Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana de Andrade.pdf: 1722405 bytes, checksum: 4661c533c91d89aaebd7113cfaed01e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / The aim of this thesis is to present the research and intervention carried out at the Terra Prometida (Promised Land) Settlement located in the Municipality of Felisburgo in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In 2004, there was a massacre of the landless workers living at the settlement, which became known as The Felisburgo Massacre . It is intended to present the context of the massacre according to the Reconstruction of Historical Memory theoretical perspective while also relating it to wider context of the struggle for land in Brazil. We will discuss the subject on the basis of psycho-social studies and interventions in cases of extreme violence and relate them to the process producing affects based on the concept of ethical-political suffering coined by Sawaia. This concept seeks to analyze the political dimension of affects based on the use of this term in the work of Vygotsky and Spinoza. In order to do this, we used the work of authors who shared a socio-historical approach so that we could understand the structure/nature of the affects that constitute psycho-social trauma. The methodology is based on the premises of Socio-Historical Psychology and Liberation Psychology and the analysis of affects on Vygotskian theory. We concluded that from the workers point of view it is essential to raise the question of the massacre and share the suffering resulting from it in order to deepen both understanding of its real causes and its possible psychological consequences and to avoid it being seen as a normal phenomenon. The analysis of the data revealed the existence of mechanisms, affects and psycho-social reactions already studied by Riquelme (1993) and Martín-Baró (2000) among others, and which we have termed psycho-social trauma . In addition to this the workers were encouraged to give think carefully about the question of the seizure and occupation of land and the lack of social justice that makes them vulnerable to processes of re-traumatization. It was held that suffering and traumatization do not heal themselves or simply fade away with the passage of time. In order to break the cycle of repetition they have to be reworked. It is our opinion that Psychology can intervene in a therapeutic community by producing deep analysis with the aim of raising consciousness about the event and its consequences. The aim of the intervention was to ensure that the landless workers understood that the violent process which produced the massacre goes beyond the event itself and forms part of the historical process leading to the emergence of the Brazilian people, a process stained by innumerable forms of violence against workers. Faced with an official policy of silence, we have to develop actions to publicize the narratives, memories and diverse expressions (subjectivisations) which can be used to break through the curtain of silence and trivialization of this chain of historical violence in our country. Reversing the effects of psycho-social trauma thus means producing reflective consciousness and intensifying action / O objetivo desta Tese é apresentar uma pesquisa-intervenção realizada no acampamento Terra Prometida, em Felisburgo/MG, onde ocorreu um massacre contra trabalhadores rurais sem terra, em 2004, e que ficou conhecido como o Massacre de Felisburgo . Para tanto, apresenta o contexto do massacre, na perspectiva de reconstrução da memória histórica, relacionando-o com o contexto mais amplo de luta pela terra no Brasil; realiza uma discussão partindo dos estudos e intervenções psicossociais em casos de violência extrema e os relaciona à política de produção de afetos, a partir do conceito de sofrimento ético-político cunhado por Sawaia que, resgatando obras de Vigotski e Espinosa analisa a dimensão política dos afetos. Assim, utilizamos as contribuições de autores que compartilham de uma visão sócio-histórica, para compreender a composição dos afetos que configuram o trauma psicossocial. A metodologia é baseada nos pressupostos da Psicologia sócio-histórica e da Libertação. Pudemos verificar que, do ponto de vista dos trabalhadores, é fundamental tematizar o massacre e compartilhar o sofrimento decorrente, para fortalecer a compreensão das verdadeiras causas do acontecimento, ampliando a compreensão sobre as possíveis consequências psicológicas produzidas, evitando sua banalização. A análise dos dados revela mecanismos, sentimentos e reações psicossociais já estudados por Riquelme (1993) e Martín Baró (2000), entre outros autores, e que estamos denominando como trauma psicossocial. Os trabalhadores refletem sobre a questão da ocupação de terras e a falta de justiça que os tornam vulneráveis a processos de re-traumatização. Consideramos que o sofrimento e a traumatização não se curam ou se esvaecem com o tempo, mas são reproduzidos subjetiva e objetivamente e, no caso desta pesquisa, pela impunidade dos executores. Para que se interrompa o ciclo de repetição, eles têm de ser rememorados coletivamente, para substituir emoções tristes por emoções potentes é preciso que seja cumprida a justiça e rememorado afetiva e publicamente o acontecimento. Compreendemos que a Psicologia pode intervir em uma terapêutica comunitária a partir da produção de reflexões sobre os afetos, ou seja, sobre a forma como o corpo e a mente foram afetados pelo trauma, permitindo que os trabalhadores compreendam que o processo histórico de produção de violência ultrapassa a experiência específica ocorrida ali. O silêncio faz parte do processo de re-traumatização, vivido como medo, humilhação e culpa. Frente ao silenciamento, temos de publicizar produções de narrativas, memórias e expressões diversas (subjetivações) a partir das quais seja possível a ruptura da banalização dessas violências históricas em nosso País. Desse modo, reverter o trauma psicossocial significa tornar o sofrimento dizível e reflexivo coletivamente para aumentar a potência de pensar da consciência e de agir do corpo, individual e coletivo, mas também lutar socialmente contra a impunidade e a violência no campo, que constituem um dos pilares da traumatização sequencial e da re-traumatização. Teoricamente, a Tese concorda com Baró de que os traumas psíquicos não são imprevisíveis e de caráter individual, mas psicossociais e sequenciais. Nossos dados demonstram que se trata de processos de re-traumatização, não só por conta da memória e da cristalização de sentimentos, mas pela perpetuação social da violência

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadir Lara Junior.pdf: 792434 bytes, checksum: 53624ee9d9bad03eef82c145f9e3fd0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aims to notice if it s possible to understand the mística of The Rural Workers without Land Movement (MST) from of the four discourses proposed by Lacan. The second aim is to analyse if the different discursive possibilities can be established in the mística and that different consequences have to the subjects that participate of this collective action. We divided our work in two parts, such as: First, is about the structuring of the MST like a social movement. For this reason, we analysed the historical context of your appearance and also the main theological and political approaches that influenced in this structuring. We discussed still if all theology takes the subject one to alienation or not. We also describe as the mística of the MST was structured and as it happens in the movement. The second part aims to analyse the "mística" of the MST to start the lacanian theory, giving distinction to the theory of four discourses. In this part of the research, we will see like how the four discourses act in this collective action and how, specially, the politics of these discourses calls the subjects that participate of the "mística". We note in this doctorate thesis that the "mística" can be understood like a space for constitution of social bond and also a strategy of constitution of the discursive field of the politics. All the discursive contents produced in this collective action make possible to the subject to position himself inside four discourses / O presente trabalho visa perceber se é possível entender a mística do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) a partir dos quatro discursos (mestre, universitário, histérica e analista) propostos por Lacan. O segundo objetivo é analisar se as diversas possibilidades discursivas podem ser estabelecidas na mística e que diferentes consequências têm para os sujeitos que participam dessa ação coletiva. Dividimos nosso trabalho em duas partes, a saber: A primeira se refere a estruturação do MST como movimento social. Para isso analisamos o contexto histórico de seu surgimento, assim como as principais correntes teológicas e políticas que influenciaram essa estruturação. Discutimos ainda se toda teologia leva o sujeito a alienação ou não. Também descrevemos como se estruturou a mística do MST e como ela acontece no movimento. A segunda parte visa analisar a mística do MST a partir da teoria lacaniana, dando destaque à teoria dos quatro discursos. Nesse instante da pesquisa, veremos como os quatro discursos atuam nessa ação coletiva e como, especialmente, a política desses discursos convoca os sujeitos que participam da mística. Constatamos nessa tese que a mística pode ser entendida como um espaço para constituição de laço social e também uma estratégia de constituição do campo discursivo da política. Todos os conteúdos discursivos produzidos nessa ação coletiva possibilitam a esse sujeito se posicionar dentro dos quatro discursos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Alves Bezerra.pdf: 2717117 bytes, checksum: 68c325a6fae675e5f246555bebf767da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work analyses the material produced and published by the Jornal dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Landless Rural Workers Newspaper) during the period from 1981 to 2001, and unveils the historical and political trajectory of the MST (Movimento Sem Terra Landless Workers' Movement), as well as of its leaders hereby personified by the figure of the rural landless worker, in that their experiences are narrated not as victims, but as historic figures devoted to the fight against the social exclusion process to which they were historically submitted to, with the land reform constituting their main claim. The survey carried out reveals that the JST (Landless Workers Newspaper) has during its trajectory registered intervention initiatives by the movement, as well as the participation of other entities and solidarity institutions offering support in order to collaborate with the multiple needs of the rural landless workers: the land reform and social justice in rural areas. In this regard, the survey took on the challenge of giving visibility to the articles published by the JST, not just because it would publish movement records, but to fulfill the desire to recover and historicize its actions, practices, discourses and its representations faced with landless workers aspirations. The following narrative is based on the interpretation and analysis of an extensive bibliography contemplating themes related to the land issue, political disputes involving the rural workers articulated by the Landless Workers Movement and by non-governmental organizations that took part in the project defended by this movement. Faced with this challenge, the research took a timeframe of approximately twenty years of JST publications and gave preference to the interpretation and analysis of editorials, interviews with movement leaders and articles of opinion written by politicians, catholic intellectuals and leftist academics, as well as the analysis of news and images published by the newspaper. For such, material that was selected and published by the CPT (Comissão Pastoral da Terra Pastoral Land Commission) was used in order to understand the relationship between newspaper s discourse and the information provided by the Cadernos Conflitos no Campo (Field Conflict Notebooks) published by this entity, particularly those regarding rural violence data. The research entitled O Jornal dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra e Seus Temas (The Landless Rural Workers Newspaper and its Themes 1981-2001) contributes towards understanding the stages of operation of the landless workers newspaper, uncovering its interfaces, objectives, language, its political opposition and its reading public. It also reveals the location and circulation numbers. This is information that provides the construction of a narrative in order to assure that it is understood not only as an object of communication for rural workers, but above all, as a subject of struggle and a briefer for the land reform project and social justice in rural areas and cities defended by the MST / O presente trabalho estuda os materiais produzidos e veiculados pelo Jornal dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra no período de 1981 a 2001, desvelando a trajetória histórica e política do MST assim como de suas lideranças, aqui personificadas na figura dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra, sendo suas experiências narradas não como vítimas, mas como sujeitos históricos imbricados na luta contra o processo de exclusão social ao qual foram submetidos historicamente, constituindo-se a reforma agrária na principal bandeira de reivindicação. A pesquisa desenvolvida revela que o JST registrou ao longo de sua trajetória as ações de intervenção do Movimento assim como a participação de outras entidades e instituições solidárias a ele, prestando-lhe apoio no sentido de colaborar com as múltiplas necessidades dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra: a reforma agrária e a justiça social no campo. Nesse aspecto, a pesquisa enfrentou o desafio de dar visibilidade aos materiais publicados pelo JST não somente em razão deste veicular os registros do Movimento, mas pelo desejo de recuperar e historicizar suas ações, suas práticas, seus discursos e suas representações frente aos anseios dos trabalhadores sem terra. A narrativa que se segue pauta-se pela interpretação e análise de uma extensa bibliografia contemplando temas correlatos à questão da terra, aos embates políticos envolvendo os trabalhadores rurais articulados pelo MST e por organizações não governamentais que compartilhavam do projeto defendido por este Movimento. Em face dessa problemática, a pesquisa tomou como recorte temporal o estudo de aproximadamente vinte anos de publicação do JST, priorizando a interpretação e análise de seus editoriais, entrevistas com lideranças do Movimento e artigos de opinião escritos por políticos, intelectuais católicos e acadêmicos de tendência de esquerda, assim como a análise de notícias e imagens veiculadas pelo mesmo jornal. Para tanto, utilizou-se os materiais apurados e divulgados pela Comissão Pastoral da Terra CPT, no sentido de compreender a relação do discurso do Jornal com as informações trazidas pelos Cadernos Conflitos no Campo, publicados por essa entidade, particularmente aquelas condizentes aos dados de violência no campo. A pesquisa intitulada O Jornal dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra e Seus Temas: 1981-2001 contribui para a compreensão das etapas de atuação do periódico dos trabalhadores sem terra, descortinando suas interfaces, seus objetivos, sua linguagem, suas posições políticas, seu público leitor. Traz a tona ainda o seu local de circulação e sua tiragem, informações estas que proporcionaram a construção de uma narrativa em que se assegura a possibilidade do Jornal dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra ser compreendido não somente como objeto de comunicação dos trabalhadores rurais mas, sobretudo, como sujeito de luta e porta-voz do projeto de reforma agrária e justiça social para o campo e cidade defendido pelo MST

Orientador: Olinda Maria Noronha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-07T16:53:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_FabianadeCassia_D.pdf: 6136912 bytes, checksum: 51fb4537c7a1136f4e47dd24cbb78a0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese examina a formação política no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST). O objetivo foi identificar a compreensão sobre a reforma agrária difundida no Movimento nos anos de 1980. Parte-se da hipótese de que o MST nasceu em meio a um reflorescer das lutas contra a ditadura e sua economia política, a partir de um entendimento teórico da realidade brasileira vinculado ao Programa Democrático e Popular, formulado pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). O papel atribuído à reforma agrária neste Programa teve papel fundamental no horizonte das lutas do MST. Neste contexto, a formação política orientou-se por elucidar as possibilidades imediatas de conquista da terra, amparando-se no Estatuto da Terra de 1964. O capítulo I apresenta os fundamentos teóricos marxistas e históricos que sustentam nossa interpretação sobre a questão agrária no Brasil. O capítulo II aborda a política agrária da ditadura de 1964 e os seus resultados para o crescimento dos conflitos no campo em todo o país, contexto que enseja a criação do MST. O terceiro capítulo examina a formação política como um dos âmbitos da educação, realizando uma análise crítica deste tema na pedagogia do Movimento. No quarto capítulo são enfocadas as influências advindas do PT e da CPT na formulação dos argumentos em torno da defesa da Reforma Agrária, bem como é analisada a participação do MST em dois momentos que aqueceram o debate sobre a reforma agrária nesta década: o I PNRA (Plano Nacional de Reforma Agrária) e a Nacional Constituinte. / Abstract: This thesis analyzes the political formation of the Landless Workers Movement (MST). The main objective was to identify how this group comprehended the agrarian reform concept spread in the 80s. It starts from the hypothesis that the MST was born in the middle of an anti-dictatorship struggle and its political economy, from a theoretical understanding of the Brazilian reality linked to the Democratic and Popular Program, designed by the Workers Party (PT). The agrarian reform role in this program was fundamental in the MST fights history. In this context, the political formation was oriented to enlighten the immediate possibilities to conquer land, based on the Land Statute of 1964. Chapter I presents the Marxist theoretical and historical foundations to sustain our interpretation of the Brazil agrarian issue. Chapter II deals with the 1964 dictatorship agrarian polices and its consequences to the aggravation of the struggle across the whole country, in which context MST was born. The third chapter examines the political formation as part of education by performing a severe analysis of this theme in the MST pedagogy. In the fourth chapter, the focus is the influences coming from the Workers Party and the CPT (Church Land Commission) in the arguments around the defense of the Agrarian Reform. In addition, it analyses the MST participation in two strategic moments of the Agrarian Reform debate, the I PNRA (National Plan of Agrarian Reform) and the National Constituent. / Doutorado / Filosofia e História da Educação / Doutora em Educação

A presente pesquisa refere-se ao processo de escolarização de crianças e jovens do assentamento Pirituba II, localizado nos municípios de Itapeva e Itaberá, região sudoeste paulista. Trata-se de um Projeto de Assentamento Rural (PA) que está sob a responsabilidade da Fundação Itesp, sendo resultado das ocupações de terras realizadas por famílias camponesas nos anos de 1980, as quais se organizaram em entidades sindicais, pastorais e no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST.) A educação básica tornou-se uma realidade no lugar, devido às lutas por direitos, organizadas, sobretudo, pelo MST. Desde as primeiras ocupações na Fazenda Pirituba, as famílias desenvolveram lutas pelo acesso à cultura letrada para as novas gerações do assentamento. No total são cinco escolas públicas que atendem os filhos dos camponeses assentados. Adentramos nessas escolas para analisar a natureza do projeto político-pedagógico das mesmas, com a pretensão de verificar se ocorreram práticas dialógicas entre educadores, educandos e famílias que participam do MST. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de observação/participante. Tais procedimentos metodológicos, alinhados aos referenciais teóricos deste trabalho, possibilitaram-nos apresentar reflexões acerca dos encontros e desencontros entre a ação político-pedagógica de educadores e assentados. Palavras Chaves: Educação Escolar/ Assentamento Rural/ MST./Projetos pedagógicos/ Educação Libertadora / This present research refers to the process of scholarization of children and youths from the settlement Pirituba II, placed in the cities of Itapeva and Itaberá, on the southwest of São Paulo The work is about a Project of Rural Settlement (PRS) wich is under the responsibility of Fundação Itesp. The project is a result from the occupation of earth made by peasant families during the 80´s and these families had organized themselves as trades, pastorals and on Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra (MST) - Movement of Rural Workers Earthless.The basic education became a reality in this place, because of the fights for rights organized, specially, by MST. Since the first occupations of the Pirituba Farm, the families developed fights for having access to written word culture for the new generations of the settlement.We went to these schools to analyse the nature of the political-pedagogic project of them, intending to verify if there were dialogical practices between the educators, the students and the families that were part of MST. This is a qualitative research of observation and participation. The methodological procedures, together with the teories about this subject, allow us to think about the approaches and the distances between the political-pedagogic activities of the educators and the settlers.

<p>This PhD thesis deals with phenomena which are closely related to the unique thermal structure of the polar summer mesosphere, namely Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE). PMSE are strong radar echoes commonly observed by VHF MST radars from thin layers in the 80-90 km altitude interval at high latitudes during summer. They follow a seasonal pattern of abrupt appearance in late May and a gradual disappearance in mid-August. This period corresponds roughly to the time between the completion of the summer time cooling of the polar mesopause to the time of reversal of the mesospheric circulation to autumn condition. In this connection, PMSE are associated with the extremely low temperatures, i.e. below 140 K, which are unique to the polar summer mesopause. Traditional theories of radar (partial) reflection and scattering have been unable to explain the PMSE and the exact mechanism for their occurrence remains unclear despite the steadily increasing interest in them over the past 20 years. Currently accepted theories regarding the mechanism giving rise to PMSE agree that one of the conditions needed for enhanced radar echoes is the presence of low-mobility charge carries such as large cluster ions and ice aerosols which capture the ambient electrons. It has been established that the PMSE are in some way associated with noctilucent clouds (NLC), layers of ice crystals, which constitute the highest observed clouds in the earth’s atmosphere. PMSE occurrence and dynamics are also found to be closely connected with the planetary and gravity waves.</p><p>Observations of PMSE presented in this thesis have been carried out by the Esrange MST radar (ESRAD) located at Esrange (67°56’N, 21°04’E) just outside Kiruna in northernmost Sweden. The radar operates at 52 MHz with 72 kW peak power and a maximum duty cycle of 5%. The antenna consists of 12x12 array of 5-element Yagis with a 0.7l spacing. During the PMSE measurements the radar used a 16-bit complementary code having a baud length of 1mS. This corresponds to height resolution of 150 m. The sampling frequency was set at 1450 Hz. The covered height range was 80-90 km. The presence of PMSE was determined on the basis of the radar SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). The PMSE measurements have been made during May-August each year since 1997.</p><p>PMSE seasonal and diurnal occurrence rates as well as dynamics have been studied in connection with tidal winds, planetary waves, temperature and water vapor content in the mesosphere (Papers I, IV and VI). Simultaneous and common-volume observations of PMSE and noctilucent clouds have been performed by radar, lidar and CCD camera (Paper V). Correlation between variations in PMSE and variations in extra ionization added by precipitating energetic electrons or high-energy particles from the Sun has been examined (Papers II and III). Possible influence of transport effects due to the electric field on PMSE appearance has been studied during a solar proton event (Paper III).</p>

This PhD thesis deals with phenomena which are closely related to the unique thermal structure of the polar summer mesosphere, namely Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE). PMSE are strong radar echoes commonly observed by VHF MST radars from thin layers in the 80-90 km altitude interval at high latitudes during summer. They follow a seasonal pattern of abrupt appearance in late May and a gradual disappearance in mid-August. This period corresponds roughly to the time between the completion of the summer time cooling of the polar mesopause to the time of reversal of the mesospheric circulation to autumn condition. In this connection, PMSE are associated with the extremely low temperatures, i.e. below 140 K, which are unique to the polar summer mesopause. Traditional theories of radar (partial) reflection and scattering have been unable to explain the PMSE and the exact mechanism for their occurrence remains unclear despite the steadily increasing interest in them over the past 20 years. Currently accepted theories regarding the mechanism giving rise to PMSE agree that one of the conditions needed for enhanced radar echoes is the presence of low-mobility charge carries such as large cluster ions and ice aerosols which capture the ambient electrons. It has been established that the PMSE are in some way associated with noctilucent clouds (NLC), layers of ice crystals, which constitute the highest observed clouds in the earth’s atmosphere. PMSE occurrence and dynamics are also found to be closely connected with the planetary and gravity waves. Observations of PMSE presented in this thesis have been carried out by the Esrange MST radar (ESRAD) located at Esrange (67°56’N, 21°04’E) just outside Kiruna in northernmost Sweden. The radar operates at 52 MHz with 72 kW peak power and a maximum duty cycle of 5%. The antenna consists of 12x12 array of 5-element Yagis with a 0.7l spacing. During the PMSE measurements the radar used a 16-bit complementary code having a baud length of 1mS. This corresponds to height resolution of 150 m. The sampling frequency was set at 1450 Hz. The covered height range was 80-90 km. The presence of PMSE was determined on the basis of the radar SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). The PMSE measurements have been made during May-August each year since 1997. PMSE seasonal and diurnal occurrence rates as well as dynamics have been studied in connection with tidal winds, planetary waves, temperature and water vapor content in the mesosphere (Papers I, IV and VI). Simultaneous and common-volume observations of PMSE and noctilucent clouds have been performed by radar, lidar and CCD camera (Paper V). Correlation between variations in PMSE and variations in extra ionization added by precipitating energetic electrons or high-energy particles from the Sun has been examined (Papers II and III). Possible influence of transport effects due to the electric field on PMSE appearance has been studied during a solar proton event (Paper III).

El treball es centra en l’estudi de la nova forma d’organització interna amb que s’ha dotat el Moviment dels Treballadors Rurals Sense Terra - MST, representada en el territori per les conegudes com a ‘brigades’; en concret es tracta del cas de la Brigada Salvador Allende, que té el seu radi d’actuació en la Regió Nord-oest de l’estat meridional de Paraná. Els treballs de camp en assentaments i campaments, ens han permès dimensionar de quina manera la nova forma d’organització ha suposat un increment en el grau d’implicació i de participació de les famílies Sense Terra, i com d’aquest fet se’n deriva un augment significatiu en el grau de qualificació dels processos antagonistes que el MST protagonitza contra l’avanç del projecte capitalista per a l’agricultura brasilera. Ambdós models entren en conflicte al intentar implementar, en uns mateixos territoris, els respectius projectes de societat; ja sigui per continuar dedicant grans extensions de terra a la ramaderia bovina i al cultiu de canya de sucre o per reconvertir-les en petites explotacions familiars on es produeix aliments saludables. / El trabajo se centra en estudio de la nueva forma de organización interna con que se ha dotado el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra - MST, representada en el territorio por las conocidas como ‘brigadas’; en concreto se trata del caso de la Brigada Salvador Allende, que tiene su rayo de actuación en la Región Noroeste del estado meridional de Paraná. Los trabajos de campo en asentamientos y campamentos, nos han permitido dimensionar de que manera la nueva forma de organización ha supuesto un incremento en el grado de implicación y de participación de las familias Sin Tierra, y como de este hecho se deriva un aumento significativo en el grado de cualificación de los procesos antagonistas que el MST protagoniza contra el avance del proyecto capitalista para la agricultura brasileña. Los dos modelos entran en conflicto al intentar implementar, en unos mismos territorios, los respectivos proyectos de sociedad; ya sea para continuar dedicando grandes extensiones de tierra a la pecuaria bovina y al cultivo de caña de azúcar o para reconvertirlos en pequeñas explotaciones familiares donde se producen alimentos saludables. / The work focuses on studying the new form of internal organization that the Movement of Landless Rural Workers – MST has adopted, that is represented in the territory by what is known as the 'brigades', in particular, the case of the Brigade Salvador Allende, which has its strongest performance in the Northwest Region of the southern state of Parana. The field work in settlements and camps, has allowed us to dimensionate which is the new form of organization has led in to an increase in the degree of involvement and participation of landless families, and as of this fact results in a significant increase in the degree of qualification of the adversarial process that the MST stars against the advance of the capitalist project for Brazilian agriculture. The two models are in conflict cause they are trying to implement, in the same territories, the respective projects of society, either to continue to devote large tracts of land to livestock cattle and the cultivation of sugar cane or converting them into small family farms where they produce healthy food.

The quantitative analysis of decomposed electromyographic (EMG) signals reveals information for diagnosing and characterizing neuromuscular disorders. Neuromuscular jitter is an important measure that reflects the stability of the operation of a neuromuscular junction. It is conventionally measured using single fiber electromyographic (SFEMG) techniques. SFEMG techniques require substantial physician dexterity and subject cooperation. Furthermore, SFEMG needles are expensive, and their re-use increases the risk of possible transmission of infectious agents. Using disposable concentric needle (CN) electrodes and automating the measurment of neuromuscular jitter would greatly facilitate the study of neuromuscular disorders. An improved automated jitter measurment system based on the decomposition of CN detected EMG signals is developed and evaluated in this thesis. Neuromuscular jitter is defined as the variability of time intervals between two muscle fiber potentials (MFPs). Given the candidate motor unit potentials (MUPs) of a decomposed EMG signal, which is represented by a motor unit potential train (MUPT), the automated jitter measurement system designed in this thesis can be summarized as a three-step procedure: 1) identify isolated motor unit potentials in a MUPT, 2) detect the significant MFPs of each isolated MUP, 3) track significant MFPs generated by the same muscle fiber across all isolated MUPs, select typical MFP pairs, and calculate jitter. In Step one, a minimal spanning tree-based 2-phase clustering algorithm was developed for identifying isolated MUPs in a train. For the second step, a pattern recognition system was designed to classify detected MFP peaks. At last, the neuromuscular jitter is calculated based on the tracked and selected MFP pairs in the third step. These three steps were simulated and evaluated using synthetic EMG signals independently, and the whole system is preliminary implemented and evaluated using a small simulated data base. Compared to previous work in this area, the algorithms in this thesis showed better performance and great robustness across a variety of EMG signals, so that they can be applied widely to similar scenarios. The whole system developed in this thesis can be implemented in a large EMG signal decomposition system and validated using real data.

The quantitative analysis of decomposed electromyographic (EMG) signals reveals information for diagnosing and characterizing neuromuscular disorders. Neuromuscular jitter is an important measure that reflects the stability of the operation of a neuromuscular junction. It is conventionally measured using single fiber electromyographic (SFEMG) techniques. SFEMG techniques require substantial physician dexterity and subject cooperation. Furthermore, SFEMG needles are expensive, and their re-use increases the risk of possible transmission of infectious agents. Using disposable concentric needle (CN) electrodes and automating the measurment of neuromuscular jitter would greatly facilitate the study of neuromuscular disorders. An improved automated jitter measurment system based on the decomposition of CN detected EMG signals is developed and evaluated in this thesis. Neuromuscular jitter is defined as the variability of time intervals between two muscle fiber potentials (MFPs). Given the candidate motor unit potentials (MUPs) of a decomposed EMG signal, which is represented by a motor unit potential train (MUPT), the automated jitter measurement system designed in this thesis can be summarized as a three-step procedure: 1) identify isolated motor unit potentials in a MUPT, 2) detect the significant MFPs of each isolated MUP, 3) track significant MFPs generated by the same muscle fiber across all isolated MUPs, select typical MFP pairs, and calculate jitter. In Step one, a minimal spanning tree-based 2-phase clustering algorithm was developed for identifying isolated MUPs in a train. For the second step, a pattern recognition system was designed to classify detected MFP peaks. At last, the neuromuscular jitter is calculated based on the tracked and selected MFP pairs in the third step. These three steps were simulated and evaluated using synthetic EMG signals independently, and the whole system is preliminary implemented and evaluated using a small simulated data base. Compared to previous work in this area, the algorithms in this thesis showed better performance and great robustness across a variety of EMG signals, so that they can be applied widely to similar scenarios. The whole system developed in this thesis can be implemented in a large EMG signal decomposition system and validated using real data.