The aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of women's working conditions within the NGO sector in Colombia, and to find out what factors that impact women’s possibilities for achievements. Through out a qualitative approach five interviews with women were conductedin Bogotá, the capital of Colombia. The collected data was analyzed by a qualitative content analysis, with the purpose to find themes and categorizations in the material, in order to interpret the respondents’ experiences and how they present them. The analysis shows, that what all respondents have in common is that previous life events and a dedication to contribute to societal changes, seem to be the most vital factors in terms of how they got to where they are today. In various ways, they all have noticed flaws in the system, to which they have committed full-hearted to change. Further, the results indicate that women’s likeability to be recognized as leaders are greater within the NGO sector, than in the society at large. However, despite the similarities found the results correspondingly show that there are differences in terms of perceptions as well as experiences. Thus, the results indicate the need to take various aspects into account, in order not to neglect the impact of different dimensions and factors.

L'action humanitaire des organisations intermédiaires, situées entre donateurs et donataires d'un don de plus en plus strictement financier, s'est peu à peu adaptée aux dispositifs de biopouvoir des gouvernements. Profession chargée de normes gestionnaires, orientée notamment par une exigence, non pas de profit, mais de rentabilité, elle s'est progressivement divisée et spécialisée. Une même organisation et certains de ses partenaires locaux sont ainsi observés depuis Lyon, Pékin et Bamako. Intégrée dans une écologie de professions , cette ONG a ainsi été analysée avec ses partenaires financiers et ses partenaires de mises en œuvre, dans l’objectif de toujours tenir ensemble les situations, contextes et processus de globalisation à l’œuvre. Cette thèse explore ainsi l’institutionnalisation d’un mode de gouvernance particulier, reposant de plus en plus sur les émotions individuelles des travailleurs et de leurs « bénéficiaires ». En effet, elles sont essentielles pour animer un travail permanent de négociations. Elles inscrivent ainsi ce gouvernement humanitaire dans un capitalisme des émotions, déployé au-delà des frontières extérieures entre pays et des frontières intérieures, entre privé et professionnel. / Intermediate organisations working for donors and receiving financial donations for beneficiaries of humanitarian help have been gradually adapted to biopower mechanisms of government. Guidelines, standards and objectives are now fully part of a profession willing to gain efficiency but not profit. Humanitarian action is more and more divided between organisations but also between workers in order to ensure this goal. One organisation and some of its local partners have been observed from Lyon, Beijing and Bamako. This NGO has been analyzed with its financial partners and implementing partners as all are integrated into an ecology of professions. This approach is essential to link together situations, contexts and globalization processes at work. This PhD explores the institutionalization of a particular mode of governance more and more based on individual emotions of workers and their "beneficiaries." Indeed, they are essential to foster negotiations within this division of labour. Therefore, humanitarian government is now part of a capitalism of emotions deployed across external borders of different countries and internal borders between the private and professional.

<p>By applying discourse analysis to six interviews with officials and development workers at the Swedish solidarity organisation AGS, this thesis analyses power in development cooperation, and the construction and function of discourses surrounding the field. It discusses rhetorical and strategic shifts from development aid to partnership and solidarity. By exploring how the informants speak of priorities, privilege and difference in relation to ideas of race or ethnicity, and class, the objective is to show how the solidarity position and development context is discursively created. What differs between solidarity, partnership and development aid? In what ways are the White Western Development Worker image constructed and challenged? The thesis discusses contemporary postcolonial relations between and within African and Swedish societies. It examines difficulties regarding gender mainstreaming efforts as an example of how Swedish development workers and officials discursively construct and deconstruct images of Selves and African Others.</p>

<p>India and many other developing countries confront serious problems of declining water tables. In India there is no real water shortage, but ineffective use of surface water leads to freshwater run-off. By building dams and irrigation water systems the Indian government has been trying to find a more effective use of surface water and thereby increase the agricultural productivity. But mismanagement of irrigation systems by local governments called for alternative management techniques, and during the last decades the central Indian government has been trying to decentralise management and governance of irrigation water to local water users. This Minor Field Study (MFS) focuses on a local implementation of Participatory Irrigation Management in the Indian state Madhya Pradesh. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the way the local government handles the decentralisation of irrigation water management, by identify and illuminate communication channels. The thesis is built on the basic idea that functioning environmental communication is the key to reach a functioning decentralised and sustainable water management. Interviews with local government officials, citizens of a local village, and staff from a locally involved NGO within a case study constitute most of the empirical data. Theories of decentralisation of natural resource management, community participation, communication, and NGO cooperation are presented. With starting point in the empirical material and the presented theories has way the local government handles the decentralisation process, and the role of the locally involved NGO, been analysed. The study shows shortcomings in: education of stakeholders, communication training among government officials, trust in the capability of local water users, and communication between stakeholders. The study also enlighten the government officials fear of losing political power, the NGOs role as communication channel, and the formation of locally rooted organisations.</p>

<p>This paper presents the marketing management of the nonprofit sector as a prerequisite for NGO sustainability. It examines the existing literature on the nonprofit marketing, the current situation of the local NGOs in Kosovo with regards to the application of marketing. The research methodology follows the introduction and presentation of the research objectives. The theoretical background introduces the necessary baseline to analyze empirical findings. The empirical findings and analysis reveal that nonprofit sector in Kosovo does not have a holistic marketing approach. The focus of the research is to emphasize the importance of marketing orientation, segmentation, and planning at nonprofit sector. Moreover, NGOs should create, communicate and deliver values based on customers’ (beneficiaries, volunteers, and donors) needs.</p><p>As a result of this research, a marketing plan guide was prepared.  The guide aims to educate NGOs in Kosovo about the benefits of having a holistic marketing approach and will serve as basis for further marketing planning.</p>

The purpose of the study was to learn how donor-dependent NGOs in Tanzania, working with the issue of girls’ education, obtain and maintain legitimacy in the eyes of financial donors as well as in their local society. The investigation also aimed to explore which present and future organizational challenges they manage at the same time as they deal with the issue of legitimacy. A field study in Tanzania was conducted during ten weeks and three different NGOs concerned with legitimacy, were studied to see how they manage this issue and handle the demands from donors, government and society. Interviews and participant observation were made at each organization and a complementary study of SIDA and the National Ministry of Education was made in order to do a comparison of the situation and views. All organizations stressed the importance of well-working institutions in society, predictability in the financial support from the donors and most important: the societal support that leads to legitimacy. In order to gain legitimacy, the greatest need is transparency of the documents and records, keeping promises and being able to confirm the positive outcome of the work. The plan for future independence was not well developed at any of the organizations, even though they were at different phases. The major concern with being a donor-dependent NGO in the developing world is to manage the relationship with the government at the same time as you are accountable to society and tackle demands from the donors. The greatest fear of all organizations was that the financial support would be terminated.

By applying discourse analysis to six interviews with officials and development workers at the Swedish solidarity organisation AGS, this thesis analyses power in development cooperation, and the construction and function of discourses surrounding the field. It discusses rhetorical and strategic shifts from development aid to partnership and solidarity. By exploring how the informants speak of priorities, privilege and difference in relation to ideas of race or ethnicity, and class, the objective is to show how the solidarity position and development context is discursively created. What differs between solidarity, partnership and development aid? In what ways are the White Western Development Worker image constructed and challenged? The thesis discusses contemporary postcolonial relations between and within African and Swedish societies. It examines difficulties regarding gender mainstreaming efforts as an example of how Swedish development workers and officials discursively construct and deconstruct images of Selves and African Others.

The global population can, based on income per capita be divided into three socioeconomic segments of a pyramid where the bottom segment is labeled: base/bottom of the pyramid (BOP). The BOP market has a collective buying power estimated to five trillion dollar per year. The BOP-segment may seem lucrative but it is however risky and challenging to enter a market characterized by poverty. One of the risks that are pointed out in research is minimal local marketing expertise. A key to succeed in a BOP-market is finding innovative ways of building awareness for a product. Earlier research have pointed at local partners as important for creating that awareness. This study aimed to find how companies have enabled and used non-traditional partners as a communication channel. The findings of the study indicate that companies have used enabling efforts and that CSR approaches and NGO partnerships had been important for enabling the communication channel as well as important for delivering a trustworthy message for all investigated cases

Since Tajikistan’s independence in 1991 the number of rural girls leaving school after grade 9 has been increasing at an alarming rate. In order to improve rural girls’ secondary school attendance and retention, in 2006 Save the Children, local non-governmental organization (NGO) partners, and the Ministry of Education implemented a two-year UNICEF-funded Girls’ Education Project (GEP). This mixed-method study compares rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities at six schools (three GEP schools and three non-GEP schools) in two districts located in regions with the lowest levels of female secondary school participation nationwide. Two research questions guided this study: 1) What factors serve as obstacles or enablers to girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities in rural Tajikistan? and 2) How did the GEP attempt to overcome factors limiting rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities and which aspects of the project were perceived to be most effective? The study’s theoretical framework contains concepts from two sets of theories: 1) social reproduction (schooling as a means of maintaining and reproducing the status quo) and 2) empowerment (schooling as a means of changing the status quo). Data collected reveals two groups’ perspectives: 1) adult participants (Ministry of Education officials, NGO staff, school administrators and teachers) and 2) rural female upper secondary school students. A multi-level data analysis process was used to compare findings within and across districts. Factors that serve as either an obstacle or an enabler of girls’ educational experiences and opportunities include those relating to the community/society, family, school, and self. Factors related to community/society include the dominant belief that a girl is “grown-up” by 15 and should no longer go to school which intersects with family poverty to create a major barrier to girls’ non-compulsory secondary schooling. Factors affecting girls’ schooling related to the family were the most significant determinant of a girl’s schooling. Of all the GEP activities, participants consistently considered the girls’ overnight camp to be the “best” activity. Findings show how enabling just a few girls to return to school significantly increases the likelihood of other girls being allowed to attend school in these rural communities.

This paper presents the marketing management of the nonprofit sector as a prerequisite for NGO sustainability. It examines the existing literature on the nonprofit marketing, the current situation of the local NGOs in Kosovo with regards to the application of marketing. The research methodology follows the introduction and presentation of the research objectives. The theoretical background introduces the necessary baseline to analyze empirical findings. The empirical findings and analysis reveal that nonprofit sector in Kosovo does not have a holistic marketing approach. The focus of the research is to emphasize the importance of marketing orientation, segmentation, and planning at nonprofit sector. Moreover, NGOs should create, communicate and deliver values based on customers’ (beneficiaries, volunteers, and donors) needs. As a result of this research, a marketing plan guide was prepared.  The guide aims to educate NGOs in Kosovo about the benefits of having a holistic marketing approach and will serve as basis for further marketing planning.