L’utilisation de matériaux d’origine végétale dans les bâtiments thermiquement performants pose la question de la pérennité des ouvrages principalement à cause de la dégradation fongique. Postia placenta est une espèce des champignons provoquant la pourriture brune, qui est la plus destructrice pour les constructions en bois.Ce travail se concentre sur l’observation et la modélisation de la croissance de Postia placenta à trois échelles successives : l'arborescence du mycélium (échelle discrète), la croissance en milieu libre (échelle continue) et la croissance en milieu encombré (échelle macroscopique). L’observation expérimentale de la croissance de Postia placenta utilise un microscope confocal à balayage laser pour quantifier les différentes mécanismes et obtenir les paramètres de croissance. A partir de cette observation, un modèle discret capable de générer un mycélium de forme extrêmement similaire à celle observée a été imaginé, développé et validé. Ensuite, à partir des profils de biomasse moyennés selon le rayon des mycéliums simulés par le modèle discret, un modèle continu basé sur une équation de réaction diffusion a été identifié pour décrire l’évolution de la concentration de biomasse fongique. Ce modèle continu offre la possibilité de la transition de l’échelle locale vers l’échelle macroscopique. Pour cela, des simulations de la prolifération en environnement encombré sont obtenues à l'aide du modèle continu. Par prise de moyenne, les champs spatio-temporels obtenus permettent de déterminer les paramètres d'un modèle continu similaire, mais valable à l'échelle macroscopique, sur un milieu fictif qui prend en considération la morphologie des obstacles. / The use of bio-based materials in thermally efficient buildings raises the question of the sustainability mainly due to fungal degradation. Among the wood-decay fungi, Postia placenta is one of the most common brown rot fungi, which are the most destructive due to their rapid decaying mechanisms. This work focused on the experimental observation and the modeling of fungal growth at three successive scales: the mycelial network (discrete scale), mycelial growth in homogeneous media (continuous scale) and mycelial growth in porous media (macroscopic scale).The experimental observation of the growth of Postia placenta was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to quantify the different growth mechanisms and obtain the growth parameters. A discrete model has been derived from this observation and is capable of generating mycelial networks extremely similar to the observed ones. A continuous formulation based on a reaction diffusion equation was developed from the radial biomass density of a mycelial network obtained in the discrete model. This continuous formulation was then used to derive an equivalent macroscale model able to account for fungal development in porous media. Simulations were performed on various periodic porous media. The parameters of the macroscale model was identified on the macroscopic fields obtained by averaging the local field over one periodic unit cell.

Neste trabalho, formularam-se diferentes meios de cultivo para a produção econômica de biomassa de Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 em processo submerso, visando o emprego do micélio na alimentação humana. Foram testadas glicose, frutose e sacarose como fontes de carbono, assim como diferentes concentrações de glicose, óleo de soja, solução de sais, extrato de levedura Prodex®, proteína de soja e sulfato de amônio. Estudos realizados em frascos agitados mostraram que 10g.L-1 de glicose promoveram a maior biomassa micelial (5,98g.L-1) e a melhor produtividade (0,048g.L-1.h-1). A adição de 1mL.L-1 de óleo de soja ao meio de cultivo mostrou ser favorável ao crescimento fúngico, também resultando na presença do aroma típico de corpos de frutificação. Os resultados de otimização do meio de cultivo mostraram que proteína de soja (2,3g.L-1), extrato de levedura (1,86g.L-1) e sulfato de amônio (1,57g.L-1) também favoreceram o crescimento. Estudos realizados em biorreator de bancada, utilizando o meio otimizado e nas condições testadas (temperatura de 28ºC, freqüência do agitador de 100rpm, taxa de aeração de 0,5vvm, O2 dissolvido acima de 30% da saturação), quando comparados aos resultados obtidos em frascos agitados com o mesmo meio, mostraram valores de biomassa, rendimento e produtividade superiores (8,18g.L-1, 0,82g.g-1 e 0,08g.L-1.h-1, respectivamente). Ao comparar os principais componentes do micélio seco de P. sajor-caju PS-2001, obtidos no presente trabalho, com o do corpo de frutificação da mesma linhagem, cultivado em serragem de eucalipto, observaram-se semelhanças na composição química com relação ao percentual de carboidratos totais, proteína bruta e minerais; no entanto, os conteúdos de lipídios brutos e de calorias mostraram-se maiores no micélio. O consumo total de sacarose na presença de óleo de soja foi evidenciado quando o cultivo foi realizado em biorreator, o que não ocorreu em frascos agitados. Ao comparar os resultados dos cultivos variando as fontes de carbono (glicose e sacarose) em biorreator, observaram-se maiores valores de biomassa, rendimento e produtividade com glicose. A determinação dos valores de exopolissacarídeos (EPS) correspondeu a 1,18 e 1,58g de matéria seca.L-1 após 120h e 144h, para glicose e sacarose, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram ausência de atividade antioxidante in vitro dos EPS e do extrato bruto do micélio, avaliadas através da capacidade de redução do radical livre 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil (DPPH°). Verificou-se que, para produzir 1kg de micélio seco, utiliza-se 1,69kg de sacarose, a um custo de R$1,63, sendo o valor de kw.h-1 consumido de R$1,26, totalizando R$2,89, não computados os custos de mão de obra e de secagem; entretanto, o valor de mercado para 1kg de cogumelo seco é de R$200,00. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-14T17:08:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda G Confortin.pdf: 667228 bytes, checksum: dd5aee415908da35b7dd385fcbfcba0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-14T17:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda G Confortin.pdf: 667228 bytes, checksum: dd5aee415908da35b7dd385fcbfcba0c (MD5) / In this study, different growth media for the economic production of biomass of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process were formulated, aiming the use of mycelium in human feeding. Glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon sources, as well as different concentrations of glucose, soy oil, salt solution, Prodex® yeast extract, soy protein and ammonium sulphate were tested. Studies that were carried out in shaken flasks showed that 10g.L-1 of glucose led to the larger mycelium biomass (5.98g.L-1) and the best productivity (0.048g.L-1.h-1). The addition of 1mL.L-1 of soy oil to the medium was favorable to fungal growth, also resulting in the presence of the typical aroma of the fruiting body. The results achieved in the optimization of the growing medium showed that soy protein (2.3g.L-1), yeast extract (1.86g.L-1) and ammonium sulphate (1.57g.L-1) enhanced the mycelium growth. Studies carried out in laboratory-scale bioreactor, using the optimized medium, under standard conditions (temperature of 28ºC, initial impeller speed of 100rpm, initial aeration rate of 0.5vvm, and dissolved oxygen over 30% of saturation), showed superior biomass values, yield, and productivity (8.18g.L-1, 0.82g.g-1 and 0.08g.L-1.h-1, respectively) when compared to the results obtained in shaken flasks with the same medium. By comparing the composition of the dry mycelium of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 obtained in this study with the fruiting body of the same strain, grown on eucalyptus sawdust, similarities in the chemical composition regarding the total carbohydrate percentual, crude protein and minerals were observed. However, the contents of crude lipids and calories were higher in the mycelium. The total consumption of sucrose in the presence of soy oil was evidenced when growth was carried out in bioreactor, which did not occurred in shaken flasks. When comparing the results of cultivation on media containing glucose and sucrose in bioreactor, superior values of biomass concentration, yield and productivity with glucose were observed. With media containing glucose and sucrose, exopolyssaccharide (EPS) values of 1.18 and 1.58g of dry material.L-1, after 120h and 144h, respectively, were observed. No in vitro antioxidant activity of both EPS and mycelium crude extract was detected when these materials were evaluated with respect to their capacity of reducing the free radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH°). It was calculated that, to produce 1kg of dry mycelium, it is used 1.69kg of sucrose, costing R$1,63, being the value of kw.h-1 consumed of R$1,26, toting up R$2,89, not being computed the labor and drying costs; however, the market value for 1kg of dry mushroom is R$200,00.

Neste trabalho, formularam-se diferentes meios de cultivo para a produção econômica de biomassa de Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 em processo submerso, visando o emprego do micélio na alimentação humana. Foram testadas glicose, frutose e sacarose como fontes de carbono, assim como diferentes concentrações de glicose, óleo de soja, solução de sais, extrato de levedura Prodex®, proteína de soja e sulfato de amônio. Estudos realizados em frascos agitados mostraram que 10g.L-1 de glicose promoveram a maior biomassa micelial (5,98g.L-1) e a melhor produtividade (0,048g.L-1.h-1). A adição de 1mL.L-1 de óleo de soja ao meio de cultivo mostrou ser favorável ao crescimento fúngico, também resultando na presença do aroma típico de corpos de frutificação. Os resultados de otimização do meio de cultivo mostraram que proteína de soja (2,3g.L-1), extrato de levedura (1,86g.L-1) e sulfato de amônio (1,57g.L-1) também favoreceram o crescimento. Estudos realizados em biorreator de bancada, utilizando o meio otimizado e nas condições testadas (temperatura de 28ºC, freqüência do agitador de 100rpm, taxa de aeração de 0,5vvm, O2 dissolvido acima de 30% da saturação), quando comparados aos resultados obtidos em frascos agitados com o mesmo meio, mostraram valores de biomassa, rendimento e produtividade superiores (8,18g.L-1, 0,82g.g-1 e 0,08g.L-1.h-1, respectivamente). Ao comparar os principais componentes do micélio seco de P. sajor-caju PS-2001, obtidos no presente trabalho, com o do corpo de frutificação da mesma linhagem, cultivado em serragem de eucalipto, observaram-se semelhanças na composição química com relação ao percentual de carboidratos totais, proteína bruta e minerais; no entanto, os conteúdos de lipídios brutos e de calorias mostraram-se maiores no micélio. O consumo total de sacarose na presença de óleo de soja foi evidenciado quando o cultivo foi realizado em biorreator, o que não ocorreu em frascos agitados. Ao comparar os resultados dos cultivos variando as fontes de carbono (glicose e sacarose) em biorreator, observaram-se maiores valores de biomassa, rendimento e produtividade com glicose. A determinação dos valores de exopolissacarídeos (EPS) correspondeu a 1,18 e 1,58g de matéria seca.L-1 após 120h e 144h, para glicose e sacarose, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram ausência de atividade antioxidante in vitro dos EPS e do extrato bruto do micélio, avaliadas através da capacidade de redução do radical livre 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil (DPPH°). Verificou-se que, para produzir 1kg de micélio seco, utiliza-se 1,69kg de sacarose, a um custo de R$1,63, sendo o valor de kw.h-1 consumido de R$1,26, totalizando R$2,89, não computados os custos de mão de obra e de secagem; entretanto, o valor de mercado para 1kg de cogumelo seco é de R$200,00. / In this study, different growth media for the economic production of biomass of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process were formulated, aiming the use of mycelium in human feeding. Glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon sources, as well as different concentrations of glucose, soy oil, salt solution, Prodex® yeast extract, soy protein and ammonium sulphate were tested. Studies that were carried out in shaken flasks showed that 10g.L-1 of glucose led to the larger mycelium biomass (5.98g.L-1) and the best productivity (0.048g.L-1.h-1). The addition of 1mL.L-1 of soy oil to the medium was favorable to fungal growth, also resulting in the presence of the typical aroma of the fruiting body. The results achieved in the optimization of the growing medium showed that soy protein (2.3g.L-1), yeast extract (1.86g.L-1) and ammonium sulphate (1.57g.L-1) enhanced the mycelium growth. Studies carried out in laboratory-scale bioreactor, using the optimized medium, under standard conditions (temperature of 28ºC, initial impeller speed of 100rpm, initial aeration rate of 0.5vvm, and dissolved oxygen over 30% of saturation), showed superior biomass values, yield, and productivity (8.18g.L-1, 0.82g.g-1 and 0.08g.L-1.h-1, respectively) when compared to the results obtained in shaken flasks with the same medium. By comparing the composition of the dry mycelium of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 obtained in this study with the fruiting body of the same strain, grown on eucalyptus sawdust, similarities in the chemical composition regarding the total carbohydrate percentual, crude protein and minerals were observed. However, the contents of crude lipids and calories were higher in the mycelium. The total consumption of sucrose in the presence of soy oil was evidenced when growth was carried out in bioreactor, which did not occurred in shaken flasks. When comparing the results of cultivation on media containing glucose and sucrose in bioreactor, superior values of biomass concentration, yield and productivity with glucose were observed. With media containing glucose and sucrose, exopolyssaccharide (EPS) values of 1.18 and 1.58g of dry material.L-1, after 120h and 144h, respectively, were observed. No in vitro antioxidant activity of both EPS and mycelium crude extract was detected when these materials were evaluated with respect to their capacity of reducing the free radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH°). It was calculated that, to produce 1kg of dry mycelium, it is used 1.69kg of sucrose, costing R$1,63, being the value of kw.h-1 consumed of R$1,26, toting up R$2,89, not being computed the labor and drying costs; however, the market value for 1kg of dry mushroom is R$200,00.

No description available.

In the early 1900's the American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) was nearly destroyed by the introduction of the orange-pigmented, chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr). Chestnut blight is less severe in Europe, where hypovirulent (= reduced virulence) strains of the fungus are found to be associated with healing cankers. These European hypovirulent strains are infected with a dsRNA virus, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), and have a white phenotype when grown in culture. Transmission of CHV1 in C. parasitica is limited by incompatibility between isolates in different vegetative compatibility (vc) types. In 1982-83, naturally formed blight cankers on American chestnut grafts, derived from large survivors, were inoculated with a mixture of four European (white) hypovirulent strains of C. parasitica. After 14 years the white strains were recovered throughout the inoculated grafts, which had low levels of blight damage. CHV1 had infected at least 45 new vc types, and was present in four different fungal colony morphology groups, including one type that had intermediate or partial pigmentation. However, CHV1 was unable to move throughout a single vc type within a natural canker. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the frequency and phenotypic diversity of CHV1-infected C. parasitica isolates recovered from stromata and canker tissue from natural cankers on the grafted American chestnut trees and artificially established cankers on forest American chestnuts; 2) to determine the presence or absence of CHV1 in intermediate-pigmented isolates recovered from the American chestnut research plots; 3) to investigate the roles of colony age, resistance to hypovirus infection, and functional mycelial units in the failure of CHV1 to move throughout a vc type of C. parasitica in vitro, and; 4) to examine the role of low temperatures and a high elevation topographic site on CHV1 survival within C. parasitica colonies in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated that there was no direct correlation between the amount of colony pigmentation and the presence of dsRNA. Within each of the three colony phenotype categories (pigmented, intermediate and white), several C. parasitica isolates tested positive for the presence of CHV1. This presence of CHV1 in intermediate isolates, coupled with the relatively large number of intermediate isolates collected from stromata on cankers, indicates that intermediate isolates may perform an important, and previously overlooked, function in biological control of chestnut blight. In this study, all CHV1 movement trials indicated that the age of the C. parasitica colony limited the movement of CHV1 throughout the colony. The majority of the CHV1 movement through a C. parasitica colony occurred between 0 and 7 days following challenge with an isogenic CHV1-infected strain. Isolation data using a lattice grid did not indicate a consistent pattern of CHV1 movement throughout a C. parasitica colony. Low temperatures associated with high altitude had no effect on hypovirus survival in vivo or in vitro. Additionally, no long-term C. parasitica resistance to CHV1 infection or movement was identified in this study. This research has identified new insights into CHV1 spread and survival that may be important in understanding the role of CHV1 in the biological control of chestnut blight. / Ph. D.

<p>Истраживање у оквиру докторске дисертације обухвата анализу могућности производње и примене биокомпозитних термоизолационих плоча заснованих на нуспроизводима пољопривредне производње и мицелијума гљиве буковаче као везивног средства. Циљеви истраживања су развој методе за производњу биокомпозитних термоизолационих материјала и утврђивање морфолошких, физичко-хемијских, механичких и хигротермичких својстава биокомпозита. У складу са резултатима истраживања и закључцима да је могуће произвести и користити биокомпозитни термоизолациони материјал заснован на биомаси и мицелијуму гљива изведена је анализа енергетске ефикасности и животног циклуса материјала. Резултати истраживања представљају значајну полазну основу за производњу и даље унапређење биокомпозитних термоизолационих материјала у грађевинарству, са позитивном оценом мицелијума гљива као везивног средства.</p> / <p>Istraživanje u okviru doktorske disertacije obuhvata analizu mogućnosti proizvodnje i primene biokompozitnih termoizolacionih ploča zasnovanih na nusproizvodima poljoprivredne proizvodnje i micelijuma gljive bukovače kao vezivnog sredstva. Ciljevi istraživanja su razvoj metode za proizvodnju biokompozitnih termoizolacionih materijala i utvrđivanje morfoloških, fizičko-hemijskih, mehaničkih i higrotermičkih svojstava biokompozita. U skladu sa rezultatima istraživanja i zaključcima da je moguće proizvesti i koristiti biokompozitni termoizolacioni materijal zasnovan na biomasi i micelijumu gljiva izvedena je analiza energetske efikasnosti i životnog ciklusa materijala. Rezultati istraživanja predstavljaju značajnu polaznu osnovu za proizvodnju i dalje unapređenje biokompozitnih termoizolacionih materijala u građevinarstvu, sa pozitivnom ocenom micelijuma gljiva kao vezivnog sredstva.</p> / <p>Research in the thesis is focused on development and utilisation of<br />biocomposite thermal insulation panels based on agricultural biomass and<br />oyster mushroom mycelium as a binding agent. The goals of the research are<br />development of production method of biocomposite thermal insulation panels<br />and determination of morphological, physical-chemical, mechanical and<br />hygrothermal properties of the biocomposite. Energy efficiency and life cycle<br />assessment were conducted in accordance with the research results and<br />conclusions that it is possible to manufacture and use the biocomposite<br />thermal insulation panels based on biomass and mushroom mycelium. The<br />research results represent significant starting point for manufacturing and<br />further improvement of biocomposite thermal insulation panels used in civil<br />engineering and confirm the use of mycelium as a binding agent.</p>

No description available.

Product development can be taxing for the environment. When it comes to hardware products then a lot ofthe materials generally involved are based on finite resources such as fossil fuels. As the most commonlyused materials are rarely biodegradable, they often end up in landfills where they end up being harmfulboth to the environment and its inhabitants for a very long time. During recent years some companieshave started combating this through getting involved in the development and implementation of moresustainable alternatives. One of these companies trying to implement more sustainable materials isInteresting Times Gang, who now also wishes to develop new products by using mycelium - theunderground network of threads produced by fungi. This as mycelium poses a lot of sustainable propertiessuch as biodegradability, a high degree of moldability as well as being a cultivated resource rather thanbeing synthetic. This project serves to investigate what kind of product types are fitting for myceliumcomposites per request from ITG, as well as what kind of surface treatments are possible and fitting tomake the material more desirable. This with the intention of increasing awareness about the material withthe hopes of promoting it to a larger audience, enabling a transition towards more sustainable materialalternatives in the process. With the information gathered through research the project resulted in a sidetable that was designed and manufactured as a 1:1 scale prototype to showcase the possibilities of thematerial. This was done through a material driven design process which was divided into four steps:Understanding the material, Creating materials experience vision, Manifesting materials experience visionand Designing product concepts. Each phase included its own methods respectively and some of themethods include literature review, material testing, benchmarking, user testing, digital prototyping andmanufacturing to name a few. The project is a master thesis for the Industrial Design Engineeringprogramme at Luleå University of Technology performed during the spring of 2023.

No description available.

The study is practice-led in visual art and it explores the impact of intermediality to validate that new knowledge emerges via processes that lead to possibilities of transformative hybridity. Intermediality was established and generated through a productive reciprocity between practice and theory as well as between analogue and digital art. The research created a community of enquiry through an exhibition entitled TRANSCODE: dialogues around intermedia practice (2011) in order to model innovative approaches towards improvement of transmedial artistic practice. The diversity of work by artists involved in this exhibition allowed exploration of a range of creative processes to investigate and understand characteristics of productive intermediality. The concept of transcoding in this study was derived from Deleuze and Guattari, which describes how one milieu functions as a foundation for another, implying an intermedial tension. TRANSCODE alludes to the mediation that transcribes meanings across boundaries and within complexity. Selected characteristics of narratives, space, embodiment and visual systems were researched through the lens of mediamatic thinking, which refers to thinking via media. The study proposes that intermediality is best seen as a construct of the tensional differences that become enriched within the grey areas. In applying Deleuze and Guattari‘s metaphor of the rhizome and Tim Ingold‘s concept of the mycelial mesh, the research project not only prompted structured collective thinking through practice, but also captured various case studies relevant to practice-led methodology. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Art History)