Repetitiv navigerad transkraniell magnetstimulering (rnTMS) används preoperativt för att kartlägga kortikala, språkligt relevanta områden i hjärnan. I nuläget används substantivbenämning vid rnTMS, men det råder delade uppfattningar i aktuell forskning huruvida substantiv- eller verbbenämning är känsligast för stimulering och därför krävs mer forskning inom området. I föreliggande studie kompletterades substantivbenämningen med verbbenämning. Alla deltagare genomgick även preoperativ språklig testning och en av deltagarna genomgick också postoperativ språklig testning. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att jämföra skillnader vid expressiv språklig förmåga vid substantiv- och verbbenämning och att kartlägga språkliga funktioners utbredning i hjärnan, samt att identifiera ytterligare kliniska markörer för bestående språkliga svårigheter efter hjärnkirurgi. Studien syftade även till att undersöka huruvida det preoperativa rnTMS-resultatet överensstämmer med det postoperativa kirurgiresultatet. Studien hade fem deltagare, varav tre med hjärntumör och två med epilepsi, som skulle genomgå vaken hjärnkirurgi. Deltagarnas rnTMS- undersökning videoinspelades och deras språkliga testning ljudinspelades. Analyser genomfördes på individ- och gruppnivå. Resultaten visade att stimulering under verbbenämning inte orsakade signifikant fler felsvar än stimulering vid substantivbenämning, även om felsvaren vid verbbenämning var procentuellt fler. Däremot resulterade de två ordklasserna i olika felsvarslokalisationer hos samtliga deltagare. De tre vanligaste typerna av felsvar på gruppnivå var ändring av grammatisk ändelse, tvekljud samt byte till synonym och de vanligaste felsvarslokalisationena var gyrus frontalis medius, gyrus frontalis inferior och gyrus precentralis. Gällande den språkliga testningen fick deltagarna väldigt spridda resultat. Sammanfattningsvis verkar benämning av substantiv och verb komplettera varandra och båda ordklasserna bör användas vid rnTMS om metoden fortsätter att användas. Även patienternas högre språkliga förmåga (HLL) bör testas inför hjärnkirurgi. Avslutningsvis indikerar resultaten på att språkets placering i hjärnan är både mycket utbredd och väldigt individuell. / Repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rnTMS) is used preoperatively to map cortical areas in the brain that are important for language. Object naming is currently being used during rnTMS, but current research has differing opinions on whether naming of objects or actions are most sensitive to stimulation. Therefore, further research is needed in the field. In this study, object naming was combined with action naming. All of the participants also underwent language tests preoperatively and one of the participants underwent postoperative language tests as well. The aim of the present study was to compare differences in expressive language during object and action naming as well as to map the distribution of language functions in the brain. A further aim was to identify clinical markers of language difficulties following brain surgery and to investigate whether the preoperative rnTMS result corresponds with the postoperative brain surgery result. The present study had five participants, three with a brain tumor and two with epilepsy, who would undergo awake brain surgery. The rnTMS examination was video recorded and the language tests were audio recorded. All the examinations were analyzed at individual and group level. The results showed that stimulation during action naming did not cause significantly more errors than during object naming, although the errors for action naming were percentually higher. Errors during action naming and object naming for all participants had different localisations. The most common type of errors were change of grammatical ending, hesitations and change to synonym. The most common localisations of errors were gyrus frontalis medius, gyrus frontalis inferior and gyrus precentralis. The results of the language tests demonstrated a large variation. In conclusion, object and action naming seems to complement each other and should be used together during rnTMS if the method continues to be used. It is also important that High-Level Language (HLL) is tested before brain surgery. Lastly, the results indicate that the placements of language functions in the brain are both very widespread and very individual.

I tider av miljöproblem ställs begrepp om natur och vad det innebär på sin spets. Olika uppfattningar vad som är naturligt och vad som är ett miljöproblem har dominerat inte minst klimatdebatten. Utgångspunkten består i den socialkonstruktionistiska tanken om att skapandet av naturen sker i våra tolkningar av den, och inte minst i olika samhällsinstitutioners definierande av den efter egna intressen. Det noteras även att flera av de mest framgångsrika definitionerna av naturen har på senare utgjorts av berättelser i form av spelfilmer och dokumentärer. Mot bakgrund av detta undersöker uppsatsen hur även företag skapar konstruktioner av naturen, och mer specifikt i berättelser om sina produkter. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur naturen används av det svenska klädföretaget Houdini för att skapa en intressant berättelse om en produkt. Det empiriska materialet består också av just av två produktberättelser i formen av Youtubefilmer. Frågeställningar som behandlas är hur naturen konstrueras i filmerna, vilken relation dessa konstruktioner har till den marknadsförda produkten, samt hur naturkonstruktioner används som narrativ funktion. Med ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av en rad tidigare identifierade naturkonstruktioner och begrepp som kritiskt undersöker relationen mellan natur och produkt genomförs en semiotisk och en narrativ analys av de två filmerna. Slutsatser inkluderar att naturen porträtteras som ömtålig och problematisk i filmernas anslagsscener, samt att miljöproblem utgör båda filmernas konflikter. Det hot som föreligger mot naturen bäddar också för ett intressant narrativt projekt som Houdini åtar sig i filmerna - att skapa nya kläder som på olika sätt, om än i olika grad, utges lösa problemen. Via kritiska begrepp som semiotisk flexibilitet, naming och re-framing noteras även att naturen används för att ge vissa Houdiniprodukter närmast naturgivna karaktärsdrag i vissa fall. Studien konstaterar slutligen att det tycks finnas relevans för de ställda frågorna i uppsatsens frågeställningar och denna undersökningsdesign skulle vara intressant att applicera på marknadsföring kring andra branscher med kopplingar till naturen, så som turism- och bilindustrin.

Since the beginning of the Global War on Terrorism in 2001, the United States has relied heavily on volunteer National Guard troops to protect our country. Thousands of youth have been affected by deployment, yet we rarely hear their stories. This thesis explores how digital storytelling, as an applied theatre practice, can help increase youth visibility and voice in the Army National Guard community. Through qualitative research methods of narrative thematic analysis and thematic coding methods, the author examines how digital storytelling can be used to build community among Army National Guard youth, as well as provide an agentive space for youth to name their experiences and perspectives while self-advocating for their needs and desires. Their digital stories became a site for youth to play with the complexity of naming their experiences, as well as a way to increase their visibility within military spaces. The document concludes with a discussion of how digital storytelling and applied theatre functions within National Guard youth communities, the limitations of the research and model, as well as a discussion of sustainability for applied theatre programs in this community. / text

Image format (Laws, Adlington, Gale, Moreno-Martínez, & Sartori, 2007), ceiling effects in controls (Fung et al., 2001; Laws et al., 2005; Moreno-Martínez, & Laws, 2007; 2008), and nuisance variables (Funnell & De Mornay Davis, 1996; Funnell & Sheridan, 1992; Stewart, Parkin & Hunkin, 1992) all influence the emergence of category specific deficits in Alzheimer‟s dementia (AD). Thus, the predominant use of line drawings of familiar, everyday items in category specific research is problematic. Moreover, this does not allow researchers to explore the extent to which format may influence object recognition. As such, the initial concern of this thesis was the development of a new corpus of 147 colour images of graded naming difficulty, the Hatfield Image Test (HIT; Adlington, Laws, & Gale, 2009), and the collection of relevant normative data including ratings of: age of acquisition, colour diagnosticity, familiarity, name agreement, visual complexity, and word frequency. Furthermore, greyscale and line-drawn versions of the HIT corpus were developed (and again, the associated normative data obtained), to permit research into the influence of image format on the emergence of category specific effects in patients with AD, and in healthy controls. Using the HIT, several studies were conducted including: (i) a normative investigation of the effects of category and image format on naming accuracy and latencies in healthy controls; (ii) an exploration of the effects of image format (using the HIT images presented in colour, greyscale, and line-drawn formats) and category on the naming performance of AD patients, and age-matched controls performing below ceiling; (iii) a longitudinal investigation comparing AD patient performance to that of age-matched controls, on a range of semantic tasks (naming, sorting, word-picture matching), using colour, greyscale, and line-drawn versions of the HIT; (iv) a comparison of naming in AD patients and age-matched controls on the HIT and the (colour, greyscale and line-drawn) images from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) corpus; and (v) a meta-analysis to explore category specific naming in AD using the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) versus other corpora. Taken together, the results of these investigations showed first, that image format interacts with category. For both AD patients and controls, colour is more important for the recognition of living things, with a significant nonliving advantage emerging for the line-drawn images, but not the colour images. Controls benefitted more from additional surface information than AD patients, which chapter 6 shows results from low-level visual cortical impairment in AD. For controls, format was also more important for the recognition of low familiarity, low frequency items. In addition, the findings show that adequate control data affects the emergence of category specific deficits in AD. Specifically, based on within-group comparison chapters 6, 7, and 8 revealed a significant living deficit in AD patients. However, when compared to controls performing below ceiling, as demonstrated in chapters 7 and 8, this deficit was only significant for the line drawings, showing that the performance observed in AD patients is simply an exaggeration of the norm.

Although most people have experienced word-finding difficulty at one time or another, there are no clinical instruments able to reliably distinguish normal age-related effects from pathology in word-finding impairment. Two experiments were conducted to establish a modified version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) that includes latency times, the Boston Naming Test of Latencies (BNT-L), in order to improve the instrument's sensitivity to mild to moderate word-finding impairment. Experiment 1: Latency times on the 60-item BNT (Goodglass et al., 2001) for 235 healthy adults' ages 18-89 years were collected on a representative sample. Qualitative features of the BNT items, statistical analyses, IRT, and demographic considerations of age, gender, education, vocabulary, race and culture, helped create a reduced BNT-L version with 15 of the most discriminating items. Statistically sound and sophisticated normative tables are provided that adjust for unseen covariates. Response latencies did not indicate earlier age-related decline in an optimally healthy sample. Experiment 2: Twenty-three patients referred for neuropsychological testing were administered the BNT-L. Patients referred for evaluation of mild cognitive impairment or possible dementia produced significantly different response BNT-L latencies from the healthy sample whereas patients referred for mild brain injury evaluation did not. Normal word-finding problems were discussed in terms of serial stage models of lexical access, as well as in terms of automatic and controlled cognitive processes in younger and older adults. Statistical process for creating a psychometric instrument using latencies is illustrated.

This study was an investigation of the relationship between rapid automatized naming (RAN) and reading in a sample of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students who use American Sign Language (ASL). Thirty DHH students, 10 to 18 years old, were given a series of assessments including measures of RAN, reading decoding, reading fluency, reading comprehension, expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, and visual-motor integration. Significant correlations were found between RAN colors and reading decoding; RAN colors and reading comprehension; and RAN colors, numbers, and letters and reading fluency. A significant difference was found between symbolic (letters, numbers) and non-symbolic (objects, colors) RAN in this sample, with better performance noted on tasks of symbolic RAN. Hierarchical regression models were created for each type of RAN. Each model as a whole was significant. The proposed model for RAN objects accounted for 26.6% of the variance in RAN performance. The model for RAN colors accounted for 54.1% of the variance in RAN performance. The proposed model for RAN numbers accounted for 53% of the variance in RAN. The model for RAN letters accounted for 32.6% of the variance in RAN. Across all models, reading fluency and vocabulary were unique and statistically significant contributors in the model predicting RAN. Visual-motor integration performance was not a unique contributor to the model.

This study examined the effects of fluency-based instruction on the identification of six component-composite relations for early reading skills. Five participants (ages 5-8) who struggled with reading participated. A multiple probe design was used to assess the effects of frequency building on prerequisite skills on the emergence of composite reading skills. The results show that the prerequisite skills taught did not have an effect on the composite skill probes but did have an effect on the assessment scores. The data expand the research pertaining to Precision Teaching, fluency-based instruction, and component-composite relations. These data suggest that additional skills may be needed to be taught in order to effects on the composite skills. In addition, these authors identify the need for the identification of the component skills necessary to teach rapid autonomic naming.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Lester C. Loschky / While watching a film, the viewer begins to construct mental representations of it, which are called events. During the opening scene of a film, the viewer is presented with two distinct pieces of information that can be used to construct the event, namely the setting and an action by the main character. But, which of these two constructs are first cognitively represented by the viewer? Experiment 1 examined the time-course of basic level action categorization with superordinate and basic level scene categorization using masking. The results indicated that categorization occurred in a course-to-fine manner, inconsistent with Rosch et al.’s (1976) basic level theory. Interestingly, basic level action categorization performance did not reach ceiling when it was processed for a 367 ms SOA, suggesting that additional scene information and processing time were required. Thus, Experiment 2 examined scene and action categorization performance over multiple fixations, and the scene information that was fixated for each categorization task. Both superordinate and basic level scene categorization required only a single fixation to reach ceiling performance, inconsistent with basic level primacy, whereas basic level action categorization took two to three fixations, and led to more object fixations than in either scene categorization task. Eye movements showed evidence of a person bias across all three categorization tasks. Additionally, the categorization task did produce differences in the scene information that was fixated (Yarbus, 1967). However, could basic level theory still be correct when subjects are given a different task? When the same scene images were named, basic level action terms were used more often than basic level scene category terms, while superordinate level action terms were used relatively less often, and superordinate level scene category terms were hardly ever used. This shows that linguistic categorization (naming) is sensitive to informative, middle-level categories, whereas early perceptual categorization makes use of coarse high level distinctions. Additionally, the early perceptual advantage for scene categorization over basic level action categorization suggests that the scene category is the first construct that is used to represent events in scene images, and maybe even events in visual narratives like film.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação quanto à possibilidade de serem explorados bens públicos intangíveis no Direito brasileiro. O tema foi abordado especificamente quanto à atribuição de nome, como modo de exploração de bens públicos. Na experiência estrangeira, verifica-se a existência dos naming rights. A atribuição de nome é um instituto que pode ser desenvolvido no Brasil, inspirado nos naming rights, mas observadas as peculiaridades do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. A atribuição de nome pode ser usada tanto no âmbito privado quanto no aspecto público. Para delinear o instituto é necessário distinguir a atribuição de nome de outros institutos que possam demonstrar aparente aproximação. A atribuição de nome não se confunde com nomeação honorífica, doação com encargo, contratos para conservação de bens públicos ou locação. A atribuição de nome demonstra ser um meio viável para exploração de bens públicos, mas para o seu sucesso faz-se necessário estabelecer limites a esse instituto, evitando-se repetir erros que já foram verificados na experiência estrangeira. A cessão da atribuição de nome deve ser pautada pela análise de critérios de conveniência e pelo estabelecimento de marcos legais em conformidade com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. / Cette étude a pour but lévaluation concernant la possibilité dexploitation de biens publics intangibles du Droit brésilien. Le thème fut particulièrement envisagé par rapport à lattribution de nom comme une manière dexploiter les biens publics. A létranger, il y a les naming rights. Lattribution de nom est un ensemble de règles juridiques qui peut être développée au Brésil, inspirée des naming rights, à condition que les particularités de lordonnancement juridique brésilien soient respectées. Lattribution de nom peut être utilisée dans le domaine privé ou public. Pour définir lensemble de règles juridiques, il faut distinguer lattribution de nom dautres ensembles qui puissent indiquer une apparente approximation. Lattribution de nom ne peut pas être confondue avec la nomination honorable, la donation avec charge, les contrats pour le maintien de biens publics ou la location. Lattribution de nom paraît un moyen viable pour lexploitation de biens publics. Toutefois, pour sa réussite, il faut établir de limites afin que des erreurs commises à létranger ne se passent pas au Brésil. La cession de lattribution de nom doit être basée sur lanalyse de critères dintérêt général et sur létablissement de repères de la loi suivant lordonnancement juridique brésilien.

A Toponímia, o estudo dos nomes de lugar, estuda os nomes próprios que assumem a função de nomear os acidentes físicos ou antropoculturais de uma determinada localidade, constituindo a nomenclatura geográfica do lugar. No caso desta pesquisa, a toponímia estudada é a de Iguape, município do litoral sul paulista. O estudo sistemático dos nomes das ruas, avenidas, praças, rios, córregos, morros, etc, no interior do município, constitui um estudo de microtoponímia. Como tal, o presente estudo se insere no projeto Atlas Toponímico do Estado de São Paulo e este, por sua vez, no projeto maior que é a elaboração do Atlas Toponímico do Brasil. A metodologia empregada, tanto em um como no outro projeto, segue o método das áreas de Dauzat e a classificação dos nomes de lugar de George Stewart, que a Profª Drª Maria Vicentina de Paula do Amaral Dick, da USP, adaptou à realidade brasileira para a classificação dos topônimos, formulando uma taxionomia composta de vinte e sete taxes. Por meio da pesquisa linguístico-semântica e etimológica dos 412 termos-ocorrência encontrados em Iguape, pôde-se depreender a intencionalidade do denominador e sua motivação. Constatou-se que o maior contingente é de numerotopônimos e que todas as camadas étnico-linguísticas que compõem o Português Brasileiro estão representadas na toponímia de Iguape. Os topônimos de origem portuguesa, concentrados no Centro do município, revelaram a intenção de homenagear figuras importantes da municipalidade - predomínio, portanto, de antropotopônimos e axiotopônimos. O léxico de origem brasílica, disperso nos demais bairros, registrou a presença de uma natureza exuberante, de acordo com os semas ligados a água, vegetação, animais, formas do relevo, entre outros. A contribuição do léxico africano se deu com apenas um topônimo, mas que guarda a memória e a história da escravidão no Brasil. Ou seja, os topônimos em Iguape refletem a interinfluência do homem (branco, negro ou indígena) e do meio (físico e cultural), permeados pela língua. / Toponymy that is, the study of place names studies the proper nouns that assume the role of naming land forms or cultural anthropological features of a given locality, composing the geographical nomenclature of that place. In the case of this research, the studied toponymy was extracted from Iguape, a coastal municipality in the south of São Paulo State. The systematic study of the names of streets, avenues, squares, rivers, creeks, hills, etc. within the municipality constitutes a study of microtoponymy. As such, this work informs the project Atlas Toponímico do Estado de São Paulo, which in turn is a part of a larger project: the development of the Atlas Toponímico do Brasil. The methodology used in both projects draws from Dauzat\'s \"area method\" and George Stewart\'s classification of names, adapted to the Brazilian context by University of São Paulo\'s Prof. Dr. Maria Vicentina de Paula do Amaral Dick, who elaborated a taxionomy composed of 27 taxa for the classification of the toponyms. Through linguistic-semantic research and the etymological origin of the 412 term-occurrences found in Iguape, we have managed to infer namers\' intentionality and motivation. We have verified that the largest share of them consists of numerotoponyms and that all the ethnolinguistic layers that compose Brazilian Portuguese are represented in Iguape\'s toponymy. Toponyms of Portuguese origin, centralized in the downtown area, reveal the intention of honoring important people from the municipality, which indicates the prevalence of anthropotoponyms and axiotoponyms. The lexicon of Brazilian origin, spread throughout the other neighborhoods, register the presence of exuberant nature, expressed by semes linked to water, vegetation, animals and land relief, among other. The contribution of the African lexicon is restricted to only one toponym, which keeps the reminiscences and the history of slavery in Brazil. In other words, toponyms in Iguape reflect the cross-influence of humans (either white, black or indigenous) and the environment (either physical or cultural), permeated by language.