Being an Older Mother: Metamorphoses of Late Motherhood from the Foundation of Czechoslovakia up to the Present Abstract The doctoral thesis gives a macro-structural view of the metamorphoses of late motherhood, here defined as motherhood of women aged over 35, as they have occurred in the Czech lands between 1920 and 2015. The study examines to which extent the reflection of late motherhood in selected professional and feminine / lifestyle periodicals converges with the findings derived from demographic data analysis. For this purpose, a mixed methods research has been conducted to link the conclusions from quantitative analysis of demographic data (demographic analysis and binary logistic regression) to those from qualitative and quantitative media analyses (discourse and content analyses). As the study shows, the development of late motherhood in the Czech lands varies across a range of possible perceptions in the media, levels and fertility rates. The thesis shows a strong coherence between the perception of late motherhood in the media and conclusions drawn from the demographic data analysis, which are consistent for most of the observed years. According to the results of the analysis, with some simplification, five different types of late motherhood are determined. The first type, the "Experienced...

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The purpose of this study was to find out if there is a relationship between teacher-learner interactions and laboratory learning environment in Chemistry practicals in Namibia. Literatures and questionnaires from 1383 learners and 12 teachers have proven that the interactions between teacher and learners have great impact on the performance, understanding and the environment that prevail in the laboratory. The main data collection methods used was the mixed method research through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The results from the study show that good teacher-learner interactions have contributed to the positive learning environment that prevails in Namibian schools. Although the majority of the learners especially the girls have negative connotations towards Chemistry in terms of content, calculations and assessment generally learners look forward and are excited to do experiments in practical work. The impact of the excitement and willingness of learners to do practical investigations has not proven to improve learners‘ performance in Chemistry practical work in Namibia. The majority of the learners rated their teachers as good in subject knowledge, good leaders, helpful and friendly during practical investigations. The shortage of chemicals, equipments in laboratory activities that should have inspired involvement of learners in handling equipments is one of the factors that contributed negatively to the learning environment and teacher-learners interactions. Teachers mostly resolve to demonstrations due to lack of chemicals and equipment. Some schools show low/poor level of learner-learner interactions because some learners tease, laugh and discourage others during practical investigations. Chemistry laboratories in Namibia are characterised by lack of equipment, chemicals, poorly behave learners while on the other hand there are good behaviours from the teachers‘ side with most learners showing that their teachers always try to make the best out of the prevailing situations in the laboratories. The laboratory environment in Namibia closely resemble laboratory environment in other studies in Asia, Africa and Europe. From empirical evidence it can be therefore concluded that there is a relationship between teacher-learner interactions and laboratory learning environment in Chemistry practicals in Namibia. Although the relationship is not as harmonious or congruent as it ought to be, the government of Namibia can play a greater role in creating positive, productive and enjoyable learning environment by supplying secondary schools‘ laboratories with the needed equipment and chemicals to support the practical work as stated in the Physical Science syllabi. The three questionnaire used were rated by learners and teacher as effective; easy to understand; covering most areas of the Chemistry environment; not time consuming, statistically valid and consistent. The changes made to the questionnaire fit well to the Namibia Chemistry environment and it produced nearly the same reliability and validity when compared to the pilot study questionnaire and other similar questionnaires used in other country. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics of Education)

Ces 15 dernières années, la recherche sur l'empathie clinique dans le contexte de la médecine somatique s'est développée de manière significative. Cette empathie clinique est donc de mieux en mieux cernée : élaboration de différentes modélisations et identification de ses bénéfices. Aujourd'hui, il reste certains challenges à relever, et notamment celui d'améliorer et de préserver l'empathie clinique au fil de la formation et de la pratique médicales tout en protégeant le bien-être des médecins. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de définir l'empathie clinique dans le cadre des maladies chroniques graves : son processus, ses déterminants, ses conséquences et les ressources nécessaires. Ce travail propose trois études successives portant sur des patients (N=15) et des médecins hospitaliers (N=235) selon un design mixte, recueils de données quantitatifs et qualitatifs associés à des analyses de données quantitatives. Ces études cherchent à définir l'empathie, identifier et tester ses antécédents et conséquences, en explorant les vécus des médecins et des patients. Par ailleurs, une quatrième étude longitudinale dite pilote a été mise en place. Les résultats ont mis en évidence la spécificité de l'empathie à une clinique spécifique, ont souligné sa nature majoritairement cognitive et comportementale et son rôle primordial dans la clinique et le bien-être des patients et des médecins. Ce travail propose ainsi une définition empirique qui concilie et enrichit les précédentes tout en développant la connaissance des déterminants de cette compétence clinique dans le cas spécifique des maladies chroniques graves. L'empathie clinique résulte de nombreux éléments tant individuels que situationnels ou encore interindividuels. Alors le développement de l'empathie des médecins auprès des personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques graves ne peut être considéré sans développer des recommandations à destination des institutions, des programmes de formation, et des dispositifs de soutien individuel et collectif. / Over the last 15 years, research on clinical empathy in somatic medicine has increased significantly. This clinical empathy is therefore becoming better understood, which shows by the appearance of various models and benefits on patients and physicians. Today, the challenge is to improve and to maintain clinical empathy through medical training and practice while protecting the well-being of physicians. This thesis' aim is to define clinical empathy in the context of serious chronic diseases: its process, its determinants, its consequences and the resources it needs. This work proposes three sequential studies involving patients (N = 15) and hospital doctors (N = 233). The design is mixed between qualitative and quantitative data and methods. These studies seek to define empathy, identify and test its antecedents and its consequences, exploring both the experiences of physicians and patients. Furthermore, a fourth study, a pilot one, has been conducted. Empathy appears as specific to a clinic. The results emphasize its cognitive and behavioral facets. Clinical empathy has a key role in patients' care and wellbeing but also in physicians' wellbeing. This work proposes an empirical definition that reconciles and enriches the preceding ones. It gives the opportunity to develop knowledge of empathy's determinants in the specific case of serious chronic diseases. Clinical empathy is the result of many individual, situational and inter-individual elements. Therefore, the development of doctors' empathy with patients with severe chronic diseases cannot be considered without developing recommendations to institutions, training programs, and individual and collective supports.

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Cette étude examine, à partir d’un devis quasi-expérimental mixte de type concomitant triangulé, les effets de La classe enchantée, un programme parascolaire d’enrichissement musical non sélectif, sur deux dimensions de l’adaptation retenues à la lumière des objectifs du programme et des études précédentes sur celui-ci, soit les expériences positives à l’école et les difficultés intériorisées. Selon les prémisses du modèle de développement positif de Lerner (2005), il était anticipé que ces indicateurs d’adaptation évolueraient plus favorablement chez les élèves participant à La classe enchantée que chez leurs pairs n’y participant pas. Ces hypothèses ont été examinées auprès d’un échantillon comprenant 50 élèves (30% participant au programme, 66% de sexe masculin) majoritairement issus de familles immigrantes (90%) et fréquentant une école primaire située dans un quartier montréalais défavorisé socioéconomiquement. Ces élèves ont été suivis pendant 7 mois à partir du début de la 4e année (Mâge = 9,74). Les résultats quantitatifs montrent que la participation au programme est associée à une évolution favorable en matière de difficultés intériorisées, mais pas en ce qui a trait aux expériences positives à l’école. Les analyses qualitatives du discours des différents acteurs impliqués dans le programme (élèves inscrits et leurs parents, enseignants de musique et membres de la direction) suggèrent que l’atteinte partielle des effets attendus s’explique par une implantation inégale du programme, qui n’aurait pas permis l’avènement de tous ses bénéfices potentiels. Les résultats soutiennent l’idée que la participation à une activité parascolaire musicale de qualité a le potentiel de favoriser le bien-être chez les élèves issus de familles immigrantes. / This study examines the effects of La classe enchantée, a non-selective after-school music enrichment program, on two dimensions of adjustment identified considering the program's goals and previous studies of the program: positive school experiences and internalized difficulties. Based on the premises of Lerner's (2005) positive development model, it was anticipated that these indicators of adjustment would change more favorably for students participating in La classe enchantée than for their peers not participating. These hypotheses were examined in a sample of 50 students (30% participating in the program, 66% male) from immigrant families (90%) attending an elementary school located in a socioeconomically disadvantaged Montreal neighborhood. These students were followed for 7 months from the beginning of grade 4 (Mage = 9.74). Quantitative results show that participation in the program is associated with positive changes in internalized difficulties, but not in positive experiences at school. Qualitative analyses of the discourse of the various actors involved in the program (participating students and their parents, music teachers and members of the administration) suggest that the partial achievement of the expected effects can be explained by the uneven implementation of the program, which did not allow for the realization of all its potential benefits. The results support the idea that participation in a quality musical extracurricular activity has the potential to promote well-being among students from immigrant families.

Bakgrund: Årligen drabbas cirka 5000 personer i Sverige av ett hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus. Tidig start av hjärt- och lungräddning är en förutsättning för ökad överlevnad vid ett hjärtstopp, samtidigt visar forskning på att ambulansens framkörningstid har ökat. I väntan på ambulans har sms-livräddare implementerats för att påbörja livräddande åtgärder. I dagsläget finns få studier gjorda på sms-livräddares erfarenheter och insatser vid accepterat hjärtstoppslarm, för att synliggöra hinder och eventuella fysiska och psykiska påfrestningar som de kan möta. Vid ett hjärtstopp arbetar ambulanssjuksköterskan och sms-livräddare tillsammans i team, detta gör det viktigt för ambulanssjuksköterskan att ha en ökad förståelse för sms-livräddares erfarenheter.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva sms-livräddares erfarenheter och insatser i samband med ett accepterat hjärtstoppslarm. Metod: En blandad metod enkätstudie med en explorativ sekventiell design användes. Materialet utgick från 1231 enkäter som samlats in av Heartrunner Sweden. Materialet analyserades i tre faser. Resultat: Resultatet visade på att sms-livräddare möttes av flera hinder som medförde att deras insatser försvårades eller uteblev. Resultatet resulterade i fyra kategorier: Erfarenheter av utlarmning, Hjärtstartare, Samverkan i team och emotionella reaktioner. Sms-livräddare upplevde många känslor i samband med larmet som visade på ett eventuellt behov av debriefing. Slutsats: Trots negativa erfarenheter var 99,9% av sms-livräddarna motiverade att fortsätta sina insatser i framtiden. Resultatet tyder på att sms-livräddare hade en viktig roll i samverkan med ambulans och räddningstjänst. Sms-livräddare kunde behöva mer bekräftelse för deras insatser och stöttning för eventuella känslor som kunde uppkomma vid larm om misstänkt hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus. / Background: Every year, approximately 5000 people in Sweden suffer an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Early start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a prerequisite for increased survival in a cardiac arrest, while research shows that ambulance arrival time has increased. While waiting for an ambulance, mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons has been implemented to initiate life-saving measures. At present, few studies have been conducted on the experiences and interventions of mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons in the event of an accepted cardiac arrest alarm, in order to highlight obstacles and any physical and psychological stresses that they may face. In a cardiac arrest, the ambulance nurse and mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons work together in teams, this makes it important for the ambulance nurse to have an increased understanding of mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons ' experiences. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons experiences and interventions in connection with an accepted cardiac arrest alarm. Method: A mixed method survey study with an explorative sequential design was used. The material was based on 1231 questionnaires collected by Heartrunner Sweden. The material was analysed in three phases. Results: The results showed that mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons were faced with several obstacles that made their interventions difficult or absent. The study resulted in four categories: Experience in emergency response, defibrillators, teamwork and emotional reactions. Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons experienced many emotions in connection with the alarm, indicating a possible need for debriefing. Conclusion: Despite negative experiences, 99.9% of mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons were motivated to continue their interventions in the future. The result suggests that mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons had an important role in collaboration with ambulance and rescue services. Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons could benefit from more acknowledgement of their interventions and support for any emotions that may arise when a suspected cardiac arrest is reported outside a hospital.

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Durch den demografischen Wandel leben mehr diverse ältere Menschen in Städten. Es gibt jedoch keine Modelle, die das räumliche Verhalten von Älteren simulieren, obwohl sie einen geringen Aktionsradius haben und stärker von der umgebenden Infrastruktur abhängig sind. Gleichzeitig ist nicht erforscht, wie sich die Kombination von Variablen auf die Umzugsbereitschaft auswirkt und es sind keine Datensätze verfügbar, die genügend Informationen liefern. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Workflow entwickelt, um die städtische Dynamik einer vielfältigen älteren Bevölkerung (>=65 Jahre) mit einem empirisch fundierten Agenten basierten Modell am Beispiel Berlins zu modellieren. Zunächst wurden eine Umfrage, Experteninterviews und eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt, um Variablen abzuleiten, die zu einem Umzug führen. Zudem wurde ein Framework angepasst, um diverse Agenten abzuleiten. Die Bevölkerung wurde mit einer Clusteranalyse in Agententypologien (AT) mit gleichem Umzugsverhalten gruppiert. Die ATs wurden mit Erwartungen verglichen, die aus Literaturrecherche und Experteninterviews abgeleitet wurden. Danach wurden räumliche Informationen mit einer räumlichen Mikrosimulation hinzugefügt. Die Variablen Alter und Unterstützungsnetzwerk wurden als Gewichte für die Berechnung der Umzugswahrscheinlichkeit der einzelnen Agenten verwendet, da diese als die wichtigsten Faktoren für einen Umzug identifiziert wurden. Die Ergebnisse der Simulation wurden mit Daten verglichen. Außerdem wurden Veränderungen in der räumlichen Verteilung analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die ATs nicht räumlich segregieren und das resultierende Modell robust ist. Der Ansatz kann auf andere Städte übertragen werden, da er auf Daten beruht, die in anderen Regionen verfügbar sind. Zudem kann das Modell als Grundlage für detailliertere Agenten oder komplexere Verhaltensregeln dienen. Zusammengefasst liefert die Arbeit einen sehr guten Ansatz zur Modellierung einer vielfältigen Bevölkerung. / In the last years, more elderly with diverse backgrounds live in cities due to demographic changes. However, there exist no models which simulate the spatial behaviour of the elderly even though they have a smaller range of action and are more dependent on their surrounding infrastructure. At the same time, there is no research on how the combination of different variables affects their willingness to move and no datasets that provide sufficient information are available. This research developed a workflow, to model the urban dynamics of a diverse elderly population (>=65 years) with an empirically grounded agent-based model for the example of Berlin. First, a survey was conducted, along with expert interviews and literature research, to derive variables and reasons that lead to relocation. Additionally, an existing framework was adapted to derive diverse agents. The population was grouped with a cluster analysis into agent typologies (AT) with the same basic relocation behaviour. The resulting artificial population was evaluated with expectations derived from literature research and expert interviews. Afterwards, spatial information was added with a spatial microsimulation. Because age and support networks were identified as the most important factors for relocation, these variables were included as weights for the calculation of the relocation probability of every individual agent. The simulation output was compared to real population data. Furthermore, changes in the spatial distribution were evaluated based on a segregation index. It is shown that ATs do not segregate themselves spatially and the resulting model is robust. The approach can be adapted to other cities because it is based on data which is available in other regions. Furthermore, the model can be a basis for more detailed agents or more complex behaviour rules. In the end, the thesis provides an approach to model a diverse population with its behaviour rules.

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