Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - parte 1.pdf: 89652 bytes, checksum: 199b51d4bc46d91c1268d2961517e29e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-17 / This work presents an evaluation of the performance of a multi-stage filtration system (FiME) in pilot-plant scale to treat surface water from the Ribeirão Sozinha stream which supplies the city of Goianápolis-GO, Brazil. The arrangement of the installation used in this study consisted of a dynamic roughing filter (PFD), a up-flow roughing filter (PFA) and two slow sand filters, being one with sand (FLA) and the other with sand and granular activated carbon (FLACAG). The filtration rates varied from 24 to 48 m3/m2.d in the PFD, 12 to 18 m3/m2.d in the PFA, and 3 to 4 m3/m2.d in the FLA and FLACAG. The performance of each unit was evaluated for removal of color, turbidity, total iron, suspended solids, oxygen consumption, total coliforms and E.coli, and the development of headloss. Results showed that the PFD and PFA are important units in the preparation of affluent water to the slow sand filters, allowing relatively long filtration runs resulted from the removal of larger particles by these units, reducing significantly the turbidity of raw water. The slow sand filters presented larger than 90% of removal efficiency of color, turbidity, suspended solids and total iron, removal over 80% of consumed oxygen and above 95% for coliforms removal. Overall, the slow sand filters showed satisfactory performance in removing turbidity, iron and total coliforms. In particular, the slow sand filter with sand and granular activated carbon layers was more efficient in removing true color and consumed oxygen than the filter with single sand layer. Although peaks of color and turbidity during the fourth and last filtration runs, the FiME system proved to be efficient in removing total coliforms and E.coli in the last three weeks of operation. In the last filtration run, a comparison of the effluent water quality between the FiME system and a conventional full scale treatment plant was carried out for the removal of turbidity and color. Results showed that the FiME system produced similar water quality to the conventional treatment plant when turbidity was < 1,0. In general, results suggest that the FiME is an effective system to produce water quality from surface water with high levels of total coliforms and E.coli and peaks of color and turbidity according to the recommendations of the Portaria 518/2004 of the Ministry of Health, Brazil / Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do desempenho de um sistema de Filtração em Múltiplas Etapas (FiME), em escala piloto, no tratamento da água bruta retirada do manancial superficial (Ribeirão Sozinha) que abastece a cidade de Goianápolis-GO. O arranjo da instalação utilizado nessa pesquisa constituiu de 1 pré-filtro dinâmico (PFD), 1 pré-filtro ascendente (PFA) e 2 filtros lentos, sendo um com areia (FLA) e outro com areia e carvão ativado granular (FLACAG). As taxas de filtração utilizadas foram de 24, 48, 24 e 24 m3/m2.d para o PFD; 12, 18, 12 e 12 m3/m2.d para o PFA; e 3, 4, 3 e 3 m3/m2.d para o FLA e FLACAG. O desempenho de cada unidade foi avaliado quanto à remoção de cor, turbidez, ferro total, sólidos suspensos, oxigênio consumido, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, e o desenvolvimento da perda de carga. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o PFD e o PFA são unidades importantes na preparação da água afluente aos filtros lentos, possibilitando carreiras relativamente longas em função da retenção de partículas maiores, diminuindo consideravelmente a turbidez da água bruta. Os filtros lentos apresentaram eficiência superior a 90% na remoção de cor, turbidez, sólidos suspensos e ferro total, remoção de oxigênio consumido superior a 80% e de coliformes acima de 95%. Na última carreira de filtração foi realizada uma comparação da qualidade da água produzida pela tecnologia da FiME com a ETA de ciclo completo, na remoção de cor e turbidez, comprovando que a qualidade da água produzida na FiME é compatível com a qualidade da água produzida pela tecnologia de ciclo completo. De maneira geral, os filtros lentos apresentaram rendimento satisfatório na remoção de turbidez, ferro total e coliformes, sendo que o filtro lento com camada intermediária de carvão ativado granular foi mais eficiente na remoção de cor verdadeira e oxigênio consumido do que os filtro lento com camada simples de areia. Embora tenha ocorrido picos de cor e turbidez durante a quarta e última carreira de filtração, o sistema FiME mostrou-se eficiente na remoção de coliformes totais e termotolerantes nas três últimas semanas de operação. A verificação da existência de correlação na remoção de cor, turbidez, sólidos suspensos, oxigênio consumido, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, demonstrou a existência de uma boa correlação na remoção dos parâmetros cor e turbidez nos efluentes dos filtros lentos, apresentando um coeficiente de correlação igual a 0,92. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o sistema FiME é eficiente no tratamento de águas superficiais com elevados teores de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e com picos de cor e turbidez, produzindo, quando operado adequadamente, água com baixos teores de cor, turbidez e bactérias do grupo coliforme, atendendo as recomendações da Portaria 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde, evidenciando a viabilidade de aplicação dessa tecnologia na produção de água para consumo humano

Dans le contexte économique et environnemental actuel, la prochaine génération de moteurs d’avion devra offrir opérabilité, compacité et hauts rendements. Les compresseurs demeurent une des pièces critiques de ces moteurs, et leur conception un challenge. À débit réduit, leur plage de fonctionnement est contrainte par la limite de pompage, phénomène hautement instable et dangereux. À ce jour, peu d’études expérimentales sur un compresseur en situation de pompage ont été réalisées, étant donné le danger inhérent pour les installations. Dans ce cadre, la simulation numérique peut apporter des informations sur le développement des instabilités aérodynamiques et aider à la prévision de la limite de pompage. L’objectif du travail présenté dans cette thèse est de mettre en place une méthode afin de simuler numériquement l’entrée en pompage et un cycle complet de l’instabilité avec le code elsA. Le cas test retenu est le compresseur de recherche axial multi-étage CREATE dessiné par Snecma, et étudié expérimentalement par le LMFA. Des études antérieures ont montré le rôle joué par les volumes entourant le compresseur ; l’originalité de cette étude réside donc dans l’inclusion des volumes du banc d’essai dans la simulation du compresseur. Une des difficultés inhérentes à la simulation de ces instabilités est leur temps caractéristique, qui représente plus d’une centaine de rotations de la machine. Le calcul a donc nécessité le recours à une approche massivement parallèle ; environ un million d’heures CPU ont été utilisées pour décrire le cycle. Enfin, compte tenu du retournement de l’écoulement dans le compresseur, les conditions aux limites ont été modifiées pour pouvoir s’adapter aux changements de sens de l’écoulement. La simulation a permis de décrire l’entrée en pompage et un cycle complet de l’instabilité. La comparaison avec les données expérimentales montre que les caractéristiques du cycle sont correctement prédites (phénomènes physiques précurseurs de l’instabilité, durée du cycle..). En parallèle, une étude acoustique a été menée afin de mettre en évidence les modes propres du banc d’essai. L’analyse de ces résultats a notamment montré le rôle de l’acoustique dans le déclenchement du pompage. Les différentes phases du cycle de pompage sont ensuite étudiées, et caractérisées (déclenchement, débit inversé, récupération et recompression). Ce travail a généré une base de données qui permet de mieux comprendre les instabilités qui se développent dans ce type de machine. À terme, ces résultats pourront être utilisés pour élaborer et valider des modélisations du phénomène de pompage moins coûteuses, pouvant intervenir dans un cycle de conception. / In order to deal with the current economical and environmental context, the next engine generation will need to offer great operability, compactness and high efficiency. In aircraft engines, the compressor remains one of the critical components, and its design is still a challenging task. At low massflow rate, their operability is bounded by the surge limit, surge being a highly unstable and dangerous phenomenon. Today, few experimental studies on compressor surge are available because of the inherent threat to the facility. In that context, numerical simulation can bring about information on the onset of aerodynamic instabilities and help to predict the surge limit. The work presented in this PhD thesis aims at setting up a method to perform the numerical simulation of surge inception and of an entire cycle of the instability with the CFD code elsA. The chosen test case is the axial multistage research compressor CREATE designed and built by Snecma, and experimentally studied at LMFA. Previous studies have pointed out the role of the volumes adjacent to the compressor ; the originality of this work is thus the inclusion of the volumes of the test-rig in the simulation of the compressor. One of the difficulties inherent to the simulation of those instabilities is their characteristic time of at least one hundred revolutions of the machine. Hence the computation has required a massively parallel approach and about one million CPU hours. Finally, given that the flow reverses during a surge cycle, the boundary conditions have been modified to be able to cope with the flow inversions. The simulation was able to capture surge inception and the entire cycle of the instability. The comparison with the experimental data showed that the main patterns of the cycle are correctly predicted (precursor phenomena of surge, duration of the cycle...). In the meantime, an acoustic study has been performed in order to isolate the eigenmodes of the test-rig. The analysis of the results pointed out the role of acoustic phenomena in surge inception. The different phases of the cycle are then studied and characterized (surge inception, reversed-flow phase, recovery and repressurization). This work has incremented a database that allows a better understanding of the instabilities that develop in this kind of machine. From now on, those results may help to elaborate and validate cheaper models of the surge phenomenon to be used in the design process.

Les conceptions récentes de turbomachines ont tendance à évoluer vers des liaisons entre étages de plus en plus souples et des niveaux d'amortissement faibles, donnant lieu à des configurations où les modes sont susceptibles de présenter des niveaux de couplages inter-étages forts. En général, les ensembles disques aubes multi-étagés n'ont aucune propriété de symétrie cyclique d'ensemble et l'analyse doit porter sur un modèle de la structure complète donnant lieu à des calculs très coûteux. Pour palier ce problème, une méthode récente appelée symétrie cyclique multi-étages peut être utilisée pour réduire le coût des calculs des rotors composés de plusieurs étages, même lorsque les étages ont un nombre différent de secteurs. Cette approche profite de la symétrie cyclique inhérente à chaque étage et utilise une hypothèse spécifique qui aboutit à des sous-problèmes découplés pour chaque ordre de Fourier spatial. La méthodologie proposée vise à étudier l'effet des incertitudes sur le comportement dynamique des rotors en utilisant l'approche de symétrie cyclique multi-étages et l'expansion en Chaos Polynomial. Les incertitudes peuvent découler de l'usure des aubes, des changements de température ou des tolérances de fabrication. En première approche, seules les incertitudes provenant de l'usure uniforme de l'ensemble des aubes sont étudiées. Celles-ci peuvent être modélisées en considérant une variation globale des propriétés du matériau de l'ensemble des aubes d'un étage particulier. L'approche de symétrie cyclique multi-étages peut alors être utilisée car l'hypothèse de secteurs identiques est respectée. La positivité des matrices aléatoires concernées est assurée par l'utilisation d'une loi gamma très adaptée à la physique du problème impliquant le choix des polynômes de Laguerre comme base pour le chaos polynomial. Dans un premier temps des exemples numériques représentatifs de différents types de turbomachines sont introduits dans le but d'évaluer la robustesse de la méthode de symétrie cyclique multi-étages. Ensuite, les résultats de l'analyse modale aléatoire et de la réponse aléatoire obtenus par le chaos polynomial sont validés par comparaison avec des simulations de Monte-Carlo. En plus des résultats classiquement rencontrés pour les fréquences et réponses forcées, les incertitudes considérées mettent en évidence des variations sur les déformées modales qui évoluent entre différentes familles de modes dans les zones de forte densité modale. Ces variations entraînent des modifications sensibles sur la dynamique globale de la structure analysée et doivent être considérées dans le cadre des conceptions robustes. / Recent designs in turbomachinery tend to have more flexible inter-stage rims and to be more lightly damped, resulting in configurations where modes might not be confined to only one stage. In general, multi-stage rotors have no particular axial symmetry property and the computationally costly analysis of the whole structure becomes mandatory. However, a multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach can be used for reducing the cost of modeling rotors composed of several stages even when the stages have different numbers of sectors. This approach takes advantage of the inherent cyclic symmetry of each stage and uses a specific assumption that results in decoupled subproblems for each spatial Fourier harmonic. The methodology proposed in this work allows including uncertainties in the analysis of multi-stage rotors using the multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach and the Polynomial Chaos Expansion. Uncertainties in rotors may arise from in-use wear of blades, temperature changes or manufacturing tolerances. As a first approach, only uncertainties arising from uniform in-use wear of the set of blades are included. These may be modeled by considering a global variation of the material properties of the set of blades of a particular stage. The multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach can then be used since the underlying assumption of identical sectors is respected. The positiveness of the random matrices involved is reached by using gamma-distributed random variables which imply the use of Laguerre's polynomials as basis for the polynomial chaos. Numerical examples representative of various types of turbomachinery are introduced in order to assess the robustness of the method of multi-stage cyclic symmetry. Uncertainties results for the free and forced response analyses obtained by the polynomial chaos are validated by comparison with Monte Carlo simulations. The considered uncertainties induce variations on the mode shapes that evolve between different families of modes in areas of high modal density. These variations result in significant changes in the global dynamics of the structure and must be considered in the context of robust designs.

This diploma thesis is mainly focused on the digestate thickening in a biogas plant. First, overview of the biogas technology in the Czech Republic is presented. Furthermore, problems with waste heat utilization and processing of fermentation residues (digestate) are described in more detail. Based on the research, multi-stage flash (MSF) evaporation was chosen as the technology for the digestate thickening. The main part deals with the integration of the chosen technology into a biogas plant process. The programming language Python was used to simplify the given task. In the preliminary stage, a complex mathematical model of a biogas plant was created, focusing particularly on the mass and energy balances. Subsequently, a computational model of the MSF evaporator was programmed. A procedure for the integration was suggested using the sensitivity analyses. Additionally, the model of a biogas plant was extended with the MSF evaporator. The key outcome of the thesis is a technical-economic analysis in which the impact of digestate transport price and electricity feed-in tariff on payback period is investigated. The results suggest profitability of MSF evaporator for biogas plants without subsidized feed-in tariff. Contrastingly, installation of MSF evaporator in older biogas plants with subsidized feed-in tariff can be economically viable only in cases of significantly longer transport distances.

This dissertation thesis deals with the development of technology which could tackle two major issues related to biogas plants. These issues concern the insufficient use of waste heat from biogas combustion and its subsequent processing. It also concerns the use of the fermentation residues which are formed in large quantities and whose use is restricted by law. Based on a literary search of separation methods, a vacuum evaporator was selected as the most suitable technology. Its advantages include its simple construction, operational reliability and robustness, low costs of thickening medium pre-treatment, potential for a quick commercial application and, especially, the chance to use a low-potential waste heat. A primary purpose of this technological unit is the reduction in the volume of fermentation residues. Other benefits include the efficient use of waste heat from a biogas plant, which would otherwise be wasted. Evaporators with a low consumption of electrical energy (which is a main product of a biogas plant) seem to be the best option for applications in the biogas plants. Three of these technologies were subjected to a more thorough analysis, which included the development of computational models and their quantification for conditions in a sample biogas plant. A one-stage evaporator with a forced circulation (680 – 712 kWhth/m3, 25.9 – 30.5 kWhel/m3) was evaluated as the least suitable option in terms of energy demands. The energy intensity of a three-stage evaporator with a falling film (241 – 319 kWhth/m3, 12.0 – 23.6 kWhel/m3) and a nine-stage flash evaporator (236 – 268 kWhth/m3, 13.6 – 18.4 kWhel/m3) is significantly lower. A multi-stage flash evaporator (MSF) was then chosen for development and will form the central focus of this thesis. The reasons for the choice are as follows: the low requirements on the heat transfer surface, good operational experience in the field of desalination, its simple construction, modularity and evaporation outside the heat transfer surface. A thorough technical-economic evaluation was also performed on the integration of the evaporator into the biogas plant. The main part of the work included the experimental development of a MSF evaporator prototype. The main objective of this development was to achieve a stable flow rate of the thickening liquid digestate fraction and the continuous formation of the distillate. This was not an easy objective to achieve, especially due to the properties of the liquid digestate, which has a non-newtonian characteristic and increased density and viscosity compared to water. The tendency of the liquid digestate to form foam was also the subject of analysis. The development of the evaporator and first successful operational test are described in the thesis in detail. This required the use of an anti-foaming product. A fully-developed prototype of the MSF evaporator allowed us to achieve continuous operation with a distillate production, reaching from 5 to 10 kg/h at a liquid digestate flow rate of 0.4–0.5 m3/h. The main drawback of this technology is the pollution of the distillate with ammonia nitrogen, and it is for this reason that the basic procedures of its subsequent elimination was selected for further analysis.

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Une approche classique pour traiter les problèmes d’optimisation avec incertitude à deux- et multi-étapes est d’utiliser l’analyse par scénario. Pour ce faire, l’incertitude de certaines données du problème est modélisée par vecteurs aléatoires avec des supports finis spécifiques aux étapes. Chacune de ces réalisations représente un scénario. En utilisant des scénarios, il est possible d’étudier des versions plus simples (sous-problèmes) du problème original. Comme technique de décomposition par scénario, l’algorithme de recouvrement progressif est une des méthodes les plus populaires pour résoudre les problèmes de programmation stochastique multi-étapes. Malgré la décomposition complète par scénario, l’efficacité de la méthode du recouvrement progressif est très sensible à certains aspects pratiques, tels que le choix du paramètre de pénalisation et la manipulation du terme quadratique dans la fonction objectif du lagrangien augmenté. Pour le choix du paramètre de pénalisation, nous examinons quelques-unes des méthodes populaires, et nous proposons une nouvelle stratégie adaptive qui vise à mieux suivre le processus de l’algorithme. Des expériences numériques sur des exemples de problèmes stochastiques linéaires multi-étapes suggèrent que la plupart des techniques existantes peuvent présenter une convergence prématurée à une solution sous-optimale ou converger vers la solution optimale, mais avec un taux très lent. En revanche, la nouvelle stratégie paraît robuste et efficace. Elle a convergé vers l’optimalité dans toutes nos expériences et a été la plus rapide dans la plupart des cas. Pour la question de la manipulation du terme quadratique, nous faisons une revue des techniques existantes et nous proposons l’idée de remplacer le terme quadratique par un terme linéaire. Bien que qu’il nous reste encore à tester notre méthode, nous avons l’intuition qu’elle réduira certaines difficultés numériques et théoriques de la méthode de recouvrement progressif. / In the literature of optimization problems under uncertainty a common approach of dealing with two- and multi-stage problems is to use scenario analysis. To do so, the uncertainty of some data in the problem is modeled by stage specific random vectors with finite supports. Each realization is called a scenario. By using scenarios, it is possible to study smaller versions (subproblems) of the underlying problem. As a scenario decomposition technique, the progressive hedging algorithm is one of the most popular methods in multi-stage stochastic programming problems. In spite of full decomposition over scenarios, progressive hedging efficiency is greatly sensitive to some practical aspects, such as the choice of the penalty parameter and handling the quadratic term in the augmented Lagrangian objective function. For the choice of the penalty parameter, we review some of the popular methods, and design a novel adaptive strategy that aims to better follow the algorithm process. Numerical experiments on linear multistage stochastic test problems suggest that most of the existing techniques may exhibit premature convergence to a sub-optimal solution or converge to the optimal solution, but at a very slow rate. In contrast, the new strategy appears to be robust and efficient, converging to optimality in all our experiments and being the fastest in most of them. For the question of handling the quadratic term, we review some existing techniques and we suggest to replace the quadratic term with a linear one. Although this method has yet to be tested, we have the intuition that it will reduce some numerical and theoretical difficulties of progressive hedging in linear problems.

Les procédés de gazéification de bois à lits fixes étagés sont adaptés à la production d'électricité de petites puissances. Dans ces procédés, la pyrolyse est opérée dans un réacteur continu à lit fixe descendant. La particularité de ce type de réacteur est son fonctionnement autothermique. L'énergie nécessaire au chauffage, au séchage et à la pyrolyse est apportée par la combustion partielle du bois : on parle de “pyrolyse oxydante”. L'injection d'air par le haut du réacteur provoque la propagation d'une zone d'oxydation dans le milieu poreux à contre-courant des écoulements des solides et des gaz. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit visent une meilleure description de cette étape du procédé. Le problème posé est de type multi-échelles. Ainsi, nous avons préalablement mené une étude à l'échelle de la particule isolée avant de s'intéresser au comportement global du lit fixe. A l'échelle de la particule, nous avons quantifié l'effet de l'oxygène et de la taille des particules sur la cinétique de la pyrolyse oxydante. Cette étude nous a guidés pour la mise en place d'un modèle cinétique de cette transformation. A l'échelle du lit fixe, la propagation de la zone d'oxydation a été caractérisée par des approches expérimentale et numérique, offrant ainsi une meilleure connaissance de cette étape du procédé étagé. / Wood Multi-staged gasification in a fixed bed reactor is suitable for small-scale electricity generation. In these processes, the pyrolysis is performed in a continuous downward fixed bed reactor. The main feature of this reactor is the autothermal operation. Energy for heating, drying and pyrolysis is supplied by partial combustion of wood, known as “oxidative pyrolysis”. The air introduced from the top of the reactor induces a combustion front that propagates countercurrent with the solids and gazes flows. The work presented in this document aimed to achieve a better description of this process. A multi-scale approach was considered. Therefore, we have firstly studied the behavior of an isolated particle before focusing on the overall fixed bed. At the particle scale, we have quantified the effect of oxygen and of particle size on the oxidative pyrolysis kinetics. This led us to the setup of a kinetic model for this transformation.At the fixed bed scale, the propagation of the combustion front was studied considering the experimental and numerical approaches, which provides a better understanding of this step of the wood staged gasifiers.

This paper presents the development and mathematical implementation of a production scheduling model utilizing mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). A simplified model of a real-world multi-product batch plant constitutes the basis. The paper shows practical extensions to the model, resulting in a digital twin of the plant. Apart from sequential arrangement, the final model contains maintenance periods, campaign planning and storage constraints to a limited extend. To tackle weak computational performance and missing model features, a condensed mathematical formulation is introduced at first. After stating that these measures do not suffice for applicability in a restrained time period, a novel solution strategy is proposed. The overall non-iterative algorithm comprises a multi-step decomposition approach, which starts with a reduced scope and incrementally complements the schedule in multiple subproblem stages. Each of those optimizations holds less decision variables and makes use of warmstart information obtained from the predecessor model. That way, a first feasible solution accelerates the subsequent improvement process. Furthermore, the optimization focus can be shifted beneficially leveraging the Gurobi solver parameters. Findings suggest that correlation may exist between certain characteristics of the scheduling scope and ideal parameter settings, which yield potential for further investigation. Another promising area for future research addresses the concurrent multi-processing of independent MILPs on a single machine. First observations indicate that significant performance gains can be achieved in some cases, though sound dependencies were not discovered yet.