The topic of this dissertation is the anatomical, psychological, and cultural examination of a human face in order to effectively construct an anatomy-driven 3D virtual face customization and action model. In order to gain a broad perspective of all aspects of a face, theories and methodology from the fields of art, engineering, anatomy, psychology, and cultural studies have been analyzed and implemented. The computer generated facial customization and action model were designed based on the collected data. Using this customization system, culturally-specific attractive face in Korean popular culture, “kot-mi-nam (flower-like beautiful guy),” was modeled and analyzed as a case study. The “kot-mi-nam” phenomenon is overviewed in textual, visual, and contextual aspects, which reveals the gender- and sexuality-fluidity of its masculinity. The analysis and the actual development of the model organically co-construct each other requiring an interwoven process. Chapter 1 introduces anatomical studies of a human face, psychological theories of face recognition and an attractive face, and state-of-the-art face construction projects in the various fields. Chapter 2 and 3 present the Bezier curve-based 3D facial customization (BCFC) and Multi-layered Facial Action Model (MFAF) based on the analysis of human anatomy, to achieve a cost-effective yet realistic quality of facial animation without using 3D scanned data. In the experiments, results for the facial customization for gender, race, fat, and age showed that BCFC achieved enhanced performance of 25.20% compared to existing program Facegen , and 44.12% compared to Facial Studio. The experimental results also proved the realistic quality and effectiveness of MFAM compared with blend shape technique by enhancing 2.87% and 0.03% of facial area for happiness and anger expressions per second, respectively. In Chapter 4, according to the analysis based on BCFC, the 3D face of an average kot-mi-nam is close to gender neutral (male: 50.38%, female: 49.62%), and Caucasian (66.42-66.40%). Culturally-specific images can be misinterpreted in different cultures, due to their different languages, histories, and contexts. This research demonstrates that facial images can be affected by the cultural tastes of the makers and can also be interpreted differently by viewers in different cultures.

[pt] Neste trabalho, o comportamento tridimensional de tubos multicamadas com escorregamento entre camadas, sob grandes deslocamentos, para aplicação em análise global de risers e dutos é avaliado. Foi desenvolvido um novo elemento finito, considerando o modelo de viga de Timoshenko em cada camada. O elemento contempla os graus de liberdade axial, flexional e torcional, todos variando ao longo do elemento de acordo com as funções de interpolação de Hermite: carregamentos axial e torcional constantes e momentos fletores lineares. As deformações de cisalhamento também foram consideradas na formulação do elemento através de graus de liberdades generalizados, constantes ao longo do elemento. A formulação também considera modelos de contato não-lineares para representar várias possibilidades de atrito entre camadas, através da representação apropriada da relação constitutiva para as tensões de cisalhamento no material adesivo. O trabalho também apresenta os carregamentos hidrostáticos e hidrodinâmicos devidos aos fluidos interno e externo, atuando nos graus de liberdade das respectivas camadas. As forças de arrasto e de inércia devidas ao fluido externo foram calculadas através da fórmula de Morison. As matrizes de massa e amortecimento, associadas a cada camada do elemento, são obtidas através da consideração das respectivas contribuições na expressão do trabalho virtual desenvolvido pelo carregamento externo. O elemento finito desenvolvido permite a representação numérica de risers com camadas aderentes ou não aderentes, incluindo os efeitos de pequenos deslocamentos entre camadas. O problema de interação solo-estrutura também é tratado neste trabalho, sendo que dois modelos de contato entre o solo e o duto são propostos. A formulação do elemento e o seu desempenho numérico são avaliados através de alguns exemplos de aplicação e os resultados são comparados com outros resultados numéricos ou analíticos disponíveis na literatura. Os resultados mostram que o novo elemento é uma solução simples, robusta e confiável para análise de tubos em multicamadas. / [en] This work addresses the behavior of three-dimensional multilayered pipe beams with interlayer slip condition, under general three-dimensional large displacements, in global riser and pipeline analysis. A new finite element model, considering the Timoshenko beam for each element layer, has been formulated and implemented. It comprises axial, bending and torsional degrees-of-freedom, all varying along the element length according to discretization using Hermitian functions: constant axial and torsional loadings, and linear bending moments. Transverse shear strains due to bending are also considered in the formulation by including two generalized constant degrees-of-freedom. To represent various friction conditions between the element layers, nonlinear contact models are considered. These conditions are accounted in the model through a proper representation of the constitutive relation for the shear stresses behavior in the binding material. Derivations of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loadings due to internal and external fluid acting on respective element layers are presented. The drag and inertia forces due to external fluid are calculated by using the Morison equation. Mass and damping matrices, associated to each element layer, are properly derived by adding their respective contributions to the expression of the virtual work due to external loading. The FE implementation allows for the numerical representation of either bonded or unbonded multilayered risers, including small slip effects between layers. Effects of the pipe-soil interaction are also addressed in this work with two contact models considering either no or full interaction between friction forces in longitudinal and lateral directions, respectively. The element formulation and its numerical capabilities are evaluated by some numerical testing, which are compared to other numerical or analytical solutions available in the literature. These tests results show that the proposed element provides a simple yet robust and reliable tool for general multilayered piping analyses.

In Turkey, the majority of the historic city centres have been continuously occupied since early ages onwards and where still occupation exists. The multi-layered structure of historic centres both can indicate the historical continuity of cities and enhance urban consciousness, if urban archaeological resources are handled effectively into planning process. However, the recent policies and strategies don&amp / #8217 / t allow the handling of urban archaeological resources, especially invisible sub-soil resources, into planning and decision-making process. In this thesis, it is aimed to formulate a basic methodological framework for the handling of urban archaeological resources into planning process of historic city centres in Turkey. Therefore, the study is handled in two parts / a conceptual methodological framework part and an exploratory case study.In the conceptual part, a basic equation is studied to research the factors on the conservation and evaluation of real urban archaeological potential. Then, the methodological framework is examined in detail in izmir Historic City Centre that has been inhabited since 324 B.C. Consequently, the terms of equi-property areas, which are used to define ideal potential of archaeological resources, and urban archaeological character zones, which are described as the basic units of planning and conservation policies, are developed to determine exact management strategies for urban archaeological resources.

La compréhension et l’amélioration de l’environnement vibratoire des charges utiles demande la mise au point de démarches prédictives maîtrisées qui permettent de comprendre les phénomènes de transmission des ondes de chocs d’origine pyrotechnique dans le lanceur Ariane5. Plus particulièrement, la maîtrise du comportement transitoire des coques sandwichs en nid d’abeilles, principaux constituants de l’Adaptateur de Charges Utiles – structure porteuse des satellites, est nécessaire pour prédire les vibrations au pied des équipements électroniques des satellites et des lanceurs. Cette problématique présente un caractère multi-échelle tant d’un point de vue temporel (charge mobile supersonique, temps d’analyse) que spatial (dimensions des structures du lanceur, taille des cellules en nid d’abeilles, longueurs d’ondes liées aux hautes fréquences). Celui-ci a été traité dans cette thèse en s’appuyant d’une part, sur une qualification à la fois analytique et numérique des modèles classiques homogénéisés des plaques sandwichs en nid d’abeilles pour la gamme de fréquence mise en jeu et d’autre part, sur une application des stratégies de remaillage adaptatif pour la propagation des ondes développées dans le cadre de la méthode de Galerkin espace-temps discontinue en temps. Deux catégories de modèles de plaques épaisses ont été ainsi construites dans le but d’enrichir la cinématique classique de plaques épaisses de Mindlin-Reissner qui s’est avérée être insuffisante pour correctement représenter le comportement dynamique hors-plan des plaques sandwich en nid d’abeilles. Ainsi ont été analysés les modèles dits monocouches basés sur un enrichissement de la cinématique par ajout de degrés de liberté dans l’épaisseur, et les modèles multicouches composés d’une superposition de trois plaques avec une homogénéisation séparée des matériaux. Il a été montré que ces deux sortes de modèles améliorent la description des phénomènes de hautes fréquences, notamment ceux de flexion et de cisaillement transverse qui sont plus délicats à retranscrire. Toutes les études numériques ont été effectuées avec un code éléments finis qui emploie des solveurs adaptatifs dynamiques basés sur la méthode de Galerkin espace-temps discontinue en temps. Cette méthode d’intégration en temps introduit un amortissement numérique dépendant du pas de temps et qui peut interférer avec un amortissement physique susceptible d’être introduit dans un modèle numérique et conduire au final à un amortissement total différent de celui qui est attendu. Cette interaction a été analysée et mise en évidence dans ce travail à travers l’introduction de l’amortissement de Rayleigh dans les modèles de propagation de chocs. Les outils et les modèles de propagation ainsi développés ont été validés sur plusieurs structures académiques et industrielles. Des comparaisons avec des données expérimentales sur des structures industrielles de grande taille, plus particulièrement sur un Adaptateur de Charges Utiles d’Ariane5, sont effectuées et soulignent la cohérence de notre approche ainsi que la fiabilité et l’efficacité des modèles de propagation proposés. / Reliable and efficient numerical models for the pyrotechnic shock wave propagation in structures of the Ariane5 launcher are necessary for a good understanding and a predictive analysis of the payload vibration environment. More precisely, the correct modeling of the dynamic behaviour of the honeycomb sandwich shells, the main material composing the payload adaptor, is essential to control the vibration environment of the payload and the embarked electronic equipments and so to prevent them from damages caused by the shock wave propagation. The topic is obviously a multi-scale problem from both temporal and spatial points of view : short time intervals imposed by supersonic moving loads vs. large total time interval that the slowest waves need to travel throughout the adaptor ; very short wavelengths of high frequency waves, and very small size of the honeycomb cells vs. large structure dimensions. To take into account all involved space-time scales in a reliable and efficient way, the herein study is based both on the analytical and numerical qualification of the classical homogenized models of honeycomb sandwich shells for the frequency range introduced by the pyrotechnic shock wave, and on a dynamic solver based on the well-known space-time discontinuous Galerkin method, allowing the use of adaptive remeshes for the wave propagation. The classical Mindlin-Reissner’s kinematics of thick plates being inefficient to correctly represent the dynamic out-of-plane behaviour of the honeycomb sandwich plates, two kinds of its enrichment are considered : One-layered models based on an enrichment of the kinematics by adding degrees of freedom in the thickness, and multi-layered models composed of a superposition of three plates with separated material homogenisations. It has been shown theoretically and numerically that, both types of enrichment allow more precise descriptions of flexure and transverse shear modes in the high frequency range. However, the multi-layered models give much more promising results, as the important role played by the honeycomb core for the transverse shear behaviour of the whole sandwich is not “smeared” in a one-layered homogenized model. All the numerical studies were conducted with a finite element code which uses a dynamic solverbased on the time discontinuous space-time Galerkin method. The built-in numerical damping of this solver can interfere with a physical damping potentially introduced by the numerical model and results in a global damping totally unexpected. This interaction has been analysed and underlined in this work thanks to the introduction of the Rayleigh damping in the shock wave propagation models. Theoretical and numerical tools and propagating models thus developed have been validated on several academic and industrial structures. Comparison with experimental data on large size industrial structures, especially a real size payload adaptor, is performed and emphasizes the coherence of our approach and the reliability and the efficiency of the proposed propagating models.

Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de présenter la conception de tunnels au moyen de la méthode hyperstatique aux coefficients de réaction (HRM). Les modèles développés par la méthode HRM sont tout d'abord proposés pour étudier le comportement de tunnels en forme de fer à cheval inversée dans différentes conditions, par exemple en considérant deux cas de charge, deux géométries différentes de revêtement de tunnel, deux cas de coefficients de réaction différents, changement de la rigidité des coefficients de réaction, conditions de sol multicouches, surcharges en surface et sol saturés. Les modèles présentés permettent d’aboutir à des prévisions qualitatives avec une efficacité de calcul élevée par rapport à la modélisation numérique en différences finies. Une analyse paramétrique est ensuite réalisée pour estimer le comportement du revêtement de tunnel en forme de fer à cheval dans un grand nombre de cas couvrant les conditions généralement rencontrées dans la pratique. Ensuite, en prenant comme exemple un tunnel métropolitain à deux voies, une série de fonctions mathématiques est déduite et utilisée dans le processus d'optimisation d’un tunnel de forme complexe, ce qui offre aux concepteurs de tunnels un support théorique leur permettant de choisir la forme optimale du tunnel à mettre en oeuvre. L’effet de différents paramètres, tels que le coefficient des terres au repos, le module d’Young du sol, la profondeur du tunnel, les surcharges en surface, sur les efforts internes et la forme du tunnel. Dans la dernière partie du manuscrit, l’influence d’un changement de température sur les efforts dans le revêtement d’un tunnel circulaire au moyen de la méthode HRM est étudiée en tenant compte de différents facteurs, tels que l’épaisseur du revêtement de tunnel, le module d’élasticité du revêtement et le coefficient de dilatation thermique du sol. / This research work aims to present the design of tunnel by means of the Hyperstatic Reaction Method (HRM). The models developed by the HRM method are firstly proposed for investigating the behaviour of U-shaped tunnels under different conditions, considering two load cases, two different geometries of U-shaped tunnel lining, two different cases of springs, change of the spring stiffness, multi-layered soil conditions, surcharge loading, and saturated soil masses. The presented models permit to obtain good predictions with a high computational efficiency in comparison to finite difference numerical modelling. Then a parametric analysis has permitted to estimate the U-shaped tunnel lining behaviour in a large number of cases which cover the conditions that are generally encountered in practice. Thereafter, taking a twin-lane metro tunnel as an example, a series of mathematical functions used in the optimization progress of sub-rectangular tunnel shape is deduced, which gives to tunnel designers a theoretical support to choose the optimal sub-rectangular tunnel shape. The effect of different parameters, like the lateral earth pressure factor, soil Young’s modulus, tunnel depth, surface loads, on the internal forces and shape of sub-rectangular tunnel is then given. In the last part of the manuscript, the influence of a temperature change on the lining forces of circular tunnel by means of the HRM method is investigated, considering different factors, such as the tunnel lining thickness, lining elastic modulus and ground coefficient of thermal expansion.

Ce travail a pour objectifs de comprendre et de prédire les gauchissements de plaquettes en silicium durant le procédé de fabrication des composants électroniques de type PTIC. Ces gauchissements sont en partie responsables de plusieurs problèmes de productivité. Cette étude repose sur un couplage entre les calculs analytiques, la modélisation par élément finis et l’expérimentation. La caractérisation mécanique des films minces constituant l’empilement a été effectuée par des techniques spécifiques comme la nanoindentation complétée par des modélisations numériques. Les contraintes intrinsèques dans les films minces ont été déterminées en couplant des mesures de gauchissements des plaquettes et des calculs par éléments finis. Les valeurs du module d’Young et des contraintes intrinsèques obtenues constituent des variables d’entrée pour calculer les gauchissements de la plaquette par des approches analytiques et numériques. La complexité des structures (plaquettes avec des milliers de puces) a nécessité l’utilisation des modèles d’homogénéisation pour estimer numériquement les gauchissements. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de prédire les gauchissements à l’échelle des plaquettes dans le but d’optimiser les conditions de fabrication afin de minimiser les risques d’apparition des problèmes mécaniques. / The aim of this work is to understand and predict the warpage of silicon wafers during the fabrication process of PTIC microelectronic components. The warpages are partially responsible for several productivity problems. This study is done by coupling analytical calculation, finite element modeling and experimentation. The mechanical characterization of thin films constituting the multi-layered stack has been carried out by an experimental method nanoindentation with the help of a finite element model. The intrinsic stress in the thin films has been determined by coupling measurements of the wafer warpage and a finite element model. The obtained Young’s modulus and intrinsic stress are used to feed the database for calculating the wafer warpage by analytical and numerical approaches. The complexity of the structures (thousands of components in the wafer) required the use of homogenized models to calculate the wafer warpage. These results obtained allow the prediction of the wafer-level warpage in order to optimize the fabrication process flow and therefore reduce the risk of the mechanical problem.

Rudyard Kipling is a man of immense diversity. He successfully managed to write for over half a century in a variety of genres: short story, travelogue, ballad, personal narrative, and news reporting, to name only a few. While doing so, Kipling readily interacted with a range of subjects and created a multitude of ideas. Likewise, on a personal level, Kipling led an immensely diverse life. He could easily claim four separate continents as home, living variously in India, the United States, England, and South Africa. By profession he was a writer, but as an observer he was so skilled that he learned by heart a variety of professions ranging from street beggar to statesman. Both before and after his life, this variety and complexity has been a subject of debate. Some ignore it, others focus on a particular side of it, but for all it represents an interesting challenge in both studying and classifying Kipling. This thesis seeks to address that challenge by focusing on how Kipling's varying and competing images and ideas work together to assert Kipling's independence. In doing so, this work will look specifically at how Kipling uses multifaceted techniques in his public speeches. In looking at the speeches, the thesis explores three ways in which multiplicity reinforces independence: the combination of privacy and creation, the refashioning of expert detail and self-image, and the fusion of simplistic structure and subtle complexity.

La caractérisation géochimique et isotopique des eaux souterraines de la « zone minéralisée de l’Entre-Deux-Mers » indique une origine commune de la minéralisation, directement liée à la minéralogie des formations captées par les forages.La géochimie montre que les interactions eau-roche sont majoritairement influencées par la présence d’évaporites, mais que d’autres interactions mettant en jeu des carbonates, des silicates et des argiles existent. Un modèle géochimique d’acquisition de la minéralisation reconstitue parfaitement la chimie des eaux souterraines à l’échelle de la zone d’étude. Ce modèle, construit en se basant sur la géochimie des eaux et sur la minéralogie des formations tertiaires du nord du Bassin aquitain, met à l’équilibre des eaux avec des formations carbonatées et évaporitiques. Afin de mieux comprendre la distribution latérale et verticale des formations tertiaires et leur minéralogie, une approche paléogéographique et sédimentologique a permis de localiser les différents horizons riches en sulfates et/ou en fluorures, mais aussi de comprendre leur origine de dépôt. En se basant sur l’hydrogéologie, la paléogéographie, la minéralogie et la géochimie, des hypothèses de répartition de la minéralisation à l’échelle du forage ont pu être testées. Les résultats de la modélisation couplée hydrodynamique–transport reconstituent la chimie des eaux prélevées par les forages de la « zone minéralisée de l’Entre-Deux-Mers ». Au vu de ces résultats, un modèle avec obturation des horizons riches en sulfates et en fluorures a été testé et les résultats obtenus ouvrent des perspectives pour des futures recherches. Ce travail a donc permis de comprendre l’origine de la minéralisation des eaux de « la zone minéralisée de l’Entre-Deux-Mers », mais aussi de proposer des améliorations et des perspectives pour une meilleure gestion d’une des principales ressources en eau potable de la Gironde. / Geochemical and isotopic characterizations of groundwaters in the "mineralized Entre-Deux-Mers area" indicate a common origin of the mineralization, directly linked to the mineralogy of the formations abstracted by drilling.Geochemistry shows that water-rock interactions are mainly influenced by the presence of evaporites, and that but that other interactions involving carbonates, silicates and clays exist. A geochemical model based on the water geochemistry and mineralogy of the Tertiary formations of northern Aquitaine Basin fix waters in equilibrium with evaporitic and carbonated formations. This model reconstitutes perfectly the groundwaters’ chemistry across the study area and explains the mineralization acquisition. Improving the understanding of the lateral and vertical distribution of tertiary formations and their mineralogy requires a sedimentological and paleogeographical approach. This approach allowed to locate the different layers rich in sulphates and/or fluoride and to understand also their origin.Based on hydrogeology, paleogeography, mineralogy and geochemistry, the distribution of the mineralization has been tested at the borehole scale. The results of this coupled hydrodynamic-transport modeling reconstitute the chemistry of the groundwaters in the "mineralized Entre-Deux-Mers area." A model, that considers the sealing of sulphates- and fluorides-rich layers has been tested and its results highlights future research perspectives. This work has allowed understanding the origin of the mineralization of the waters "of the mineralized Entre-Deux-Mers area" and also suggests improvements and prospects for sustainable management of a major drinking water resource in Gironde.

At some point during a creative action something clicks, suddenly the prospective problem solver just knows the solution to a problem, and a feeling of joy and relief arises. This phenomenon, called Eureka experience, insight, Aha moment, hunch, epiphany, illumination, or serendipity, has been part of human narrations for thousands of years. It is the moment of a subjective experience, a surprising, and sometimes a life-changing event. In this thesis, I narrow down this moment 1. conceptually, 2. experientially, and 3. temporally. The concept of emerging solutions has a multidisciplinary background in Cognitive Science, Arts, Design, and Engineering. Through the discussion of previous terminology and comparative reviews of historical literature, I identify sources of ambiguity surrounding this phenomenon and suggest unifying terms as the basis for interdisciplinary exploration. Tracking the experience based on qualitative data from 11 creative practitioners, I identify conflicting aspects of existing models of creative production. To bridge this theoretical and disciplinary divide between iterative design thinking and sequential models of creativity, I suggest a novel multi-layered model. Empirical support for this proposal comes from Dira, a computer-based open-ended experimental paradigm. As part of this thesis I developed the task and 40 unique sets of stimuli and response items to collect dynamic measures of the creative process and evade known problems of insightful tasks. Using Dira, I identify the moment when solutions emerge from the number and duration of mouse-interactions with the on-screen elements and the 124 participants' self-reports. I provide an argument for the multi-layered model to explain a discrepancy between the timing observed in Dira and existing sequential models. Furthermore, I suggest that Eureka moments can be assessed on more than a dichotomous scale, as the empirical data from interviews and Dira demonstrates for this rich human experience. I conclude that the research on insight benefits from an interdisciplinary approach and suggest Dira as an instrument for future studies.

《原住民族基本法》於2005年通過，是台灣原住民族運動努力多年的成果，但是近年來原住民族仍持續面對各種壓迫。在土地權利方面，該法第21條規定政府或私人於原住民族土地進行開發利用時，需事先諮詢當地原住民族之同意或參與（簡稱「同意權」），然而在許多案件中，原住民族主張此條文表達反對時，經常未能得到行政部門正面回應。本研究以日月潭邵族反對向山旅館開發案為例，理解「同意權」如何變成「落空的權利」。 許多文獻討論，將原住民族權利與實踐的落差歸因於「個人權」（individual right）與「集體權」（collective right）兩種概念的差異及行政部門本位主義因素。本研究則想更進一步釐清，又有哪些其他因素也影響原住民族權利的落實？ 在這些因素的影響下，「同意權」的規範運作又產生了何種實際效用？ 本研究將從「法律多重製圖」之觀點回答上述問題，首先將探究「同意權」概念在國際法、國內法與行政實踐中的規範生產與運作，分析在不同的場域下，場域內的參與者如何對「同意權」進行法律製圖。本文主張，法律生產過程中對權利概念的意義內涵轉換、法律生產與運作場域的邏輯結構，皆影響原住民族權利的實踐。同時，本研究進一步以日月潭邵族的案例，說明原住民族土地權中「自由與事先知情同意原則」或「同意權」規範，理想上是以原住民族的「參與」並實現自決權為目標，但在邵族的案例中，實際運作卻是不斷「排除」原住民族的過程，法律成為排除原住民族權利的合理化機制，更避開各種議題對立面的討論。 權利的落空一方面指權利主張不被理解與正視，更進一步指原住民族社會愈遠離「集體」的過程，因而我們需對原住民族同意權或各種集體權的運作有更多的反省，並持續探詢屬於每個部落或族群中所謂「好生活」（good life）的意義。本文最後藉用「草根後現代主義」（grassroots post-modernism）之概念，介紹原住民族在追求「好生活」的道路上，如何藉著在地思考、找回與族群內部的連結，以此對抗全球化、新自由主義趨勢下對原住民族權利的影響與侷限。 / Though its enactment in 2005 can be regarded as an achievement of Indigenous movement in Taiwan, The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law does not work as it promises. The indigenous people are still struggling for the fulfillment of rights. With respect to land rights, Article 21 of the Law requires the participation and consent of local indigenous people before the development and utilization of the indigenous land. However, the article is often neglected by the government in many cases. This case study then focuses on Thao people （邵族）who live around Sun-Moon Lake （日月潭）and their opposition to a Hotel program located in Xiangshan（向山）, which is regarded as the traditional territory of Thao. By adopting the perspective of “Multi-Layered Mapping of Law”, I hope to analyze the enactment process and the effect of law concerning the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent as well as land rights of indigenous people, and try to describe how the “right to consent” becomes a “hollow right” in practice. The study depicts the right as “hollow” for two meanings. On the one hand, it shows the situation for indigenous people facing the gap between the law’s promise and law’s practice in the complex process of law making and law enforcement. On the other hand, it further describes the more distance from collectiveness within indigenous society. The study suggests that more dialogue and more reflection is needed when claiming rights. The last part of the study then introduces the idea of “grassroots post-modernism” which discuss the way to “Good Life" and the way of resistance against globalization and neoliberalism. Although the issues need further discussion in future studies, the idea can be a guidance for indigenous people as they pursue the fulfillment of land rights, autonomy and self-determination.