La période fin de siècle est considérée comme une époque de grands changements sociaux, philosophiques et artistiques. On oublie alors que la notion de fin de siècle n’apparaît pas ex nihilo et participe à un mouvement bien plus étendu, que retrace un siècle entier de changements, de découvertes et de questionnements. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous avons choisi de montrer que certains victoriens ont lutté pour donner à la littérature un statut plus complexe que de n’être que la simple représentation de la réalité. Cette vision réductrice, qui fait de l’art le miroir de la société, est contredite, in fine, par Walter Pater et Oscar Wilde. À travers ce refus d’un art-artisanat, c’est la question du moi qui surgit. Depuis le héros carlylien jusqu’au Christ individualiste de Wilde, les manifestations du moi prennent une ampleur nouvelle et insoupçonnée dans la littérature victorienne. La vérité, que Wilde rejette dans « Le Déclin du mensonge », devient obsolète et laisse place au « faux ». Loin d’être universelle et une, la vérité se trouve dans le mensonge, car c’est l’âme et le désir de l’homme en tant qu’individu qu’elle traduit. En redéfinissant l’art comme une forme d’expression personnelle, indépendante et « sans fin », pour reprendre le terme kantien, les artistes victoriens mettent un terme au long cycle historique qui avait négligé l’individu et se fondait sur la notion de vérité absolue. Au terme de nombreuses hésitations et remises en question, c’est la diversité de la vérité, portée par l’individu, qui semble triompher. Nous proposons alors de comprendre l’origine de ce changement vis-à-vis du moi – qu’il soit évolution ou rupture – et découvrir comment la vérité est devenue relative. / The fin de siècle period is regarded as an era of great social, philosophical and artistic change. Hence our tendency to forget that the fin de siècle notion was not born out of nothing and is part of a much larger movement developing through an entire century of change, discoveries and questioning. In this study, we have chosen to examine how some Victorian artists have fought for a re-evaluation of art, far from a mere representation of reality. Indeed, this simplistic analysis which makes art the mirror of society is rejected by artists such as Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. The question of the self springs from this rejection of an art limited to crafts. From the Carlylean hero to Wilde’s Individualistic Christ, the various appearances of the self have acquired an unexpected dimension in Victorian literature. Truth – rejected in Wilde’s “Decay of Lying”, turned out to be obsolete and gave way to fiction. Far from being one and unique, the truth is to be found in the lie, because the latter is the mirror of man’s soul and desire. By defining art as a form of expression that is altogether personal, independent and “without a definite purpose”, in the Kantian sense of the word, Victorian artists put an end to the long historical cycle that had neglected the individual and had headed for an absolute truth. At the end of much hesitation and questioning, falsehood seemed to triumph, supported by the individual. Therefore, we offer to understand the origins of that change of mind, towards the self – whether it results from evolution or division – and to discover how truth has turned plural.

The theoretical part of the thesis: Quality of thermophilic fruit during storage, includes description of thermophilic species and storage conditions, also includes a chapter on diseases and pests of the species, their composition and new trends in storage: Xtend packaging material. In the practical part of the thesis, apricots (variety Betinka and Moi Chua Sin) were stored in three variants: free storage fruits, storage in a polyethylene package and Xtend at a temperature of approximately 1°C and humidity around 80 %. Under these conditions, was monitored health status, weight loss, the weight of the fetus and the pips, the dimensions of the fruits and the index of the shape, soluble solids, titration acids and the firmness of the fruits. The results were evaluated statistically in tables and graphs. As the most suitable option for storage was evaluated for storage in Xtend.

Il s’agit de renouveler la lecture des quatre textes de Rousseau dans la perspective de la consolation, et de déterminer les enjeux historiques, philosophiques et littéraires de l’exigence de consolation chez l’auteur.La Lettre à Voltaire essaie, par une interprétation originale de l’optimisme, la réconciliation de sa philosophie critique et de sa foi, d’une part, et d’autre part, de l’idéal antique et de l’idéal chrétien de la consolation. Mais il s’avère que cette synthèse est insuffisante, et ce fait trahit la position difficile de Rousseau sur la consolation traditionnelle.La Nouvelle Héloïse découvre l’implication du dysfonctionnement de la consolation chez le sujet moderne. Notre tentative de lire le roman épistolaire du point de vue de la consolation vaine du héros éclaire un moment existentialiste de la subjectivité dans sa résistance à la consolation.Le sujet qui définit son existence par la difficulté d’être consolé cherche une nouvelle rationalisation de son état. En ce sens, une lecture comparative du livre I des Confessions avec le livre IV de l’Emile montre la tentative de consoler une conscience malheureuse par une reconstitution génétique du moi sans se référer à un modèle extérieur.Au bout de ces tâtonnements exigeants mais révélateurs, les Rêveries ne se donnent pour la consolation ultime de Rousseau qu’en radicalisant les éléments consolateurs précédents et qu’en exprimant cette radicalisation par une radicalisation double de la solitude. En sondant l’abîme de la subjectivité moderne dans son état-limite, Rousseau s’interroge sur une condition essentielle du sujet moderne qu’est l’inconsolable. / The objective is to reinterpret four of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's texts through the facet of consolation; and to determine historical, philosophical and literary implications of the search for consolation in his writings.Letter to Voltaire details Rousseau’s efforts to reconcile not only the conflict between his critical thought and his faith through the interpretation of the optimism, but also the dichotomous nature of ancient and Christian ideals of consolation. But the synthesis turns out to be insufficient, revealing his difficult position on traditional consolation.In New Héloïse, Rousseau discovers the prevalence of consolatory dysfunction in the modern subject. Our attempt to read the epistolary novel from the perspective of vain consolation for the hero underscores the hero's resistance to consolation and, thereby, illuminates the existentialist essence of subjectivity.The subject, whose being is defined by his inconsolability, looks for a new rationalization of his state. In this sense, our comparative reading of the first book of Confessions with book IV of Emile shows an attempt to console the misery of his consciousness through the reconstitution of self without referring to any external model.After these demanding but revealing searches for comfort, the last consolation of Reveries radicalizes the preceding elements of consolation through a double-stylistic radicalization of solitude. Marking the abyss of modern subjectivity in its limited situation, Rousseau examines the intrinsic condition of the inconsolable modern subject

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo refletir sobre as problemáticas e perspectivas do ensino-aprendizagem lexical de Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE). Para isso, buscamos compreender como o léxico foi tratado ao longo da história da didática do FLE, como se dão os processos de aprendizagem lexical, sobretudo aqueles relacionados às teorias da psicologia cognitiva e à constituição da memória, para, em seguida, analisarmos materiais de FLE disponíveis ao grande público a fim de compreender como ele vem sendo preconizado. Dentre esses materiais, destacamos o estudo da operação Dis-moi dix mots (2014-2015), que nos mostrou a importância da emoção e da afetividade na aquisição de novas palavras em língua estrangeira. Com isso, sentimos a necessidade de melhor compreender a relação do aluno com a língua estrangeira. Por isso, dedicamo-nos a ouvir a voz de alguns falantes de línguas estrangeiras a fim de identificar possíveis fatores que contribuíram à aquisição de novas palavras. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido tendo como hipótese o fato de que, mesmo após o movimento de reabilitação do ensino-aprendizagem lexical encabeçado sobretudo por Robert Galisson a partir dos anos 1980 e sabendo que é senso-comum entre os professores de línguas estrangeiras que o enriquecimento lexical está diretamente relacionado à maior ou menor capacidade de compreensão e produção dos aprendizes de línguas estrangeiras tanto em atividades orais quanto escritas, ainda hoje o léxico é deixado de lado e não é alvo de um ensino guiado, direto, oriundo de uma metodologia equilibrada de ensino-aprendizagem capaz de promover o desenvolvimento da competência lexical por meio da promoção concomitante de conhecimentos semânticos, depreendidos do discurso e de sua dimensão sociocultural, e conhecimentos linguísticos, relativos sobretudo à estrutura morfológica e fonética. Após a análise de todos esses fatores, concluímos esta dissertação identificando alguns elementos importantes para que o ensino-aprendizagem lexical em classes de FLE possa ser otimizado, levando em consideração o pouco tempo disponível em sala para dedicar-se a tal aspecto da língua e sua importância para o desenvolvimento progressivo da competência lexical do aprendiz adulto de francês língua estrangeira. / This dissertation has as its main objective to reflect about the problems and perspectives on the lexical teaching and learning in French as foreign language (FLE). With this in mind, we search to understand how the lexical content was treated during the didactic history of French as a foreign language and how the lexical learning procedures happen (with special attention to those procedures related to the cognitive psychology theories and to the memory constitution) for, then, analyze the FLE didactic materials available to the big public in a way to understand how these different materials are thought. We will give special attention to the Dis-moi dix mots (2014-2015) materials, which shows the importance of an emotional approach in the acquisition of new words in foreign languages. Therefore, we have felt the need to better understand the relations constructed between the student and the foreign language he learns. In this perspective, we have interviewed some foreign language speakers with the intention to identify the possible factors that have contributed to the acquisition of new words. This work was developed on the main hypothesis that even with the rehabilitation of the lexical teaching and learning theories (mainly by the works written by Robert Galisson after the eighties) and with the knowledge that it is common-sense between the foreign language teachers that the acquisition of new words is directly connected with the greater or lesser capacity of oral and written comprehension and production showed by the foreign language students still today the lexical study is given little importance and does not constitute a goal for the guided teaching. The lexical study in French as a foreign language still lacks a balanced teaching and learning methodology capable of promoting the development of a lexical competence by the means of proper semantic knowledge (recognized in the discourses and its sociocultural dimensions) and linguistic knowledge (mainly related to the morphological and phonetical structures). After the proposed analyses, we concluded this dissertation by identifying some important elements for the optimization of lexical teaching and learning in the French as a foreign language context, having in mind the scarcity of time available during classes for developing this learning aspect and its importance for the progressive growth of the lexical competence in French as a foreign language students.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Littérature française--Saint-Étienne, 2006. Titre de soutenance : Le moi libertin : modalités d'expression de la subjectivité à l'âge classique. / Bibliogr. p. 719-750. Index.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal