The thesis investigates the temperature distribution in the chip of an infrared camera caused by its read out integrated circuit. The heat from the read out circuits can cause distortions to the thermal image. Knowing the temperature gradient caused by internal heating, it will later be possible to correct the image by implementing algorithms subtracting temperature contribution from the read out integrated circuit. The simulated temperature distribution shows a temperature gradient along the edges of the matrix of active bolometers. There are also three hot spots at both the left and right edge of the matrix, caused by heat from the chip temperaturesensors and I/O pads. Heat from the chip temperature sensors also causes an uneven temperature profile in the column of reference pixels, possibly causing imperfections in the image at the levels of the sensors. Simulations of bolometer row biasing are carried out to get information about how biasing affects temperatures in neighbouring rows. The simulations show some row-to-row interference, but the thermal model suffers from having biasing heat inserted directly onto the top surface of the chip, as opposed to having heat originate from the bolometers. To get better simulation results describing the row biasing, a thermal model of the bolometers needs to be included. The results indicate a very small temperature increase in the active pixel array, with temperatures not exceeding ten millikelvin. Through comparisons with another similar simulation of the chip, there is reason to believe the simulated temperature increase is a bit low. The other simulation cannot be used to draw any conclusions about the distribution of temperature. / Examensarbetet undersöker den temperaturdistribution som uppkommer i ett chip till en IR-kamera till följd av värmeutvecklingen i dess egna utläsningskretsar. Genom att ha information om temperaturdistributionen är det möjligt att längre fram i utvecklingsprocessen skapa algoritmer som subtraherar bort chippets interna värmetillskott från den termiska bilden. Den simulerade temperaturdistributionen visar att de största temperaturgradienterna uppkommer längs den aktiva pixelmatrisens sidor. Det är även möjligt att se tre varmare områden vid både den vänstra och högra sidan av matrisen skapade av värme från chippets temperatursensorer och I/O-kretsar. Värme från temperatursensorerna påverkar även temperaturen i kolumnen med referenspixlar, vilket kan ge upphov till avvikelser i den termiska bilden i höjd med dessa temperatursensorer. Simuleringar av radvis basering av bolometrar utförs för att få information om hur bolometerbiaseringen påverkar temperaturen i angränsade rader. Simuleringarna visar att det finns störningar mellan rader, men simuleringsmodellen lider av avsaknaden av en termisk bolometermodell och tvingas applicera värme direkt på chipytan istället för att låta värme utvecklas i bolometrarna. För bättre simuleringsresultat innefattande bolometerbiasering bör en termisk bolometermodell inkluderas i simuleringen. Resultaten visar på en mycket liten temperaturökning inom den värmekänsliga aktiva pixelmatrisen, med temperaturökningar inom detta område som inte överstiger tio millikelvin. Genom jämförelser med en liknande simulering av samma chip är det inte omöjligt att dra slutsatsen att temperaturökningen är något låg. Det går inte att dra några slutsatser om temperaturens distribution genom denna jämförelse av simuleringar.

Complex surface structures in nature often have remarkable optical properties. By understanding the origin of these properties, such structures may be utilized in metamaterials, giving possibilities to create materials with new specific optical properties. To simplify the optical analysis of these naturally developed surface structures there is a need to assist data analysis and analytical calculations with numerical calculations. In this work an application tool for numerical calculations of optical properties of surface structures, such as reflectances and ellipsometric angles, has been developed based on finite element methods (FEM). The data obtained from the application tool has been verified by comparison to analytical expressions in a thorough way, starting with reflection from the simplest of interfaces stepwise increasing the complexity of the surfaces. The application tool were developed within the electromagnetic module of Comsol Multiphysics and used the script language to perform post-process calculations on the obtained electromagnetic fields. The data obtained from this application tool are given in such way that easily allows for comparison with data received from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements.

Non-negligible coupled thermal and mechanical effects occur in several physical and industrial procedures, e.g. warm for ming processes. The authors present the theoretical background of a phenomenological thermoelastoplastic material model at large strains as well as its numerical realization within the context of appropriate finite element formulations. As usual, the presented thermodynamical consistent constitutive approach is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, and a corresponding additive decomposition of the free Helmholtz energy density. For the numerical treatment of thermoelastoplastic problems within a finite element approach, weak formulations of the balance equation of momentum and the heat conduction equation in material description are developed. For the solution of non-linear boundary value problems the linearization of the weak formulations is presented. Within the context of the mechanical problem the temperature dependence of material parameters as well as the thermal expansion are considered. The temperature evolution will be affected by non-thermal phenomena like the thermoelastic effect and plastic dissipation. Several numerical procedures for the solution of the coupled thermomechanical problem are discussed.

A dust layer, especially based on high-resistivity dust, at the collecting electrodes may cause a back corona discharge in electrostatic precipitators (ESP). It can significantly reduce the ESP efficiency and as a result cause ecological damages. To study the dust layer influence inside ESPs, it is necessary to derive an adequate model of the ESP precipitation process with a dust layer at the collecting electrode. The research of the present thesis is focused on stationary studies of the precipitation process with a dust layer at the collecting electrode in ESPs. Three mathematical models are proposed as a description of the precipitation process with a dust layer at the collecting electrode. The models are based on Maxwell’s equations and the finite element method (FEM). COMSOL Multiphysics software is used for their implementation. In all models the dust layer has constant conductivity and the air region has constant ion mobility. In the first model there are no coupling conditions, which is required in mathematics, are given between the two regions. The solution found by COMSOL Multiphysics does not provide physically acceptable coupling conditions. In the second model, a continuous transition zone is introduced between the two regions so that no coupling conditions are required. With the large derivatives in the transition zone, the nonlinear solver in COMSOL Multiphysics does not converge. Finally, in the third model, the dust layer and the grounded collecting electrode are replaced with a boundary condition for the air region. The properties of the third model are investigated, and these models can be used to study the influence of the dust layer. The results of these investigations are reported and discussed.

M. Tech. Hydrogen storage modeling. / In this dissertation, a 2D dynamic simulation for a portion of metal hydride based hydrogen storage tank was performed using computational software COMSOL 4.0a Multiphysics. The software is used to simulate the diffusion and heating of hydrogen in both radial and axial directions. The model consists of a system of partial differential equations (PDE) describing two dimensional heat and mass transfer of hydrogen in a porous matrix. This work provides an important insight to the fundamental understanding of multi-physics coupling phenomena during hydrogen absorption/ desorption process. The simulation results could be applied to the on-board hydrogen storage technology, in particular for the hydrogen supply of a fuel cell for powering of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle.

Chip scale refrigeration system is critical for the development of electronics with the rapid increase of power consumption and substantial reduction of device size, resulting in an emergent demand on novel cooling technologies with a high efficiency for the thermal management. In this thesis, active refrigeration devices based on Stirling cycle and an electrocaloric material, are designed and investigated to achieve a high cooling performance. Firstly, a new Stirling micro-refrigeration system composed of arrays of silicon MEMS cooling elements is designed and evaluated. The cooling elements are fabricated in a stacked array on a silicon wafer. A regenerator is placed between the compression (hot side) and expansion (cold side) diaphragms, which are driven electrostatically. Under operating conditions, the hot and cold diaphragms oscillate sinusoidally and out of phase such that heat is extracted to the expansion space and released from the compression space. A first-order of thermodynamic analysis is performed to study the effect of geometric parameters. Losses due to regenerator non-idealities and chamber heat transfer limitation are estimated. A multiphysics computational approach for analyzing the system performance that considers compressible flow and heat transfer with a large deformable mesh is demonstrated. The optimal regenerator porosity for the best system COP (coefficient of performance) is identified. To overcome the computational complexity brought about by the fine pillar structure in the regenerator, a porous medium model is used to allow for modeling of a full element. The analysis indicates the work recovery of the system and the diaphragm actuation are main challenges for this cooler design.The pressure drop and friction factor of gas flow across circular silicon micro pillar arrays fabricated by deep reactive ion etch (DRIE) process are investigated. A new correlation that considers the coupled effect of pillar spacing and aspect ratio, is proposed to predict the friction factor in a Reynolds v number range of 1-100. Silicon pillars with large artificial roughness amplitudes is also fabricated, and the effect of the roughness is studied in the laminar flow region. The significant reduction of pressure drop and friction factor indicates that a large artificial roughness could be built for pillar arrays in the regenerator to enhance the micro-cooler efficiency. The second option is to develop a fluid-based refrigeration system using an electrocaloric material poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)] terpolymer. Each cooling element includes two diaphragm actuators fabricated in the plane of a silicon wafer, which drive a heat transfer fluid back and forth across terpolymer layers that are placed between them. Finite element simulations with an assumption of sinusoidal diaphrahm motions are conducted to explore the system performance detailedly, including the effects of the applied electric field, geometric dimensions, operating frequency and externally-applied temperature span. Multiphysics modeling coupled with solid-fluid interaction, heat transfer, electrostatics, porous medium and moving mesh technique is successfully performed to verify the thermal modeling feasibility. The electrocaloric effect in thin films of P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer is directly measured by infrared imaging at ambient conditions. At an electric field of 90 V/μm, an adiabatic temperature change of 5.2 °C is obtained and the material performance is stable over a long testing period. These results suggest that application of this terpolymer is promising for micro-scale refrigeration.

Currently, in the field of reactor physics, there is a drive for high fidelity, numerical simulations of reactors for the purposes of design and analysis. Since the behavior of a reactor is dependent on various physical phenomena, high fidelity simulations must be able to accurately couple these different types of physics. This is the essence of multiphysics simulations. In order to accurately simulate the thermal behavior of a reactor, the physics of neutron transport must be coupled to the fluid flow and solid phase conduction occurring within the reactor. This thesis develops a computational fluid dynamics solver for this purpose. The solver is based on the PCICE solution algorithm and employs cell-centered finite volumes. In addition to the fluid dynamics solver, a newly developed form of conjugate heat transfer is implemented. This implementation tightly couples the physics of solid phase heat conduction with the fluid dynamics in an efficient and consistent manner. Finally, the radiation transport code EVENT is used to provide heat generation data to the fluids solver. Using this fluids solver, several benchmark problems are analyzed and the formulation is validated.

.Le transport de soluté en présence de biofilms en milieux poreux est un problème rencontré dans de nombreuses applications industrielles (biofiltration des eaux usées et traitement de polluants atmosphériques notamment). En termes de modélisation, l'interaction entre biologie, hydrodynamique et chimie reste difficile à comprendre aux échelles les plus fines: cela a conduit à une large utilisation de modèles macroscopiques, plus simple à manipuler. Cependant, la question consiste à écrire des modèles macroscopiques suffisamment complexes pour prendre en compte les processus pertinents représentant le couplage entre développement de la biomasse et fonctionnement du système, mais suffisamment simple pour une utilisation opérationnelle. Cette thèse s’est focalisée sur certains processus qui régissent le comportement macroscopique de tels systèmes. Nous avons étudié la modélisation de la réduction de la perméabilité induite par le développement du biofilm. Un modèle incorporant deux processus caractéristiques du colmatage (réduction de la taille pores et formation de « plugs ») a été développé. Ce modèle a été évalué pour une large gamme de données expérimentales. Une autre partie porte sur les processus d’adhésion initiale de la biomasse, processus important pour caractériser l’état initial du système. Sous l’hypothèse que les cellules bactériennes peuvent être traitées comme des colloïdes non rigides, une nouvelle corrélation a été développée pour estimer l’efficacité d’attachement des bactéries. Cette corrélation est basée sur l'analyse d'un large éventail de données expérimentales pour des conditions variées en termes d'électrolyte, débit et géométrie des milieux poreux, et introduit de nouveaux paramètres adimensionnels pour représenter les effets couplés des forces de Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO), des forces hydrodynamiques et prendre en compte la géométrie des milieux poreux. Ces processus ont été introduits dans un modèle 1D développé pour la simulation numérique du transport de soluté en présence de biofilm dans un milieu poreux. Une autre question importante dans ce modèle était de représenter correctement le processus détachement de biofilm. Un autre trait distinctif de notre modèle est une tentative de rendre compte du processus de «sloughing» dans la modélisation du détachement de biofilm. Le « sloughing » est un processus différent de l'érosion, phénomène continu, et qui correspond à une élimination discrète d'une grande fraction de biofilm.Dans cette étude, le phénomène de « sloughing » a été incorporé séparément etodélisé comme un processus stochastique. Des simulations numériques ont été effectuées en utilisant OpenFoam pour implémenter le modèle. Des simulations avec et sans le terme de « sloughing » ont été effectuées et discutées dans le cadre des données de la littérature disponibles. / Solute transport coupled with biofilm growth in porous media is encountered in many engineered applications, for instance biofiltration of wastewater and air pollutant treatment. In terms of modelling, the interaction between biology, hydrodynamic and chemistry are still difficult to understand at the fine scale: that led to a wide dissemination of macroscopic model, simpler to handle. However, one issue consists in providing a macroscopic model complex enough to take into account the relevant processes accounting for the coupling between the biomass development and system functioning, but simple enough for operational use. This thesis focused on few selected processes that influence the macroscopic behavior of such system. First, we investigated the permeability reduction modeling accounting for biofilm development. A model including two features that result in permeability reduction (pore radius reduction and pore plugging) was developed. This model was assessed in a wide range of experimental data. Another part of the thesis focused on the initial biomass attachment that is an important feature to characterize the system initial state. Following the concept that bacterial cell can be treated as soft colloids, a new correlation equation was developed to estimate the bacteria attachment efficiency. This correlation is based on the regression analysis of a wide range of experimental data of colloid deposition in various electrolyte conditions, flowrates and geometries of porous media. New dimensionless parameters have been introduced to represent the coupled effects of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) forces, hydrodynamic forces and to account for geometry of porous media. These features were introduced in a 1D dimensional model that have been developed for the numerical simulation of solute transport coupled with biofilm growth. An important issue in this model was to properly represent biofilm detachment. Another distinctive feature of our model is an attempt to account for the “sloughing” process in modeling biofilm detachment. Sloughing is a different process than erosion which corresponds to a discrete removal of large fraction of biofilm. In this study, biofilm sloughing has been separately accounted in the numerical modeling porous media bioclogging. Biofilm sloughing was considered as a stochastic process and quantified by random generator. So this discrete events could be incorporated into other continuous processes to determine the biomass transfer from biofilm to the liquid phase. Numerical simulations have been performed using OpenFoam to implement the model. Simulation with and without the sloughing term were performed and discussed in the frame of available literature data

Lors du procédé de cokéfaction, en raison de la faible largeur de la chambre de carbonisation des fours modernes, l’expansion horizontale de la pâte à coke génère une poussée sur les parois de chauffage. L’objectif de cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen « Swelling Pressure in a Coke Oven, Transmission on Oven walls », est de mieux comprendre le phénomène de poussée des charbons lors de la cokéfaction et de développer un modèle permettant d’anticiper ce phénomène. Pour cela, un modèle phénoménologique prenant en compte les phénomènes physico-chimiques en présence a été développé. Une mise en équation originale est proposée pour la cinétique de condensation des goudrons et le gonflement des grains de charbon lors de la pyrolyse. Le modèle proposé est le premier reproduisant simultanément la poussée sur les piédroits et la pression des gaz produits lors de la cokéfaction. Les résultats de simulation du cas particulier de la cokéfaction du charbon Blue Creek dans le four pilote du Centre de Pyrolyse de Marienau et les mesures de pression, de température et de poussée réalisées lors des essais présentent des écarts mais demeurent en bon accord. Ces écarts sont essentiellement dus à la méconnaissance des propriétés du charbon et de son comportement mécanique. L’hypothèse d’un comportement élastique linéaire entraîne une surestimation de la poussée. L’étude de sensibilité amène, entre autres, à la conclusion que la poussée ne dépend pas directement de la pression des gaz et que le gonflement des grains de charbon joue un rôle déterminant. / During the coking process, due to the small width of the carbonization chamber of modern ovens, horizontal expansion of coal generates a pressure on the oven walls. The objective of this thesis, which is part of European project « Swelling Pressure in a Coke Oven, Transmission on Oven walls », is to better understand the wall pressure phenomenon during coking process and to develop a model which can permit to anticipate this phenomenon. For this, a phenomenological model which takes into account the physical chemistry phenomena in presence is developed. An original implementation is proposed for the kinetic of tars condensation and the coal swelling during pyrolysis. The proposed model is the first which reproducing simultaneously the wall pressure and the gas pressure during coking process. The simulation results of coking process of the specific case of Blue Creek coal in the pilot oven of Centre de Pyrolyse de Marienau and the measurements of gas pressure, of temperature and of wall pressure performed during the tests have discrepancies but remain in good agreement. The discrepancies are mainly due to the ignorance of coal properties and its mechanical behavior. The assumption of linear elastic behavior leads to wall pressure overestimation. The sensitivity study permits to conclude that the wall pressure is not directly dependant to the gas pressure and that coal swelling play a causal role.

The diploma thesis deals with problems of air flow in stables. The research part is devoted to ventilation requirements in livestock breeding, fluid flow problems and the possibility of prediction of this flow through computer modeling methods. The following chapter focuses on the COMSOL Multiphysics software in which theo bject model was created. In the practical part of the diploma thesis is described model of air flow in stable object, including all partial steps necessary for it ssuccessful numerical realization. The conclusion of the thesis is devoted to comparison of obtained results with value smeasured in real breeding.