1960-talet varit ett renodlat idrottsområde som sedan början av nollnolltalet har planerats för funktionsintegrering. Studien baseras på besök på platsen, en dokument- och textstudie, enkäter i området samt en intervju av stadsplanerare Petter Jonegård från Gävle kommuns stadsplaneringskontor. Resultatet tyder på att det finns möjligheter att integrera funktioner i ett tidigare renodlat idrottsområde men att det kräver kommunikation, planering och hänsyn till svårigheterna med idrottsverksamheter. Det kan trots möjligheterna att integrera nya funktioner vara svårt att få med sig tjänstemän, politiker och befolkningen. Det kan även ske mycket under tiden som området planeras och byggs som gör att området inte blir som det först var planerat samt det är svårt att skapa funktionsintegrering vid nybyggnation / Mixed use cities are an ideal within city planning today. Mixed used cities came as a counter- reaction to the separation of functions during the functionalist planning era. Mixed used cities are preferred today because of how it creates sustainability through closeness and security. There are however advantages with functionalism when it comes to disruptive or hindering functions. Sports activities have specific difficulties such as demanding large areas, creating large flows of people and have disruptive factors such as noise. Therefore, this essay will analyse the possibility of creating a mixed used city out of an area with former predominantly sports arenas through a case study of Gavlehov in Gävle. Gavlehov has been an area with predominantly sport arenas since the sixties but is being transformed into a mixed used city. The study is based on with an interview of city planner Petter Jonegård from the city planning office in Gävle municipality, questionnaire in the area and document and text studies. The results indicate that it is possible to integrate functions into an area with predominantly sport arenas, but it takes communication, planning and taking the difficulties with sport stadiums into consideration. Despite this it can be difficult to persuade planning officials, politicians and the public to integrate new functions. It can also happen things during planning and building the area that change the outcome of the area and it can be hard to create a mixed use city when building a new area

Under de senaste decennierna har det pågått en urbanisering i världens storstäder. Allt fler människor väljer att bosätta sig i urbana miljöer och trenden är uppenbar. En tät, attraktiv och blandad stad med närhet till samhällsservice, arbetsplatser och övriga funktioner samt tillgång till hållbara transportsätt eftersträvas i många städers planering för en hållbar stadsutveckling i dagsläget. Ett sätt att uppnå hållbar stadsutveckling som förespråkas på många olika samhällsnivåer är genom förtätning som stadsbyggnadsstrategi. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om förtätning kan vara en tänkbar stadsbyggnadsstrategi för att uppnå hållbar stadsutveckling. För att undersöka relationen mellan förtätning samt hållbar stadsutveckling har även begreppen undersökts samt förklarats genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Studien utgörs av en fallstudiemetod av ett pågående stadsutvecklingsprojekt, Fokus Skärholmen, i Skärholmens stadsdelsområde i Stockholms kommun. Fallstudiemetoden undersöker alltså hur relationen mellan förtätning samt hållbar stadsutveckling ser ut i empirin med material från stadens plan-, mål- och strategidokument samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med kommunala tjänstepersoner involverade i projektet Fokus Skärholmen. Skärholmens stadsdelsområde har inte exploaterats i lika stor omfattning som projektet Fokus Skärholmen nu planerar för sedan färdigställandet av miljonprogrammet. Det har endast skett mindre kompletteringar av byggnader i stadsdelsområdet. Stadsbyggande kan ses som ett verktyg för att uppnå en hållbar stadsutveckling och projektet Fokus Skärholmen planerar för en förtätning som stadsbyggnadsstrategi för en hållbar stadsutveckling utifrån stadsdelsområdets lokala behov samt förutsättningar. Projektet Fokus Skärholmen betraktas därför som ett omfattande och intressant fall att undersöka för denna studie. Studiens resultat visar vid jämförelse av teoretiska samt empiriska studier att förtätning som stadsbyggnadsstrategi kan, enligt vissa forskare, innebära en hållbar stadsutveckling förutsatt att förtätningen sker på rätt sätt. Förtätning kan även på vissa platser betraktas som en olämplig stadsbyggnadsstrategi som istället kan motverka den hållbara stadsutvecklingen som samhället strävar efter. Både ”förtätning” samt ”hållbar stadsutveckling” är således kontextberoende begrepp och varierar beroende på platsens förutsättningar samt behov. Diskussionen om hur en förtätning bör ske är således mer komplex än vad vi tror och bör analyseras mer djupgående för att stadsbyggnadsstrategin ska bli framgångsrik och innebära positiva effekter för alla människor i samhället. Projektet Fokus Skärholmen har satts i denna kontext vid empiriska studier, slutsatsen beträffande projektet Fokus Skärholmen är att det kan bli ett framgångsrikt stadsutvecklingsprojekt förutsatt att allt som skrivs i plan-, mål- samt strategidokumenten uppfylls. Fokus Skärholmen är alltjämt långt ifrån ett färdigställt projekt och har en rad utmaningar framför sig att överkomma, det är således svårt att konstatera så tidigt i processen om förtätningen kan innebära en hållbar stadsutveckling i praktiken. / Urbanization has taken place in the world’s major cities in recent decades. The numbers of people that are settling in urban environments are increasing, therefore the trend is obvious. A compact, attractive and mixed city with proximity to community service, workplaces and further functions as well as access to sustainable transport (e.g. public transport, walking and cycling) is desirable and sought in many cities. The idea behind the compact and mixed city is occurring with increasing frequency in many cities’ planning for a sustainable urban development. A strategy to achieve sustainable urban development is through densification. The purpose of this study is to look into whether densification is could be an urban development strategy for achieving sustainable urban development. The relationship between densification and sustainable urban development has therefore been studied through qualitative research. This study consists of a case study method of an ongoing urban development project called “Fokus Skärholmen”, in Skärholmen administrative city district in Stockholm municipality. The case study method examines how the relationship between densification and sustainable urban development looks empirically. Skärholmen administrative city district’s land use has not been developed to the same extent as the project “Fokus Skärholmen” is now planning for since the completion of the Million Programme. Urban development strategy could be seen as a tool for achieving sustainable urban development and the project “Fokus Skärholmen” is planning for a densification as an urban development strategy for sustainable urban development based on the local district area’s needs and conditions. Since Skärhomen’s land use has not been developed to the same extent, the “Fokus Skärholmen” project is considered as extensive and interesting case to study. The results of this study show, when comparing theoretical and empirical studies, that densification as an urban development strategy could, according to some researchers, contribute to a sustainable urban development, given that the densification is done correctly. Densification could also in some places be regarded as an inappropriate urban development strategy and could instead counteract the sustainable urban development that the society strives for. Both “densification” and “sustainable urban development” are thus context-dependent concepts and vary depending on the area’s conditions and needs. The discussion on how densification should be done is therefore more complex than we think and should be further analyzed so the densification could contribute to positive effects and benefit all people. The project “Fokus Skärholmen” has been put into this context in empirical studies. The conclusion regarding “Fokus Skärholmen” is that it could become a successful urban development project, given that everything that is written in the plan and strategy documents is implemented. Fokus Skärholmen is still far from to be considered as a completed project and has a number of challenges ahead to overcome, thus it is difficult to state so early in the process if the densification could contribute to sustainable urban development in practice.

Housing in prosperous American cities is becoming increasingly expensive, forcing many municipal governments to re-evaluate how they will continue to serve lower-income residents and ensure equitable access to housing and resources. In the City of Alexandria, the Alexandria Re-Development and Housing Authority (ARHA) has worked in recent years to partner with private developers to convert its existing stock of low-density, designated-affordable housing into more dense, mixed-income communities. This is possible because many of its existing communities sit on land in now-prime locations where the City currently allows the most density, as well as bonus density through a variety of mechanisms. While these projects have succeeded to some extent, the City is unfortunately still seeing a rapid rise in rents accompanied by a rapid decrease in available affordable housing of all types, in both privately-developed and publicly-subsidized communities. Increasing income disparity is also simultaneously driving lower-income to middle-class residents to suburban and exurban sites where limited access to municipal resources and public transportation can be highly detrimental to quality of life. While additional density is the knee-jerk response to many of affordability's challenges, often the resulting built solutions seem incomplete – achieving the basic goal of housing more residents, but failing to build thriving and diverse communities that connect people the way previous communities may have. After all, the pragmatics of building generally point towards maximizing square footage, monetary return, and speed of delivery by using conventional and commonly-accepted solutions, with less energy given to resident outcomes, and how people might be affected by the change to their living environments and communities. As Jan Gehl and Jane Jacobs examined in Cities for People and The Death and Life of Great American Cities respectively, simple pragmatics do not make for livable environments. A truly humanist approach to design for living in cities requires not only good policy, practice, and engagement, but also architectural strategies that respond to how humans relate to each other and their surroundings. Convergence explores how designers can contribute to making urban housing better for everyone by addressing housing affordability, person-to-person interaction, and community engagement in increasingly-dense environments. Its primary objectives are: • Encouraging neighborliness by increasing chance encounters as well as reducing the sharp threshold between private and public space often found in apartment-style buildings. • Increasing the visibility of human activity to the street in a multi-floor, multi-family project. • Using new mass timber methods and modularity to improve initial building construction and cost while also incorporating sustainable practices to reduce resource use and operating cost. • Anticipating that modification and reconfiguration will be required in the future, and offering defined parameters to simplify that process. • Creating a variety of unit sizes while also offering future flexibility to respond to changing community needs. • Combining the familiar with the novel to connect the new community to its surroundings, bridge experiences, and manage change. / Master of Architecture / In the City of Alexandria, the Alexandria Re-Development and Housing Authority (ARHA) owns several affordable housing sites in desirable locations that it has been working to convert into more dense, mixed-income housing in partnership with private developers. While these projects have succeeded to some extent, housing in the City continues to become increasingly expensive, and wages for low-income and lower-middle class residents are not keeping pace with the increase in cost of living. This phenomenon is pushing many long-time and/or lower-wage residents to the suburbs and exurbs, limiting access to municipal resources and public transportation, and reducing quality of life. As a result, communities and families with long histories in the City are breaking apart and dispersing. Many advocates, policymakers, designers, and developers have turned to additional density as the most immediate response to these concerns. However, additional density isn’t enough; new buildings may house more people, but fail to address the other aspects of building thriving and diverse communities that connect people the way previous communities may have. Good housing and good communities need more than square footage, so it is time to look beyond conventional solutions. New approaches are needed to respond to how people are affected by changes to their living environments and communities, and create the kinds of positive outcomes that should be part of any new housing project. Therefore, if we want to design for living in cities, we have to have good policies, practices, and engagement, but we also need architectural strategies that respond to how humans relate to each other and their surroundings. Convergence explores how designers can contribute to making urban housing better for everyone by addressing housing affordability, person-to-person interaction, and community engagement in increasingly-dense environments. Its primary objectives are: • Encouraging neighborliness by increasing chance encounters as well as reducing the sharp threshold between private and public space often found in apartment-style buildings. • Increasing the visibility of human activity to the street in a multi-floor, multi-family project. • Using new mass timber methods and modularity to improve initial building construction and cost while also incorporating sustainable practices to reduce resource use and operating cost. • Anticipating that modification and reconfiguration will be required in the future, and offering defined parameters to simplify that process. • Creating a variety of unit sizes while also offering future flexibility to respond to changing community needs. • Combining the familiar with the novel to connect the new community to its surroundings, bridge experiences, and manage change.

The “Eastern Seaport Master Plan” is the design of a mixed-use neighborhood in South Boston, a site that has an enormous amount of potential to be the pinnacle of the Boston waterfront. Located in the city’s Seaport District, the master plan addresses the site’s deterioration as industry has declined. By reducing the impact of the necessity of the car through its incorporation into the urban fabric, making use of the road’s infrastructure, creating a clear distinction between the functions of long-term and short-term parking, capitalizing on the opportunity to be the city’s hub for water transit, and designing a street front for the mixed-use city blocks that encourages street life in Boston’s harsh climate, the master plan will create a dynamic urban neighborhood that functions as its own entity but ties back to Boston as part of the city’s call to reclaim the waterfront. / Master of Architecture

Ett modernt stadsplaneringsideal idag är den så kallade blandstaden, där man eftersträvar en funktionsblandning för att främja en levande stadsmiljö. I Stockholm råder det i dagsläget bostadsbrist och behovet av bostäder, service och arbetsplatser ökar. Detta har lett till att det i nuläget pågår stora utvecklingsprojekt i områden som tidigare varit industriområden. Majoriteten av industrierna har oftast redan avvecklats eller planeras att avvecklas. Den här rapporten utreder huruvida det istället är möjligt att bibehålla industriverksamheten i området för att bevara det kulturhistoriska värdet samt om industriverksamheter kan integreras i stadsbilden. Vidare undersöks på vilket sätt detta skulle kunna vara möjligt samt vilka för- och nackdelar som kan uppstå.  För att underlätta undersökningen och tydligt se hur det skulle kunna se ut i praktiken har två exempel använts och analyserats. Det första är Slakthusområdet som är ett industriområde i södra Stockholm som är under en pågående omvandling från industriområde till en urban stadsdel med fokus på kultur och hållbarhet. Det andra är Arvid Nordquists nya kafferosteri i Järfälla som är en modern industribyggnad som ska integreras i stadsmiljön med målet att skapa en resurssnål och miljövänlig produktionsanläggning.  Arbetet har genomförts genom att relevant information har inhämtats via litteraturstudier, dokumentstudier och intervjustudier. Intervjuerna har gjorts i syfte att erhålla mer information om Slakthusområdet och Arvid Nordquists kafferosteri. Utöver det har även ett platsbesök i Slakthusområdet genomförts. Rapporten inkluderar även en SWOT-analys, där för- och nackdelar presenteras för att sedan vägas mot varandra. De huvudsakliga fördelarna med att integrera industriverksamhet i stadsmiljön är att de bidrar till konceptet blandstaden och skapar en levande stadsmiljö. De främsta nackdelarna är att industriverksamheter kan medföra trafik, buller och lukter.  Slutligen kan det konstateras att det är möjligt att skapa en blandstad genom att integrera industriverksamhet i stadsbilden, men endast i liten skala och med vissa förutsättningar. Det alternativ som är mest fördelaktigt är att integrera småskaliga industrier med tillhörande försäljning. På så sätt kan området och dess invånare dra nytta av fördelarna samtidigt som nackdelarna minimeras så gott det går. Större industrier med potentiellt störande påverkan bör däremot placeras på platser där dess verksamhet inte påverkar omgivande bostäder i lika hög grad. / The concept of the mixed-use city is at the forefront of today’s urban planning, where a strive for functional diversity is sought to promote a vibrant urban environment. In Stockholm, there are currently several large-scale development projects in the previous industrial areas, due to increased demand for housing, servicebuildings and workplaces. The majority of industries in these areas have already been dismantled or are planned to be dismantled. This report investigates whether it is possible to preserve industrial activity into the urban environment or not. Furthermore, it investigates how this could be possible and what advantages and disadvantages may arise.  To make the investigation easier and more clearly visualize how it would appear, two examples have been presented and analyzed. The first is the so-called “ Slakthusområdet '', which is an industrial area in the south of Stockholm that is under an ongoing transformation from an industrial area into an urban district with a focus on culture and sustainability. The second example is the company “ Arvid Nordquists “ new coffee roastery in Järfälla. A modern industrial building intended to be integrated into the urban environment with the goal of creating a resource-efficient and environmentally friendly production facility.  The work has been conducted by gathering relevant information through literature, document and interview studies. The interviews have been conducted to obtain more information about Slakthusområdet and Arvid Nordquists coffee roastery. In addition, a site visit in Slakthusområdet has been conducted. The report also includes a SWOT-analysis where advantages and disadvantages are presented and weighed against each other. The main advantages of integrating industrial activities into the urban environment are that it contributes to the mixed-use city concept and creates a vibrant urban environment. The main disadvantages are that industrial activities can cause disturbing noise, odors and increase traffic volume. After all, it can be concluded that it is possible to create a mixed-use city by integrating industrial activity into the urban landscape, but only on a small scale and with certain conditions. The most advantageous option is to integrate small-scale industries with associated sales. This way, the area and its residents can benefit from the advantages while minimizing the disadvantages as much as possible. Larger industries with potentially disruptive impacts, should however be placed in locations where their activities do not affect surrounding residences to the same extent.

(résumé en français)<p>Le projet urbain, par la démarche souple et transversale qu’il produit, est emblématique des concepts urbanistiques contemporains. Cette approche peut-elle opérer une reconnexion entre villes, ports et fleuves? A contrario, pourrait-elle renforcer cette déconnexion en cours, dans un contexte où les logiques de marché urbain sont plus favorables aux sphères d’économie résidentielle qu’à la sphère productive? Cette question se pose d’autant plus que ces espaces sont à l’intersection d’enjeux majeurs: la densification urbaine dans un contexte de lutte contre l’étalement urbain; le redéploiement du fret fluvial, alternative durable au réseau routier; et l’amélioration de la gestion de l’eau. En se basant sur les cas de Lille et Bruxelles, ce travail de recherche se fonde sur les facettes matérielle, organisationnelle et existentielle de ces territoires, abordées à différents échelons géographiques. Cette analyse montre que, dans son processus, le projet initie un nouveau dialogue ville-port, par de nouvelles formes de coopération horizontale. Par contre, dans sa matérialisation, il reproduit les coupures fonctionnalistes de l’ère industrielle, causées par les conditions externes et internes à son cadre de conception. Se distinguant de l’environnement conflictuel des sphères de conception et de décision, les pratiques révèlent le rôle de régulation de ces interfaces entre ville et port :des espaces de «quiétude», dans des environnements denses et enclavés. Finalement, les conditions d’une reconnexion sont proposées :l’évolution des formes de gouvernance ville-port, les nouvelles formes d’aménagement, et les processus de projet, comme rouage central au cœur de ces mutations. <p><p>(English summary)<p>The urban development project, thanks to its flexible and cross-sectional approach, is emblematic for contemporary urban concepts. Can this approach prompt a re-connection between cities, inland ports and waterways? On the other hand, could it strengthen this current de-connection, in an economic environment where urban market logic is more favorable to residential economy than to productive economy? This question is particularly important since these spaces are at the intersection of major issues: urban densification in a context of fight against urban sprawl; inland waterway freight transport redeployment, sustainable alternative to road transport; and the improvement of water management. Starting from the cases of Brussels and Lille, this research work is based on material, organizational and existential aspects of these territories, tackled at different geographical levels. This analysis shows that, throughout its process, an urban development project can initiate a new city-port dialogue by means of new forms of horizontal cooperation. In the contrary, in its materialization, it reproduces the functional cuts of the industrial era, caused by constraints and influences of its design framework. Distinguishing themselves from the conflicting environment of design and decision circles, daily practice reveals the role of regulation of these city port interfaces: quiet spaces in dense and landlocked environments. Finally, conditions for a re-connection are put forward: an evolution of city-port governance forms, new forms or urban developments and development processes, as pivotal issue of these transformations. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis has been realised through a scholarship offered by the Government of Canada to the Government of the Republic of Mauritius under the Programme Canadien de Bourses de la Francophonie / La mixité d’usage est de plus en plus considérée comme un facteur essentiel au développement durable et à la prospérité des villes, tant par les professionnels en urbanisme, les décideurs politiques et les chercheurs que par tous ceux concernés par la qualité de vie de nos concitoyens. Présentement, on assiste au développement de stratégies et mécanismes en vue de faire cohabiter les diverses fonctions urbaines. Ainsi, cette recherche exploratoire porte sur la mixité d’usage et la possibilité de transférer cette approche, plus particulièrement, dans celui des villes de l’Île Maurice, petit état insulaire en développement. Le principal facteur à l’origine de ce choix est la volonté du gouvernement de mettre en place un métro léger reliant les centres des villes de la conurbation urbaine de l’Île, d’où l’opportunité de réhabiliter ces centres en déclin à travers une plus grande mixité d’usage. Ainsi, deux cas, Quatre Bornes et Rose-Hill sont analysés. La cueillette des données inclut des entrevues avec onze urbanistes locaux, lesquelles permettent de développer le volet public de la problématique et de bien contextualiser les avenues possibles de solution. Nous constatons qu’un laisser-faire, des politiques inappropriés et diverses interventions publiques ont favorisé la congestion routière et l’étalement urbain et entrainé une perte de diversité des usages dans le centre-ville. Nous identifions ainsi les défis et les opportunités relatifs à la mixité d’usage et proposons des stratégies, dans l’optique d’améliorer la viabilité et la vitalité des centres-villes. / Mixed-use is increasingly considered as a key principle for sustainable development and prosperity of cities and towns by planners, decision-makers, researchers and many others concerned with the quality of life of our citizens. As such, we are witnessing new strategies and mechanisms to enable different uses to cohabit. Our thesis explores the transferability of the mixed-use concept in the context of the town centres in Mauritius, a small island developing state. The main reason explaining this choice is the government’s commitment in introducing a light rail transit system linking the town centres of the urban conurbation of the island. Indeed, the opportunity lies in improving the declining health of town centres through mixed-uses. In this context, we analyse two case study areas, Quatre Bornes and Rose-Hill. Our empirical researches include interviews with eleven planners in Mauritius, in an attempt to better grasp the institutional problematic and contextualise relevant solutions. We find out that the laisser-faire situation, unresponsiveness of policies and government interventions on transport and traffic congestion have favoured urban sprawl and led to the lack of diversity in the town centres. In contemplation, we identify the common challenges and opportunities with respect to mixed-use in the two case study areas and propose strategies in view of improving their viability and vitality.

As estratégias propostas pelo novo PDE (Lei 16.050/2014) procuram incentivar a mobilidade não motorizada através de mudanças relacionadas ao uso do solo e desenho urbano. Nesses termos, o objetivo geral da tese é verificar a relação entre forma urbana e mobilidade ativa em São Paulo. Para tanto, busca verificar a influência da densidade urbana, uso misto e geometria viária na circulação não motorizada. A hipótese pleiteada é que uma maior densidade urbana e mistura de usos, associadas a uma estrutura viária mais densa, corresponde a uma maior proporção de deslocamentos a pé e de bicicleta. A metodologia utilizada é analítica - quantitativa. Os dados da Pesquisa Origem Destino do Metrô de 2007 (OD2007) foram organizados por grupos de variáveis temáticas, e submetidos a análises estatísticas bivariantes e multivariantes, em que uma ou mais variáveis independentes (urbanísticas e socioeconômicas) são relacionadas com uma variável dependente (porcentagem de deslocamentos não motorizados até 2,5 km), de forma independente e combinadamente. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis socioeconômicas são as que mais exercem influência no deslocamento não motorizado no Aglomerado Metropolitano de São Paulo (AMSP), mas as variáveis urbanísticas também têm um grau de influência significativo, principalmente no Centro Expandido. Isoladamente, no entanto, poucas alcançaram altos níveis de associação com a variável dependente, o que significa que as variáveis urbanísticas só são capazes de fomentar o deslocamento não motorizado quando atuam conjuntamente, corroborando a importância de ambientes que combinam alta densidade urbana, usos diversificados e boa acessibilidade. / The Sao Paulo\'s new Strategic Master Plan (PDE) seeks to incentivize non-motorized mobility through changes related to land use and urban design. The ame of this thesis is to check the relationship between urban form and active mobility in the city of São Paulo. To do this, the thesis seeks to verify the influence of urban density, mixed use and street geometry over non-motorized circulation. The sought hypothesis is that greater urban density and mixed use, combined with dense street geometry, correspond to higher proportion of journeys by foot and bicycle. The methodology used is analytical-quantitative. Data from Metro\'s 2007 Study of Origin-Destination (OD2007) was organized by thematic variable groups, and submitted to bivariant and multivariant statistical analyses, in which one or more independent variables (urban or socioeconomic) are related to one dependent variable (percentage of non-motorized journeys up to 2.5 km), both independently and combined. The results showed that socioeconomical variables have the most influence over non-motorized movement within São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Cluster (AMSP), but the urbanistic variables also have a significant degree of influence, especially in the Expanded Center. Taken in isolation, however, few achieved high levels of association with the dependent variable, which means that urbanistic variables are only able to foster non-motorized movement when acting together, corroborating the importance of environments which combine high urban density, diverse uses and good accessibility

This study focuses on how spatial circumstances affect property owners’ preference toward sustainable urban development, in the form of three-essays. In the first essay, property owners’ preference toward the concept of compact development is identified. Compact development is an increasingly popular concept that includes multiple aspects, such as mixed land use, high density, and pedestrian/transit-friendly options. Previous hedonic literature on the comprehensive effect of compact development is limited. Also, spatial dependence in the data, something likely endemic to compact development, has not yet been thoroughly addressed. This study uses a spatial fixed-effect model, a spatial-autoregressive model with auto-regressive disturbances (SARAR), and a spatial fixed-effect SARAR model to determine the price effect of “compactness” in a major U.S. metropolitan area. By analyzing of 47,000 sales records in Fulton County over a decade, this study indicates that home buyers prefer to have smaller, more diffuse greenspace nearby, rather than a large, concentrated greenspace at a longer walking distance. High parcel density and diverse land use is consistently disvalued, and the premium on accessing public transportation is not identified among all models. No specific trend over time has been observed, despite the recession starting in 2008. Finally, a comprehensive index of compactness shows relatively high willingness-to-pay for compact development. The second essay tests the spatial spillover of signaling within the pursuit of LEED certification. The benefit of pursuing green building certification mainly comes from two aspects: the cost-effectiveness from energy efficiency and the signaling consideration, including the premium on property values, benefits from a better reputation, morality values, or purely pride. By analyzing all new constructions that received LEED certification from 2000 to 2012 (LEED-NC v2.0 to v2.2) in the U.S., this study tries to identify the size of the signaling effects, and spillover of signaling, as building owners pursue LEED certification. The results show that the signaling effect affects decision making in pursuing LEED certification, especially at scores around thresholds. The size of signaling effects differs among different owner types and different certificate levels. For the Gold level or below, government and non-profit-organization owners value signaling more than do profit-seeking firms. At the Platinum level, there is no significant difference among owner types. This study also finds that the signaling effect clusters spatially for government and profit-seeking firms. Finally, the results show that the cluster of signaling is independent from the cluster of LEED buildings, indicating that mechanisms behind the cluster of signaling are different from those of LEED constructions. The third essay tests the distance effect on the support for Atlanta BeltLine. Atlanta BeltLine, a large urban redevelopment project currently underway in the center of Atlanta, transforms 22 miles of historical railroad corridors into parks, trails, pedestrian-friendly transit areas, and affordable housing. This study aims to determine the distance effect on the support of Atlanta BeltLine and whether the implement of Tax Increment Financing (TIF) affects the support. The contributions of this exercise are twofold. First, it demonstrates the risks and remedies to missing spatial data by solving the technical problem of missing precise spatial location values. Second, it tests underlying reasons why distance can help explain the level of support that Atlanta BeltLine has received, with striking implications for theories like the Homevoter hypothesis. Survey data used in this study was conducted in summer 2009, about three years after the declaration of the project. The support by both homeowners and renters significantly declines as distance from the BeltLine increases. However, when residents’ tendency to use BeltLine parks and transits is entered as a variable, the distance effect disappears. By indicating that the distance effect comes from homeowners’ and renters’ the accessibility to BeltLine amenities, the result rejects the homevoter hypothesis, which holds that property value increment is the main mechanism behind support. The results also show that whether or not a homeowner or renter is a parent in City of Atlanta affects a person’s support of the BeltLine. These results lead to the conclusion that the concern of TIF affecting future school quality hampers the support of the project.