O ensino/aprendizagem de língua inglesa, ao longo dos anos, passou por diversas etapas, muitos métodos e abordagens foram criados, alguns abandonados, outros permaneceram com reformulações. Porém, foi só com a valorização da função comunicativa da linguagem, representada pelo surgimento da Abordagem Comunicativa, que velhas e novas técnicas de ensino/aprendizagem ganharam significado real para os alunos de língua estrangeira. Hoje, a Abordagem Comunicativa é uma das mais difundidas no ensino/aprendizagem de língua estrangeira no Recife. Uma outra abordagem está sendo aplicada em várias escolas da nossa cidade, a Abordagem Systemic, inspirada na teoria de aquisição de segunda língua de Stephen Krashen e do ensino de língua através da integração da linguagem com disciplinas escolares como ciências e matemática, oriundas da educação bilíngue. Este trabalho consiste em uma comparação entre a abordagem tradicional, a língua pela língua, representada pela Abordagem Comunicativa, e uma mais recente, a língua através de disciplinas da grade curricular dos alunos, representada pela Systemic. Investiga-se o nível de proficiência dos alunos na língua estrangeira, de acordo com cada abordagem, partindo do pressuposto de que a Abordagem Systemic pode levar o aluno a uma maior proficiência por oferecer a oportunidade de sair dos limites da estrutura da língua alvo e de um número limitado de funções, explorando a língua em uso nas atividades curriculares, na resolução de problemas matemáticos ou no desenvolvimento de experiências nas aulas de ciências / The teaching of the English language has been through many stages along the years, many methods and approaches have been created, some were abandoned, others remained with new features. But it was only through recognizing the communicative function of language, represented by the beginning of the Communicative Approach, that old and new teaching techniques became meaningful for the foreign language learners. Today it is one of the most used approaches to teaching foreign language in Recife. Another approach is being used in many schools in our town, namely, the Systemic Approach. It is comprised of Stephen Krashens Second Language Theory and the Content-Based Instruction (CBI) approach from the bilingual education. This paper will compare the traditional approach, language through language, represented by the Communicative Approach; and the alternative one, language through content, represented by the Systemic Approach in order to investigate the learners proficiency level upon which each approach aims to achieve; and to show that the latter approach goes further when it offers its learners the opportunity to get away from the limits of the target language structure and beyond the limited number of functions, to explore the language in use in real concrete mathematical problems or in science class experiments

O movimento inclusivista trouxe ao ensino de línguas para surdos novas possibilidades no âmbito da aquisição da língua materna, segunda língua e língua estrangeira. Sabemos que a proposta principal de educação para surdos no Brasil optou pela perspectiva bilíngue, sugerindo a Libras como primeira língua e a língua portuguesa como segunda. Embora a aquisição da língua estrangeira (LE) para surdos possa parecer uma questão que pode ser adiada uma vez que outras questões relacionadas à aquisição da segunda língua ainda não tenham sido resolvidas, acreditamos na necessidade de avançar em novas discussões. Para tanto, realizamos a presente pesquisa sem, no entanto, deixar de estarmos atentos para o contexto de aquisição do conhecimento do surdo no Ensino Médio. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de fluência no inglês em seis sujeitos surdos, sendo necessário, então, observar o seu processo de aquisição e aprendizagem da LE em um contexto educacional inclusivista multi(bi)linguista. Nesse contexto, a fundamentação teórica traz discussões acerca da surdez e da aquisição de segunda língua, e do surdo no processo de ensinoaprendizagem de língua inglesa. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi a qualitativa. Optamos por esta perspectiva por acreditarmos que ela vai permitir uma melhor descrição das características dos eventos lingüísticos comunicativos em inglês pelos sujeitos. Através dos resultados, pudemos identificar melhoria na fluência em inglês pelos surdos, fato que nos parece bastante animador diante da crença de que esse aprendizado não ofereceu até o momento grandes expectativas. Esperamos desse modo, contribuir para que essa linha de estudos seja ampliada, uma vez que até o momento poucas são as iniciativas em nosso país sobre o tema / The inclusive movement brought the language teaching for the deaf new possibilities in the acquisition of first, second and foreign language. We know that the main proposal for the deaf in Brazil maintains a bilingual perspective which brings it to Libras as a first language and Portuguese as a second. Although the acquisition of a foreign language (FL) by the deaf may seem a question that can be postponed as other issues related to second language acquisition have not yet been resolved, we believe in the need to move forward in further discussions. Thereunto, we made this research without, however, failing to be attentive to the context of knowledge acquisition in the deaf school. Thus, this work constitutes a record of our research which had as the principal objective to investigate the possibility of English fluency in six deaf subjects, making it crucial to observe the process of acquisition and learning of FL in an inclusive multi(bi)linguistic educational context. In this context, the theoretical section brings the discussions concerning deafness and second language acquisition and the deaf in the process of teaching and learning of English. The methodology used was the qualitative research. We chose this approach because we believe it allows a better description of the communicative linguistic events in English language by the subjects. Through the results we were able to identify improvement in fluency in English by the deaf, a fact which seems quite encouraging on the belief that learning is not yet offered great expectations. We hope thereby to contribute to this line of research to be expanded, since there have been few initiatives on the subject in our country so far

Resumen: La tesina investiga si ha cambiado el uso de la lengua meta en la enseñanza de lenguas modernas en la escuela sueca tras el inicio de Lgy 11. El estudio se realiza a través de una revisión sistemática de literatura. Vemos que en nuestro campo de investigación faltan estudios profundos. Los estudios encontrados indican un aumento del uso de la lengua meta en el aula tras el inicio de Lgy 11. Sin embargo, en pocas situaciones parece cumplirse la norma que indica que todo lo esencial de la enseñanza debe realizarse en la lengua meta. Las unidades de gramática parecen ser el segmento de la enseñanza en el cual los profesores usan el sueco más extensamente. Según los estudios analizados solamente una profesora incorpora la lengua meta cuando enseña la gramática. No obstante, la mayoría de los profesores expresan que la gramática es una parte esencial de la enseñanza de lenguas modernas / This thesis investigates if the usage of the target languages in modern language education in Swedish schools has increased after the introduction of Lgy 11. The methodical approach is a systematic literary review. It is noticeable that the field lacks profound studies regarding the selected theme. The found studies indicate an increase in the usage of the target language in the classroom after the introduction of Lgy 11, however, only rarely is the norm reached that indicates that every essential part of the education should be realised in the target language. Grammar education appears to be the segment in which the teachers use Swedish to the highest extent. In the analysed studies there is only one teacher that includes the target language when teaching grammar. However, the majority of the teachers express that grammar is an essential part of the education of modern languages

Sociolinguists have documented the substrate influence of various languages on the formation of dialects in numerous ethnic-regional setting throughout the United States. This literature shows that while phonological and grammatical influences from other languages may be instantiated as durable dialect features, lexical phenomena often fade over time as ethnolinguistic communities assimilate with contiguous dialect groups. In preliminary investigations of emerging Miami Latino English, we have observed that lexical forms based on Spanish lexical forms are not only ubiquitous among the speech of the first generation Cuban Americans but also of the second. Examples, observed in field work, casual observation, and studied formally in an experimental context include the following: “get down from the car,” which derives from the Spanish equivalent, bajar del carro instead of “get out of the car”. The translation task administered to thirty-one participants showed a variety lexical phenomena are still maintained at equal or higher frequencies.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_antonio.pdf: 2256398 bytes, checksum: a89c6235a5caf309f379488ca28fa275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / The inclusive movement brought the language teaching for the deaf new possibilities in the acquisition of first, second and foreign language. We know that the main proposal for the deaf in Brazil maintains a bilingual perspective which brings it to Libras as a first language and Portuguese as a second. Although the acquisition of a foreign language (FL) by the deaf may seem a question that can be postponed as other issues related to second language acquisition have not yet been resolved, we believe in the need to move forward in further discussions. Thereunto, we made this research without, however, failing to be attentive to the context of knowledge acquisition in the deaf school. Thus, this work constitutes a record of our research which had as the principal objective to investigate the possibility of English fluency in six deaf subjects, making it crucial to observe the process of acquisition and learning of FL in an inclusive multi(bi)linguistic educational context. In this context, the theoretical section brings the discussions concerning deafness and second language acquisition and the deaf in the process of teaching and learning of English. The methodology used was the qualitative research. We chose this approach because we believe it allows a better description of the communicative linguistic events in English language by the subjects. Through the results we were able to identify improvement in fluency in English by the deaf, a fact which seems quite encouraging on the belief that learning is not yet offered great expectations. We hope thereby to contribute to this line of research to be expanded, since there have been few initiatives on the subject in our country so far / O movimento inclusivista trouxe ao ensino de línguas para surdos novas possibilidades no âmbito da aquisição da língua materna, segunda língua e língua estrangeira. Sabemos que a proposta principal de educação para surdos no Brasil optou pela perspectiva bilíngue, sugerindo a Libras como primeira língua e a língua portuguesa como segunda. Embora a aquisição da língua estrangeira (LE) para surdos possa parecer uma questão que pode ser adiada uma vez que outras questões relacionadas à aquisição da segunda língua ainda não tenham sido resolvidas, acreditamos na necessidade de avançar em novas discussões. Para tanto, realizamos a presente pesquisa sem, no entanto, deixar de estarmos atentos para o contexto de aquisição do conhecimento do surdo no Ensino Médio. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de fluência no inglês em seis sujeitos surdos, sendo necessário, então, observar o seu processo de aquisição e aprendizagem da LE em um contexto educacional inclusivista multi(bi)linguista. Nesse contexto, a fundamentação teórica traz discussões acerca da surdez e da aquisição de segunda língua, e do surdo no processo de ensinoaprendizagem de língua inglesa. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi a qualitativa. Optamos por esta perspectiva por acreditarmos que ela vai permitir uma melhor descrição das características dos eventos lingüísticos comunicativos em inglês pelos sujeitos. Através dos resultados, pudemos identificar melhoria na fluência em inglês pelos surdos, fato que nos parece bastante animador diante da crença de que esse aprendizado não ofereceu até o momento grandes expectativas. Esperamos desse modo, contribuir para que essa linha de estudos seja ampliada, uma vez que até o momento poucas são as iniciativas em nosso país sobre o tema

En el presente estudio se pretende indagar con qué ventajas y desafíos se encuentran los profesores y alumnos en clases de ELE en los pasos 1 y 2, en las que los profesores procuran utilizar la lengua meta lo más posible. Mientras los expertos de educación en Suecia resaltan que el grado de uso de español en clases de ELE debe aumentar, a su vez, estudios muestran que es común que profesores y alumnos piensan que sería imposible enseñar en la lengua meta en los niveles principiantes (Skolinspektionen, 2010). A través de un método mixto, con entrevistas con tres profesores y encuestas a sus 86 alumnos respectivos en los pasos 1 y 2 de ELE, el presente estudio complementa estudios anteriores con más material. Los profesores consideran que las ventajas principales de usar la lengua meta son que los alumnos se motivan, se atreven a hablar, aprenden más y que ayuda a desarrollar la relación entre alumno y profesor. De igual manera, la mayoría de los alumnos aprecian el uso de la lengua meta por parte de su profesor, ya que piensan que facilitará su aprendizaje. El mayor desafío que se presenta es la falta de continuidad en las clases de ELE. Los alumnos del primer paso muestran un mayor entusiasmo en general por el uso de la lengua meta por parte de sus profesores que los alumnos del segundo paso, al que han venido muchos estudiantes nuevos, provenientes de otros cursos y profesores. Sería recomendable completar este estudio con estudios más amplios, además de estudios comparativos con alumnos que no han tenido profesores que procuran hablar español en la clase de ELE. / The present study explores the benefits and challenges experienced by teachers and their students in beginners’ classes of Spanish as a foreign language in Sweden, in which the teachers aim to maximize the use of the target language in the classroom. While educational experts in Sweden call for an increase in the usage of Spanish in foreign language classes, previous studies show that teachers and students think it would be impossible to teach beginners’ levels in the target language (Skolinspektionen, 2010). The present study consists of material from interviews with three teachers who insist using Spanish as the main language in the classroom, as well as the results of questionnaires from 86 of their respective students. The teachers emphasize that the main benefits of using the target language in the classroom are that it motivates the students, it encourages the students to speak in Spanish themselves, it stimulates their learning and it improves the student-teacher relationship. The majority of the students appreciate the fact that their teacher uses Spanish as classroom language since they believe it will help them learn more. The main challenge is the lack of continuity in the Spanish classes. The students in the first step are more enthusiastic in general, whereas the students in the second step are more reluctant, since many of them have been transferred from other classes and are not accustomed to the teacher speaking in Spanish. The author calls for broader studies, as well as comparative studies with students of teachers who don’t use Spanish as the main classroom language.

Horacio Quiroga was born in the city of Salto, Uruguay, December 31, 1879. His birth was registered with the Argentinian consulate as his parents were citizens of that country. Quiroga attended school, first at the Instituto Universal de Montevideo, then at the Politécnico de Salto and finally at the University. His natural independence caused him to leave home at an early age.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the representations of transgender in Takako Shimura’s manga Wandering Son (Hōrō Musuko). Wandering Son (2002 to present) is a manga that focuses on their group of middle school friends with two transgender characters, a boy that wants to be a girl and a girl that wans to be a boy, at its center. The story follows the friends’ lives and their struggles with their transgender status in their everyday lives. I explore this work in two ways. First, I look at the transgendered characters’ navigation of gender and their gender roles within the realm of school. The characters’ subversion of school uniforms and their transgendered activities during school festivals serve to show difference in acceptance of transgender by who performs it and where it is performed in the manga. Second, I look at the way that characters, both transgendered and gender-normative, negotiate their gender identities through the use of language. I look at linguistic features such as final particle and personal pronoun to explore how these features are used to define and display the characters’ actual and desired gender identities. Shimura uses gendered languages to explore characters’ creation of their gender identity, resulting in clear gender identities for those who use gendered language and unclear gender identities for those who do not.

Since the establishment of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, its leaders and members have been commanded and encouraged to learn foreign languages. With the gift of tongues and diligent effort Latter-day Saints have made great progress in the last 152 years in meeting the challenge of learning and teaching languages. This paper is an attempt to compile what has been done by Church members, programs, and organizations to promote language in a world where international communication is increasingly important. It will also be a resource for the LDS Church, the Missionary Training Center, Brigham Young University, and other interested scholars or Church members.

Reading enhancement strategies are an important tool utilized by foreign language teachers. One of the most common types of during-reading assistance is the marginal gloss, which provides first language (L1) translations of selected foreign language (L2) terms in the margins of a text. Glossing is an inherently individual approach to reading. It is predominantly motivation-driven, and provides as much assistance to the learner as he or she is willing to use it. Studies to this point have been largely inconsistent in regards to the exact usefulness of glossing, analyzing many variables such as the size, scope, and type of gloss, as well as the language read. The present study uses glossing while reading a text to investigate whether glossing helps L2 learners learn Chinese and/or helps with their long-term memory. The text was adapted from a pedagogical website for Western learners of Chinese, and the gloss comprised six of the most meaningful terms in the text. A total of 10 students learning Chinese as a foreign language participated in the present study. These beginner learners were divided into one of two groups, where the only variable was the presence or absence of a marginal vocabulary gloss. The participants were tasked with reading a short passage in Chinese while responding to comprehension questions in English. Group A read the text without the assistance of a gloss, while Group B read while using a gloss. Participants had access to the text (and gloss, if applicable) while working on the text. One week later, participants were tasked with remembering the meanings of the selected Key Terms which appeared in the passage. They were also asked to briefly summarize the text in as much detail as they remembered. In analyzing the responses of the participants after both Part 1 and Part 2, it was found that glossing provided minimal assistance in regards to vocabulary recall in the future, but did much more to aid in comprehension at the time of reading. In addition, L1 translations which appear in the gloss are more likely to be remembered than the L2 terms to which they correspond. Moreover, this study sheds light on various language acquisition theories, such as incidental vocabulary learning, involvement load, cognitive load, and Input Hypothesis. The results support the efficacy of glossing on during-reading comprehension through the aforementioned theories. Evidence of many of these theories of language processing are evident in the responses of each of the participants and will be analyzed on a case-by-case basis.