Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements governing the degree of Philosophy in the School of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg / Sonicates derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppressed lymphocytes proliferation. Pulsing of monocytes with mycobacterial sonicates resulted in the release of high molecular weight lipids. Both these lipids and those prepared by column fractionation of mycobacterial sonicates suppressed lymphocyte blastogenesis.This effect was due to the activation and not the proliferation of CD8+ lymphocytes by the lipid containing mycobacterial fractions of Mr>200kDa that could be obtained in vitro by column fractions. / IT2018

A Pirazinamida (Z), droga de primeira linha usada no tratamento da tuberculose, necessita ser hidrolisada pela enzima bacteriana pirazinamidase (PZase) para que o seu metabólito ativo, o ácido pirazinóico (POA), possa agir. O principal mecanismo molecular de resistência a esta droga envolve mutações no gene pncA, que codifica a PZase. Com base nestas informações e tendo em vista a ausência de estudos acerca de resistência à Z em isolados clínicos de M. tuberculosis em nosso país, o presente trabalho propôs caracterizar as mutações envolvendo o gene pncA, bem como relacioná-las com os resultados do teste de atividade da enzima PZase e da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de Z. A caracterização molecular dos isolados foi realizada por \"Spoligotyping\", sendo que, todos os isolados testados foram confirmados como pertencentes à espécie M. tuberculosis. A CIM foi realizada por três metodologias: técnica em microplaca utilizando o Alamar Azul como revelador (MABA), método de microdiluição em caldo (BMM), e método das proporções em Lowenstein-Jensen. Os resultados obtidos dão conta de uma boa associação entre as metodologias, e a determinação da CIM pelo método MABA mostrou-se uma nova e segura opção a ser utilizada para Z. A maioria dos isolados clínicos de M. tuberculosis resistentes à Z (88%), apresentaram também atividade de PZase negativa, bem como mutações no gene pncA. Algumas exceções foram encontradas, já que 12% dos isolados clínicos resistentes não apresentaram mutações no gene pncA e tiveram atividade da PZase positiva, sugerindo a existência de outro mecanismo envolvido com resistência à Z. Das 22 mutações encontradas no gene pncA, 9 estão sendo descritas apenas neste estudo. Registrou-se também a presença de 5 isolados clínicos apresentando fenótipo de monorresistência à Z. / Pyrazinamide (Z), a first-line antituberculous drug, is a prodrug that must be activated by bacterial pyrazinamidase (PZase) to the active form pyrazinoic acid, which kills M. tuberculosis. Many studies have shown that mutation in the gene encoding PZase (pncA) is the major mechanism of Z-resistance in M. tuberculosis. Based on this information and taking into consideration the absence of studies concerning Z-resistance in Brazilian M. tuberculosis strains, this study was aimed at characterizing pncA mutations and investigating its correlation with Z-resistance and PZase activity. The molecular characterization carried out by Spoligotyping revealed that all tested strains belong to M. tuberculosis species. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Z was determined by three methods: microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA), broth microdilution method (BMM) and method of proportions on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. The results showed a good association between the 3 methods, and MABA for MIC determination signalized a new and safe option to be used for Z. Most of Z-resistant strains (88%) presented pncA mutations as well as loss of PZase activity. Some exceptions were found since 12% of Z-resistant strains presented neither pncA mutations nor loss of PZase activity, what suggests the existence of another Z-resistance mechanism. Nine of 22 mutations found in pncA gene were described only in this study. During the course of this investigation were identified 5 Z-monoresistant M. tuberculosis strains.

by Au Lai Yin, Cathy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-66). / Chapter I. --- ABSTRACT --- p.i / Chapter II. --- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter III. --- TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter IV. --- LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / Chapter V. --- LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter VI. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter VII. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3 / Chapter A. --- Mycobacterial tuberculosis Infections --- p.3 / Chapter B. --- Diagnostic Criteria forM .tuberculosis Infections --- p.3 / Chapter C. --- Mycobacteriological Laboratory Investigations for M. tuberculosis --- p.4 / Chapter 1. --- Conventional methods --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- Rapid methods --- p.4 / Chapter D. --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - the Principle --- p.5 / Chapter E. --- Application of PCR for Detection of M. tuberculosis --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- Choice of target sequences --- p.6 / Chapter 2. --- Choice of method for the detection & identification of PCR-amplified product --- p.7 / Chapter 3. --- Studies on pure cultures --- p.9 / Chapter a. --- Detection limit - target DNA --- p.9 / Chapter b. --- Detection limit - Colony forming units --- p.9 / Chapter c. --- Detection limit - Number of cells --- p.10 / Chapter 4. --- Studies on clinical specimens --- p.10 / Chapter 5. --- Problems --- p.12 / Chapter a. --- Availability of target DNA --- p.13 / Chapter (i) --- Cell breakage efficiency --- p.13 / Chapter (ii) --- Target sequence --- p.14 / Chapter b. --- Inhibitory factors for Taq polymerase --- p.14 / Chapter c. --- Contamination --- p.15 / Chapter VIII. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.16 / Chapter A. --- Bacterial Strains and Strain Maintenance --- p.16 / Chapter 1. --- Reference Strains --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- Clinical isolates --- p.16 / Chapter B. --- Growth media and culture conditions --- p.17 / Chapter C. --- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) --- p.17 / Chapter 1. --- Extraction of chromosomal DNA from M. tuberculosis --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- Digestion of chromosomal DNA by PVU II --- p.19 / Chapter 3. --- Separation of digested DNA fragment by electrophoresis --- p.19 / Chapter 4. --- Southern Blotting --- p.19 / Chapter 5. --- Preparation of DNA probes by Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.20 / Chapter 6. --- Hybridization --- p.21 / Chapter 7. --- Detection --- p.21 / Chapter D. --- Assessment of number of organisms --- p.22 / Chapter 1. --- Viable cell count --- p.22 / Chapter 2. --- Direct cell count --- p.22 / Chapter E. --- Assessment of the presence of IS6110/986 in M. tuberculosis isolates --- p.23 / Chapter F. --- Human leukaemic monocytic cell line (THP-1) --- p.23 / Chapter 1. --- Growth media and maintenance --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- Culture Conditions --- p.24 / Chapter 3. --- Uptake of M. tuberculosis --- p.24 / Chapter G. --- Cell breakage and DNA extraction methodologies --- p.25 / Chapter H. --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodologies --- p.28 / Chapter 1. --- Primer and probe --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- PCR conditions --- p.28 / Chapter 3. --- Detection --- p.29 / Chapter I. --- Patients and Clinical specimens --- p.30 / Chapter 1. --- Patients recruitment --- p.30 / Chapter 2. --- Clinical specimens --- p.30 / Chapter IX. --- RESULTS --- p.32 / Chapter A. --- "Development or Selection of a ""Standardized"" PCR Protocol for the Detection of M. tuberculosis Using Pure Cultures In Vitro" --- p.32 / Chapter 1. --- Selection of organisms for verification of the PCR protocol --- p.32 / Chapter 2. --- Optimization of the PCR conditions --- p.32 / Chapter 3. --- Detection limit of target DNA using the PCR procedure --- p.33 / Chapter B. --- Initial Screening of Six Different Cell Breakage Procedures Using Pure Cultures of M. tuberculosis Isolates TB19 &22a Based on Detection Limits of Colony Forming Units and Number of Cells --- p.34 / Chapter C. --- Comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 Based on Detection Limits of Colony Forming Units and Number of Cells Using Pure Cultures of the Eight Clinical Isolates of M. tuberculosis with variable copies of IS6110/986 --- p.34 / Chapter D. --- Detection of M. tuberculosis Isolates Within Macrophages --- p.35 / Chapter 1. --- Uptake of M. tuberculosis cells by THP-1 --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- Comparison of the Six Different Cell Breakage Procedures Using Pure Cultures of M. tuberculosis Isolates TB19 & 22a Phagocytized by Activated THP-1 Macrophages --- p.35 / Chapter 3. --- Comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 Using Pure Cultures of the Eight Clinical Isolates of M. tuberculosis Phagocytized by Activated THP-1 Macrophages --- p.36 / Chapter E. --- Analysis of Clinical Specimens Using Method 1 & 2 with the Optimized PCR Protocol --- p.36 / Chapter 1. --- Bronchial Aspirate & Bronchoaveolar Lavage Fluid --- p.36 / Chapter 2. --- Pleural Fluid --- p.37 / Chapter 3. --- Tissue --- p.37 / Chapter 4. --- Sputum --- p.38 / Chapter 5. --- Cerebrospinal Fluid --- p.38 / Chapter X. --- DISCUSSION --- p.39 / Chapter A. --- Selection of IS6110/986 for DNA amplification --- p.39 / Chapter B. --- Optimization of PCR conditions reflected by detection limit of target DNA --- p.40 / Chapter C. --- Selection of cell breakage methods based on detection limits of CFU and/or number of mycobacterial cells --- p.41 / Chapter D. --- Application of Methods 1 & 2 and the optimized PCR protocol for clinical specimens --- p.43 / Chapter 1. --- Bronchial aspirates and bronchoaveolar lavage fluids --- p.43 / Chapter 2. --- Pleural fluids --- p.44 / Chapter 3. --- Tissues --- p.45 / Chapter 4. --- Sputa --- p.46 / Chapter 5. --- Cerebrospinal fluids --- p.46 / Chapter XI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.48 / Chapter XII. --- LITERATURE CITED --- p.50 / Chapter XIII --- TABLES --- p.67 / Chapter XIV. --- FIGURES --- p.85

Orientador: Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida / Coorientador: Cleslei Fernando Zanelli / Banca: Carlos Peleschi Taborda / Banca: Cristiano Gallina Moreira / Resumo: Paracoccidiodomicose (PCM) é uma micose sistêmica endêmica na América Latina, de alta prevalência no Brasil, que tem como agente etiológico os fungos dimórficos do gênero Paracoccidioides, P. brasiliensis e P. lutzii. No processo de infecção as adesinas, substâncias sintetizadas por estes fungos que se ligam a matriz extracelular, são importantes fatores de virulência para o estabelecimento da infecção. A proteína de 30kDa, pertencente a família de proteínas 14-3-3, se destaca no processo adesivo deste fungo. As proteínas 14-3-3 são uma família de proteínas presentes em todas as células eucariotas e possuem múltiplas funções. Em P. brasiliensis, a proteína 14-3-3Pb, liga-se a laminina, principal componente da matriz extracelular das células hospedeiras, e durante a infecção sua expressão é aumentada. Com o intuito de compreender melhor a função desta proteína o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise funcional da 14-3-3Pb através da obtenção de um homólogo funcional em S. cerevisiae e análise do anticorpo monoclonal anti-14-3-3Pb. S. cerevisiae foi escolhida como modelo de estudo por ser uma levedura amplamente utilizada na pesquisa genética, ao contrário de P. brasiliensis, e por possuir duas isoformas de 14-3-3, Bmh1p e Bmh2p, com alta identidade com 14-3-3Pb Para obtenção do homólogo funcional, foi realizada a transformação do vetor pYES-14-3-3Pb em S. cerevisiae. A partir da obtenção dos transformantes a avaliação da complementação foi realizada e foi observado uma complementação parcial das proteínas Bmh1p e Bmh2p por 14-3-3Pb. Ainda foram realizados teste de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos e a derivados semissintéticos do ácido gálico, onde foi possível observar um aumento da sensibilidade das linhagens com nocaute para os genes BMH1 e BMH2, S. cerevisiae Δbmh1 e Δbmh2, quando comparado à linhagem selvagem. A análise do anticorpo monoclonal foi realizada através de ensaio... / Abstract: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America, with high prevalence in Brazil, has as etiological agent dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp., P. brasiliensis e P. lutzii. During the infection process the adhesins, substances synthetized by fungi that interacts with host's extracellular matrix (ECM), are important virulence factors for the establishment of infection. A 30kDa protein that belongs to 14-3-3 proteins family stands out in the adhesion process of this fungus. The 14-3-3 proteins are present in all eukaryotic cells and play multiple functions. In P. brasiliensis, the 14-3-3Pb protein binds to lamin, the major component of ECM from host cells, and during the infection the expression is increased. In order to have a better understanding of 14-3-3Pb functions the aim of this study is to perform a functional analysis of this protein through achieving a functional homologous in S. cerevisiae and to analyze the monoclonal antibody anti-14-3-3Pb during infection. S. cerevisiae was chosen as model because it's widely use in genetic research, unlike P. brasiliensis, and has two isoforms of 14-3-3 proteins, Bmh1p and Bmh2p, with high identity with 14-3-3Pb. The functional homologous were obtained by yeast transformation of pYES-14-3-3Pb vector. Complementation assay was performed with obtained transformants, and it was observed that 14-3-3Pb partially complements Bmh1p and Bmh2p, with higher complementation of Bmh2p. Also susceptibility assays were performed with antifungal drugs and semi-synthetic compounds derived from gallic acid where it was observed that S. cerevisiae wild type was less sensitive to antifungals than the knockout strains, S. cerevisiae Δbmh1 and Δbmh2. Monoclonal antibody anti14-3-3Pb was evaluated alone and in association with substances with antifungal activities through inhibition adhesion assay, where it was observed that the anti-14-3-3Pb alone is able to inhibit P. brasiliensis ... / Mestre

"Tuberculosis is a deadly disease caused by bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. One-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Two million these deaths occur each year in immunocompromised AIDS patients. M. tuberculosis has co-evolved with humans for many thousands of years. The bacillus has developed tactics to overcome the immune defense system and multiply in the macrophage. At the interface of the host and pathogen interactions, there is an interchange of metals and electrolytes. The host on one hand reduces the availability of metals essential for pathogen survival, like manganese and iron, in the macrophage and increases potassium ions which reduces pH in the phagolysosome. The host also generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), to create toxic affects through interactions with metals and metalloproteins. M. tuberculosis copes with the hostile environment in the macrophage by preventing the acidification of the phagolysosome, secreting antioxidant enzymes such as alkylhydroperoxidase (AhpF) and peroxiredoxin (AhpC), superoxide dismutase, SodA and SodC, and catalase KatG through the SecA system. M. tuberculosis contains 28 metal transporters, among them there are 12 unique P-type ATPases. This is an unusually high number of P-type ATPases in an organism. These ATPases transport several monovalent and divalent metals (Cu+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+) across biological membranes, using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Our analysis has revealed that these P-type ATPases have homologs in other intracellular symbiotic/pathogenic bacteria and certain chemolithotrophic archaea and bacteria. A corelation can hence be drawn among these pumps and the capability of surviving in noxious environments and coping with adverse redox conditions. Possible substrates were identified by determining the consensus sequences in different helices of these ATPases. However, out of the 12 P-type ATPases confirmed, transported substrate could be postulated for four of these proteins; CtpA, CtpB, CtpV and KdpB. Using bioinformatic approaches we have characterized the possible genetic environment of these genes. The transmembrane regions were analyzed for consensus sequences and the N-terminals and C-terminals were scrutinized for metal binding domains, and we were able to categorize these ATPases into P1 type and P2 type ATPases. In an attempt to determine the substrate specificity, two of these ATPases (CtpC and ctpG) were cloned and transformed into Escherichia coli cells. Cells expressing CtpC were grown in different concentrations of metals and pHs. In these experiments CtpC was found to show an interaction with copper and cadmium. Pure protein was obtained by His-tag purification and para-Nitro Phenol Phosphatase (pNPPase) assay was performed with different metals, it was found that copper and zinc activated the phosphatase activity of the enzyme; and cobalt and manganese were inhibitory. Inhibition of the pNPP assay could mean that there would be activation in the ATPase assay, meaning that cobalt and manganese could be possible substrates to this enzyme. "

TB remains a major health issue worldwide causing around 1.5 deaths each year. The recent phase III clinical trials of shortened TB treatment failed to show superiority compared to the current regimen and this mainly because of relapse. Relapse is thought to be caused by dormant bacteria. Dormancy in Mycobacterium species has been shown to be associated with the accumulation of intracellular lipids, defining two phenotypes: the lipid rich (LR) cells (associated with dormancy) and the lipid poor (LP) cells (non-dormant). LR cells were shown to have a higher phenotypic antibiotic resistance compared to LP cells. Studying these two phenotypes is therefore central in tuberculosis research to understand better the disease and also potentially start to reveal the bacteriology of relapse. We investigated the power of Raman spectroscopy, a label-free and non-destructive technique, to discriminate LR and LP bacteria both in-vitro and ex-vivo. This represents the first Raman spectroscopy study that tries to discriminate the phenotypes of M. tuberculosis and investigate them directly at the site of the disease. Using total lipid extract of M. tuberculosis, we showed the location of the main lipid bands in the Raman spectrum. The two major lipid peaks were located around 1300 cm⁻¹ and 1450 cm⁻¹. Raman spectroscopy can discriminate LR and LP cells with high sensitivity and specificity. The main differences between the two groups are located in the two major Raman lipid peaks, the lipid band A (1300 cm⁻¹) and lipid band B (1440 to 1450 cm⁻¹). The two phenotypes were successfully discriminated in TB infected guinea pig lung tissue sections also from in-vitro culture using wavelength modulated Raman (WMR) spectroscopy combined with fluorescence imaging. We developed a protocol to perform both Raman spectroscopy and immunohistochemistry on the same tissue sample. We studied the evolution of LR and LP proportion in mycobacterial population as the growth conditions changed and showed that LR cells could rapidly convert to LP cells as they face favourable growth conditions. The results presented in this thesis showed that LR M. tuberculosis cells could be predominant at the site of infection. This would suggest that drug sensitivity testing should be performed on culture presenting both LR and LP cells in high proportion.

by Carrie Au-Yeang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-54). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter I. --- Abstract --- p.iii / Chapter II. --- Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Chapter III. --- Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter IV. --- List of Abbreviations --- p.vii / Chapter V. --- List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter VI. --- List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter VII. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter VIII. --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter A. --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections - clinical importance --- p.3 / Chapter B. --- Treatment of M. tuberculosis Infections - the past & present --- p.3 / Chapter C. --- Laboratory Supports for Treatment of Tuberculosis --- p.5 / Chapter D. --- The Postantibiotic Effects (PAE) --- p.6 / Chapter E. --- PAE of Antituberculosis Drugs Against Mycobacteria --- p.15 / Chapter F. --- Radiometric Measurement of growth --- p.16 / Chapter IX. --- Materials and Methods --- p.17 / Chapter A. --- Bacterial Strains and Their Maintenance --- p.17 / Chapter B. --- Antimicrobial Agents --- p.17 / Chapter C. --- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing --- p.18 / Chapter D. --- Assessment of PAE and KI In Vitro --- p.20 / Chapter E. --- Assessment of PAE and KI Ex Vivo --- p.22 / Chapter F. --- Determination of Drug Uptake --- p.25 / Chapter X. --- Results --- p.29 / Chapter A. --- In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of the M. tuberculosis Strains --- p.29 / Chapter B. --- PAE In Vitro - the Classical Viable Count Method --- p.29 / Chapter C. --- PAE Measured by the Bactec Method --- p.30 / Chapter D. --- PAE In Vitro - the Bactec Method --- p.30 / Chapter E. --- Postantibiotic Effects Ex Vivo by the Bactec Method --- p.31 / Chapter F. --- Bactericidal Activities In Vitro and Ex Vivo --- p.32 / Chapter XI. --- Discussion --- p.34 / Chapter A. --- Selection of M. tuberculosis isolates and Drug Susceptibility --- p.34 / Chapter B. --- PAE and KI In Vitro & Ex Vivo - the study methods --- p.34 / Chapter C. --- PAE In Vitro & Ex Vivo - single drug --- p.36 / Chapter D. --- PAE Ex Vivo - drug combinations --- p.38 / Chapter E. --- KI In vitro & Ex vivo --- p.39 / Chapter F. --- PAE and Clinical Therapeutic Regimens --- p.41 / Chapter G. --- Conclusion & Future Studies --- p.44 / Chapter XII. --- Literature Cited --- p.45 / Chapter XIII. --- Figures --- p.55 / Chapter IVX --- Tables --- p.68

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No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_priscila_cristina_bartolomeu_halicki.pdf: 828377 bytes, checksum: 80762df11368d26386cc393c3dded829 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa causada, principalmente, pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e, apesar de curável, ainda é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. O tratamento prolongado, combinado com seus efeitos tóxicos e interações farmacocinéticas com outros compostos, pode dificultar a adesão do paciente à terapia, além de selecionar bacilos resistentes. Esses fatores reforçam a necessidade da busca por novos fármacos e por substâncias que possam potencializar a ação de outros fármacos já estabelecidos. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicobacteriano de naftoquinonas, um nanocarreador lipídico e seus excipientes (óleo de rícino, lecitina de soja, estearato de PEG 660 e rifampicina (RIF)), pelo método Resazurin Microtiter Assay, através da determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (CMI). As naftoquinonas foram avaliadas in vitro frente a três cepas de M. tuberculosis: uma pan-suscetível H37Rv (ATCC 27294); uma monoresistente à isoniazida (INHr - ATCC 35822) com mutação no gene katG (S315T); e outra monoresistente à rifampicina (RIFr - ATCC 35338) com mutação no gene rpoB (H526T), enquanto a RIF-NE e seus excipientes foram avaliados frente a outras três cepas: uma pan-suscetível H37Rv (ATCC 27294); um isolado clínico suscetível e um isolado clínico multidroga resistente (MDR), com mutações nos genes katG (S315T) e rpoB (S531L). Todas as naftoquinonas foram ativas frente às três cepas de M. tuberculosis, com CMI entre 234 e 12,5 μM. Entretanto, as moléculas que apresentam um grupamento amina em sua composição, apresentaram resultados promissores relacionados à primeira etapa de desenvolvimento de um novo fármaco, devido à atividade antimicobacteriana e à baixa toxicidade frente a macrófagos da linhagem J774A.1. Em relação aos nanocarreadores lipídicos, foi possível observar que o encapsulamento da RIF não foi capaz de potencializar sua atividade in vitro para as cepas suscetíveis, porém, aumentou 130x a suscetibilidade da cepa MDR à RIF. Com base nesse resultado, foi avaliada a atividade antimicobacteriana da nanoemulsão sem rifampicina (UN-NE) e dos excipientes utilizados na sua formulação. O estearato de PEG 660 foi ativo frente às três cepas de M. tuberculosis, enquanto o óleo de rícino e a lecitina de soja não apresentaram atividade antimicobacteriana. Considerando as concentrações proporcionais de cada componente na formulação das nanoemulsões e a CMI desses compostos separadamente, pode-se inferir que a atividade antimicrobiana da UN-NE para as três cepas e da RIF-NE para a cepa MDR pode estar relacionada à atividade do estearato de PEG 660. Dessa forma, alguns compostos avaliados neste estudo apresentaram potencial antimicobacteriano e podem ser promissores no desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas para a TB, servindo como protótipos para novos fármacos ou novos carreadores de fármacos anti-TB. / Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and although curable, is still considered a problem of public health worldwide. Prolonged treatment combined with its toxic effects and pharmacokinetic interactions with other compounds can hamper patient adherence to therapy, besides selecting resistant bacilli. These factors reinforce the need to search for new drugs and substances that can enhance the action of other drugs already established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial potential of naphthoquinones, a lipid nanocarrier and its ingredients (castor oil, soy lecithin, PEG stearate 660 and rifampicin (RIF)), by Resazurin Microtiter Assay, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The naphthoquinones were evaluated against three strains in vitro: a pan-susceptible H37Rv (ATCC 27294); one monoresistant isoniazid (ATCC 35822) with mutation in the katG gene (S315T); and a monoresistant to RIF (ATCC 35338) with a mutation in rpoB gene (H526T), while RIF-NE and the excipients have been evaluated against other three strains: a pan-susceptible H37Rv (ATCC 27294); a susceptible clinical isolate and a multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolate, with mutations in the katG gene (S315T) and rpoB (S531L). All naphthoquinones were active against the three strains of M. tuberculosis, with MIC between 234 and 12.5 μM. However, the molecules which have an amine grouping in their composition have shown promising results related to the first stage of a new drug development, due to the antimycobacterial activity and low toxicity against the J774A.1 macrophage lineage. About lipid nanocarriers, it was observed that the encapsulation of RIF was not able to enhance its in vitro activity for susceptible strains, however, increased 130x the susceptibility of the MDR strain to RIF. Based on this result, the antimycobacterial activity of the nanoemulsion without rifampicin (UN-NE) and excipients used in the formulation was evaluated. The PEG-660 stearate was active against the three strains of M. tuberculosis, while castor oil and soy lecithin showed no antimycobacterial activity. Considering the proportional concentrations of each component in the formulation of nanoemulsions and MIC of these compounds separately, it can infer that the antimicrobial activity of UN-NE for the three strains and RIF-NE for MDR strain can be related to PEG-660 stearate activity. Thus, some compounds evaluated in this study showed antimycobacterial activity and may be promising in the development of new therapeutic alternatives for TB, serving as prototypes for new drugs or new carriers of anti-TB drugs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sato_dn_dr_araiq.pdf: 232098 bytes, checksum: fef9938402c38520312a4f3268b1687d (MD5) / O aumento de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes às drogas utilizadas no esquema de tratamento convencional, principalmente por falha terapêutica, têm levado os pesquisadores à busca de novas drogas. Entretanto, faz-se necessário desenvolver novas metodologias para a determinação da atividade bactericida destes compostos. Este estudo descreve a padronização de uma metodologia rápida para triagem de atividade intra e extracelular de novos compostos, empregando Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 e Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman ATCC 35801, ambas contendo o plasmídio pSMT1 com o gene luxA e luxB proveniente do Vibrio harveyi. A rifampicina e a isoniazida foram empregadas como droga de referência na padronização da técnica da luciferase extracelular, obtendo-se resultados de Concentração Inibitória Mínima de 0,03 μg/mL, para ambas as drogas, valores estes compatíveis com os da técnica de Alamar Blue. Para a padronização da técnica da luciferase intracelular foi utilizado o M. tuberculosis Erdman ATCC 35801 contendo o plasmídio pSMT internalizado em células de macrófagos J774. A droga de referência empregada foi a rifampicina obtendo-se um... / There has been an increase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are resistant to the current anti-TB agents, mainly through acquired resistance by therapeutic failure. This fact has underscored the need of a quick development of antimycobacterial drugs that are more effective than those currently in use. Moreover, new methodologies to determine the bactericidal activity of these compounds have been proposed. This study describes the use of bioluminescent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv – ATCC 27974 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman ATCC 35801 both containing the plasmid pSMT1 constructed with luxA and luxB genes from Vibrio harveyi in a screening to evaluate the antimycobacterial activities of anti-TB agents. Standardization of the technique was performed using isoniazid and rifampicin, as drugs standard. The results of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were 0.03 μg/mL and 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. These values were totally compatible with those obtained by Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Standardization of bioluminescence measurements of intracellular antimycobacterial activity was performed using the J774 murine...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

A caracterização das mutações nos genes katG, ahpC e inhA e sua correlação com a resistência à isoniazida em isolados de Mycobacterium tuberculosis tem sido descrita. A mutação S315T no gene katG é a mais freqüentemente encontrada e pode fornecer rápida informação para a seleção do tratamento anti-tuberculose, para a vigilância epidemiológica da resistência e, possivelmente rastrear a transmissão de linhagens resistentes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um Ensaio de Hibridização Reversa (EHR) para a rápida identificação da mutação no códon 315 do gene katG em M. tuberculosis. Após a padronização da metodologia com 180 DNAs de M. tuberculosis isolados de cultura, o teste foi aplicado a 46 DNAs isolados de amostras clínicas e foram testados para a detecção de mutantes katG315 resistentes à isoniazida. Quando aplicado em DNA de cultura o teste pôde detectar com sucesso a mutação mais comum no katG315 (AGC ACC) em todas as linhagens estudadas em comparação com o seqüenciamento de DNA. Em relação às amostras clínicas, o EHR apresentou concordância com o seqüenciamento em todas as amostras com baciloscopia positiva. O teste desenvolvido apresenta um bom potencial para a rápida identificação da resistência à isoniazida em regiões com uma elevada prevalência de mutantes katG315 entre isolados de M. tuberculosis resistentes à isoniazida. / Mutations in katG, ahpC and inhA genes were identified and have been correlated with isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, mutation in katG S315T being the most frequent. Rapid detection of this mutation could therefore improve the choice of an adequate anti-TB regimen, epidemiological monitoring of isoniazid resistance and, possibly to track transmission of resistant strains. Reverse Hybridization Assay (RHA) is a simple technique for the rapid identification of katG315 mutation in M. tuberculosis. The assay was standardized with 180 DNAs isolated from cultures of M. tuberculosis and was applied to 46 clinical specimens and tested for the detection of isoniazid-resistant katG315 mutants. When the test was applied to the DNA from cultured M. tuberculosis it was possible to successfully detect the most common mutation at katG315 (AGC ACC) in all isolates studied in comparison with DNA sequencing. For clinical samples, the RHA presented agreement with the sequencing in all samples with smear positive. The developed test presents a good potential for the rapid identification of isoniazid resistance in regions with a high prevalence of katG315 mutants among isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates.