O objetivo da tese é estudar o narrador do romance A Menina que Roubava Livros, publicado em 2005 pelo autor australiano Markus Zusak. A história enfoca Liesel Meminger, uma menina de nove anos adotada por um casal alemão que, não sendo entusiasta do regime Nazista, esconde um Judeu em seu porão durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A imagem da morte como narrador é a principal característica da obra de Zusak, que apresenta uma entidade coletora de almas que observa as experiências de Liesel e tece comentáros sobre os seres humanos. A fim de analisar tal narrador, esta dissertação se apóia em estudos de Carl Gustav Jung, Gilbert Durand e, em certa medida, em Sigmund Freud. Também utiliza premissas teóricas do campo da narratologia, tendo Gérard Genette e Mieke Bal como principais vozes representativas. A dissertação está dividida em três capítulos. O capítulo 1 oferece um panorama acerca da construção da morte enquanto imagem arquetípica, enquanto personificação e enquanto narrador. Nesse capítulo, as perspectivas teóricas de Jung, Durand, Genette e Bal são prevalentes. O objetivo é entender como a morte é representada como ideia e como imagem. O capítulo 2 foca nas implicações da morte. Assim, analiso a morte de indivíduos, a pulsão de morte (que toma de assalto muitas das personagens), a morte em massa e a morte social como uma consequência direta da guerra. O objetivo desse capítulo é visualizar a morte como um tema. Para tanto, são aplicados alguns conceitos freudianos, como pulsão de morte e melancolia. O capítulo 3 oferece uma leitura narratológica do romance, ao relacionar a morte aos aspectos de focalização, tempo e espaço. O obejtivo do último capítulo é analisar como a morte se posiciona enquanto observador dos fatos narrados. Na conclusão, apresento minhas considerações finais acerca da utilização desse peculiar narrador em A Menina que Roubava Livros e seu papel na construção do romance e na formulação do tom da narrativa. / The aim of this dissertation is to study the narrator of the novel The Book Thief, published in 2005 by the Australian author Markus Zusak. The story centers upon Liesel Meminger, a nine-year old girl fostered by a German couple who are not enthusiasts of the Nazi regime and hide a Jewish man in their basement during World War II. The image of death as the narrator is the main feature in Zusak’s novel, which presents a soul collecting entity who observes Liesel’s experiences and makes comments about the human beings. In order to analyze such narrator, the dissertation relies on studies by Carl Gustav Jung and Gilbert Durand and, to some extent, to Sigmund Freud. The dissertation also borrows theoretical assumptions from the narratological field, having Gérard Genette and Mieke Bal as its main representatives. The dissertation is divided in three chapters. Chapter 1 offers an overview about the construction of death as an archetypal image, as a personification and as a narrator. In this chapter, the theoretical perspectives of Jung, Durand, Genette and Bal are prevalent. The objective here is to try to understand how death is represented as an idea and as an image. Chapter 2 focuses on the implications of death through the book. Hence, I analyze the death of individuals, the death drive (which assaults many of the characters), mass death and social death as a direct consequence of war. The objective of this chapter is to view death as a theme. In order to do that, some concepts from Freud, such as death drive and melancholia, are applied. Chapter 3 offers a narratological reading of the novel through the link of death to focalization, time and space. The objective in this last chapter is to analyze how death positions himself as an observer of the facts narrated. In the conclusion, I present my final considerations about the use of such peculiar narrator in The Book Thief and its role for the construction of the novel and the setting of the tone for the narrative.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos narradores homodiegéticos e de suas respectivas focalizações na obra A Long Way Down, de Nick Hornby, publicada em 2005, com o intuito de estimular os estudos sobre este autor no Brasil e de elucidar discussões aprofundadas sobre a narrativa deste escritor. Primeiro, apresentamos brevemente sua biografia e informações relevantes sobre a obra em análise. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de narrador, bem como discutimos a ideia de sujeito de focalização e de objeto de focalização, valendo-nos de autores como Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal e Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, para embasar a análise deste estudo. A terceira parte deste estudo consiste na análise dos quatro narradores homodiegéticos de A Long Way Down. Esta análise consiste principalmente em explorar os discursos narrativos desses quatro narradores – respectivamente Martin, Maureen, Jess e JJ – e explorar como cada um articula-se como focalizador ou objeto de focalização dentro da narrativa. Através das palavras desses múltiplos narradores a história se desenrola, bem como todo humor e dramaticidade é criado a partir de tal mecanismo. As quatro personagens, que se conhecem em uma tentativa frustrada de suicídio, compartilham ao longo da narrativa diversas experiências e criam um vínculo afetivo que lhes possibilita sobreviver e, consequentemente, contar essa história retrospectivamente. No final, refletimos acerca das últimas considerações apresentadas pelos narradores, discutindo de que forma cada um deles encontrou sua própria redenção e resolveu seus problemas com a vida, ainda que temporariamente. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar a narrativa de Nick Hornby em termos acadêmicos, bem como salienta a relevância de A Long Way Down em sua obra. / This work presents an analysis of the homodiegetic narrators and their respective focalizations in Nick Hornby’s A Long Way Down, published in 2005, aiming at stimulating further investigation on this author in Brazil and at elucidating deeper discussions regarding this writer’s narrative. First, we briefly present his biography and relevant information about the book under analysis. Then, we present the concepts of narrator, and we discuss the idea of subject of focalization and object of focalization, based on the studies of scholars such as Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan. The third part of this study is the analysis of the four homodiegetic narrators in A Long Way Down. This analysis mainly consists in exploring the speech patterns of these four narrators - respectively Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ - and investigating how each one of them works as both the focalizer and object of focalization. Through the words of these multiple narrators the story unfolds, as well as all humor and drama is created from such a mechanism. The four characters, who meet in an unsuccessful suicide attempt, share along the narrative different experiences and end up creating an emotional bond that allows them to survive and, hence, tell this story retrospectively. Finally, we reflect on the latest considerations presented by these narrators, discussing how they find their own way to redemption and solve their problems with life, even if temporarily. This study highlights the importance of exploring the narrative of Nick Hornby in academic terms, and emphasizes the relevance of A Long Way Down in his oeuvre.

Le but de notre travail de recherche a été de montrer de manière méthodique, selon une démarche narratologique, que l'effet d’unité présenté par le récit nervalien résidait dans la fixité de sa structure syntaxique. A cet égard, le choix du Voyage en Orient pour support à une telle démonstration pouvait sembler paradoxal: inscrit dans le genre peu codifié de la relation viatique orientale, il est soumis à tous les décentrements. Or, il est possible d'identifier derrière le foisonnement de surface une unité logique fondamentale, preuve que plus Nerval se masque, plus il se révèle. Aussi avons-nous envisagé de décliner cette dimension synergique associant l'unité à la disparité selon trois modalités complémentaires. En premier lieu: une dialectique syntaxique qui articule la fixité d’une phrase narrative unique à des variables d'ajustement en assurant le renouvellement. En second lieu : une dialectique actantielle mettant en regard l'unité d'un psychodrame identitaire et une série de modulations autofictionnelles. En troisième lieu: la dynamique d'un arc herméneutique où la donnée psychique pathologique trouve, d'une part, une amorce de compréhension dans la configuration narrative puis, d'autre part, une forme de dépassement sublimatoire dans un art poétique singulier: la rhapsodie littéraire. Ambiguïté au demeurant d’une narrativité indéniablement incomplète: comment qualifier de récit un texte fragmentaire récusant toute idée de clôture? Comment s'étonner, du reste, d'une telle incomplétude quand l'utopie orientale relativiste d'une « guérison des cœurs » cache mal, selon l'éclairage psychanalytique, une tentative visant à contourner le tabou universel de l’inceste? / The aim of our research has been to demonstrate methodically, following a narratological approach, that the effect of unity achieved in Nerval’s narrative work lies in the fixity of its syntactic structure. In this context, the choice of ‘Voyage en Orient’ to support such an argument might seem paradoxical: enshrined as it is in the largely uncodified genre of the Orient travel, it is subject to all manner of shifts. Yet, it is possible to identify a logical unity behind the surface proliferation, proof that the more Nerval conceals himself, the more he reveals himself. Consequently our consideration has been focused on developing this synergic dimension associating unity with disparity according to three complementary modalities. In the first instance: a syntactic dialectic which articulates the fixity of a single narrative phrase to variables of adjustment while ensuring renewal. Secondly: an actantial dialectic linking the unity of a psychodrama of identity to a series of autofictional modulations. Thirdly: the dynamic of a hermeneutical arc in which the fact of a pathological psyche finds, on the one hand, the beginnings of an understanding in the narrative configuration and, on the other hand, a form of sublimatory quest in a singular poetic art, namely literary rhapsody. Ambiguity moreover of an incomplete narrativity: how can one speak of narrative with a fragmentary text rejecting all idea of closure? Indeed is there any wonder that one should be dealing with such incompleteness when the relativist Oriental utopia of the ‘healing of hearts’ finds it hard, in a psychoanalytical light, to hide an illusory attempt to circumvent the universal taboo of incest?

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos narradores homodiegéticos e de suas respectivas focalizações na obra A Long Way Down, de Nick Hornby, publicada em 2005, com o intuito de estimular os estudos sobre este autor no Brasil e de elucidar discussões aprofundadas sobre a narrativa deste escritor. Primeiro, apresentamos brevemente sua biografia e informações relevantes sobre a obra em análise. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de narrador, bem como discutimos a ideia de sujeito de focalização e de objeto de focalização, valendo-nos de autores como Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal e Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, para embasar a análise deste estudo. A terceira parte deste estudo consiste na análise dos quatro narradores homodiegéticos de A Long Way Down. Esta análise consiste principalmente em explorar os discursos narrativos desses quatro narradores – respectivamente Martin, Maureen, Jess e JJ – e explorar como cada um articula-se como focalizador ou objeto de focalização dentro da narrativa. Através das palavras desses múltiplos narradores a história se desenrola, bem como todo humor e dramaticidade é criado a partir de tal mecanismo. As quatro personagens, que se conhecem em uma tentativa frustrada de suicídio, compartilham ao longo da narrativa diversas experiências e criam um vínculo afetivo que lhes possibilita sobreviver e, consequentemente, contar essa história retrospectivamente. No final, refletimos acerca das últimas considerações apresentadas pelos narradores, discutindo de que forma cada um deles encontrou sua própria redenção e resolveu seus problemas com a vida, ainda que temporariamente. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar a narrativa de Nick Hornby em termos acadêmicos, bem como salienta a relevância de A Long Way Down em sua obra. / This work presents an analysis of the homodiegetic narrators and their respective focalizations in Nick Hornby’s A Long Way Down, published in 2005, aiming at stimulating further investigation on this author in Brazil and at elucidating deeper discussions regarding this writer’s narrative. First, we briefly present his biography and relevant information about the book under analysis. Then, we present the concepts of narrator, and we discuss the idea of subject of focalization and object of focalization, based on the studies of scholars such as Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan. The third part of this study is the analysis of the four homodiegetic narrators in A Long Way Down. This analysis mainly consists in exploring the speech patterns of these four narrators - respectively Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ - and investigating how each one of them works as both the focalizer and object of focalization. Through the words of these multiple narrators the story unfolds, as well as all humor and drama is created from such a mechanism. The four characters, who meet in an unsuccessful suicide attempt, share along the narrative different experiences and end up creating an emotional bond that allows them to survive and, hence, tell this story retrospectively. Finally, we reflect on the latest considerations presented by these narrators, discussing how they find their own way to redemption and solve their problems with life, even if temporarily. This study highlights the importance of exploring the narrative of Nick Hornby in academic terms, and emphasizes the relevance of A Long Way Down in his oeuvre.

Sur la base des travaux de Gérard Genette, en particulier Figures III, uneanalyse narratologique du roman L’Élégance du hérisson (2006) de l’auteur MurielBarbery a été effectuée afin de comprendre les liens qu’il y a entre les spécificités dumode narratif et leurs effets sur l’espace du récit, soit « le bocal à poissons », unemétaphore importante du roman. Ultimement nous répondons à la question suivante :En quoi la narration dans le roman L’Élégance du hérisson permet-elle de bien rendrela métaphore du « bocal à poissons »? / Based on Gérard Genette’s work, particularly Figures III, anarratological analysis of Muriel Barbery’s L’Élégance du hérisson (2006) is conductedin order to understand the links between the specificities of the narrative mode andtheir effects on the space of the story, the "fish bowl". Ultimately, we answer thisquestion: In which way the narrative in the novel L’Élégance du hérisson allows toproperly render the metaphor of the "fish bowl".

This thesis takes a fresh, character-based approach to the Íslendingasögur. It is inspired by a narratological study that unites the functional and structural role of characters with their human, individualistic portrayal. My major objective is to demonstrate the important connection between characterisation and structure in the sagas. By drawing attention to characters that I term narrative triggers, I offer a way of reading the sagas that relies both on the narrative conventions of tradition and on the less predictable, personal interactions between the cast of any given saga. In the case of both major and minor figures in the Íslendingasögur a certain type of character is often present to perform necessary motivational functions, allowing the plot to develop. In Part I I emphasise the functional aspect of these characters, before exploring unusual examples that emphasise their individuality in Part II.The motivation of the plot is linked throughout to the figure of the ójafnaðarmaðr. A secondary objective is to provide a clearer understanding of the nature and function of this commonly occurring character type. The ójafnaðarmaðr is frequently alluded to in scholarship,but this thesis provides the first in-depth study of the portrayal of these characters. The quality that informs them (ójafnaðr,‘inequity’, lit. ‘unevenness’) is a threat to one of the core values of saga society and hints at an ‘unbalancing’ of social interactions and of the narrative equilibrium itself. That this unbalance leads to changes in the social structure of the setting is a key factor in driving the plots of the sagas along. For this reason, a detailed examination of the figure of the ójafnaðarmaðr is long overdue: they can be observed to perform a specific narrative function but are always fitted to suit their particular context. Focussing on the structural conventions of character introduction, Part I establishes my methodology and catalogues the examples of characters introduced as ójafnaðarmenn. The scope is limited to those introduced as such because it allows me to establish for the first time the full corpus and conventions of these characters and their introductions. Following developments in our understanding of the oral background to the sagas, my approach to these narratives is built upon the evidence of their shared origins in pre-literate storytelling [...]. The intersection between functionality and individuality in character brings certain aspects of the Íslendingasögur to the fore. Part II of this thesis shows that in combination with the structural markers explored in Part I, the sagas employ the collective perspective of the general public, other characters and ‘irrational’ motivators such as fate to contribute to their techniques of characterisation. Because disruptive qualities speak inherently of a difference in the way an individual sees themselves and in the way the public sees them, or we as an audience are meant to see them, figures termed ójafnaðarmaðr are an ideal focal point for the development of this study.

The thesis aims to mesh narrative theory with theory of empathy in a study of two novels by Graham Greene, A Gun for Sale (1936) and Brighton Rock (1938), where the use of narrative building blocks from the crime thriller genre and the empathy that the characters may evoke are analysed. The second aim is to discuss how to implement the rather complex works of Graham Greene in the EFL classroom. The key analytical devices for this essay are narratology and empathy, particularly difficult empathy. Narrative scaffolding helps students to discern recurring themes, character types and functions different in narratives, thus enabling them to transfer reading experiences to other texts as well. This thesis argues that Greene’s A Gun for Sale and Brighton Rock are useable in the EFL classroom, not despite, but because their great complexity, as discussions of difficult empathy in villainous characters and moral dilemmas will help develop fundamental values such as empathy and understanding of others, thus widening students’ understanding of both different kinds of literature and the world in which they live.

The aim with this essay is, through the lens of narratology, to study J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, and find as many examples of different narratological aspects as possible. These narratological aspects will then be presented in a thorough analysis. Furthermore, the difference in narratological theory between realistic and unrealistic literature is highlighted. The aim is also to try and find out whether the narrative structure might have influenced the novel’s popularity among its numerous readers. The analysis shows that the primary narrator is omniscient, the novel is well structured with good descriptions of the settings and well depicted portrayals of the characters. The analysis also shows that time and space are equally as important as in a classical work of fiction. Moreover, it is evident that the narrative structure is an essential aspect of the success and longevity of the novel, in which the narration and the characterizations are vital. The analysis also highlights the unrealistic features of the novel.

This essay revolves around Jay Asher’s novel Thirteen Reasons Why (2007) or in this case theSwedish translation Tretton skäl varför (2010). When it was published Asher’s novel was aninstant hit among its primary YA audience, but the novel caused a lot of debate and concernamong parents and adults. The purpose of this essay is to examine the possibilities of usingthe novel in Swedish classrooms, both as a work of literature popular among young adults andas a way of opening up discussions about its heavy themes, such as suicide and bullying. Inthe essay previous research on Thirteen Reasons Why. both the 2007 novel and the 2017Netflix-series adaption, is accounted for. Previous research on reading and the connectionsbetween reading, mental health and suicide, as well as its relevance in an educational context,is also described. Furthermore, Asher’s novel is summarized chapter by chapter and itsnarratology is explored and described. Finally, suggestions are made as to how teachers couldwork with the novel in their classrooms and the essay’s main points are summarized inthirteen reasons why it could be beneficial to work with Thirteen Reasons Why.

My thesis attempts to answer the question of how narrative time is portrayed in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight (2005). To examine this, I have chosen to utilize Gérard Genette’s use of the concepts order, duration, and frequency. These concepts are mainly taken from Genette’s Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method (1980). In order to develop the discussion about time and narrative I also incorporate Martin Hägglund’s Dying for time: Proust, Woolf, Nabokov and About Time: Narrative, Fiction and the Philosophy of Time by Mark Currie. The analysis establishes that Meyer uses all three, order, duration, and frequency, in order to convey a very specific narrative. The order of the story shows how the character of Alice, who can see the future, has a very conditional relationship with time. Through the duration, we learn how the love interest, Edward Cullen, is highly prioritized in the main character and narrator’s eyes. This is also shown in the frequency, where the first-person narrator highly affects the passage of events by repeating specific actions. Twilight, in other words, uses many different ways to depict a distinct relationship with time