Examensarbetets syfte är att utreda vilka krav som ställs på MKB-förfarandet för mindre verksamheter rörande ingrepp i mark. Examensarbetet skall också utmynna i en lathund för upprättande av MKB för denna typ av verksamhet. Svensk lagstiftning och internationellt erkänd god sed identifieras. Tre stycken MKB för mindre verksamheter eller åtgärder av denna typ analyseras utifrån Svensk lag och god sed. Detta för att utreda hur MKB för små verksamheter som gör ingrepp i mark i praktiken utförs. Resultatet av analysen visar att dessa MKB uppfyller Svensk lag men inte kan anses vara den MKB som god sed föreskriver. Lathunden som också är ett resultat av examensarbetet ska hjälpa till vid upprättandet av MKB för att kunna göra en hög kvalitativ MKB som inte bara är en pappersprodukt utan även ett användbart verktyg.

The forestry is the main use of forests in Sweden which results in a number of positive aspects but also a number of negative effects on our nature. Aquatic ecosystems are specifically exposed to land use by the forest industry. The problem areas that arise are mainly discharge of nutrients, mercury, change in hydromorphology and local environment, sludge transport, absence of dead wood in streams and altered solar radiation. In order to reduce negative impact and protect natural populations of species but also to protect important ecosystems, there are a number of national prospective objectives and laws. From the year 2014, a number of prospective aims have been introduced to get a common view of the problem factors, but also to get a common representation of how the forestry measures should be carried out.  This work evaluated the width of the riparian buffer zone left along the 138 streams at final clearcutting in the Vindelälven catchment, comparing three periods: period 1 (year 2001-2007), period 2 (year 2008-2013) and period 3 (year 2014-2018).  The work also included a count of the number of dead wood objects that occur in 16 of the 138 streams in the study area. The method of the study is based on remote sensing using ArcGIS software, along with a field inventory to verify the remote sensing with reality. The results found from the study were that a significant increase in average minimum-width was shown between periods 1 and 3 (ANOVA, n = 138, df = 2, F = 5.083 and p = 0.007). The results from the average width were not significantly different but suggest a positive correlation between lower age of final clearcutting and the average width of the riparian zone. The density of dead wood in the streams of the study site did not give any significant differences or correlations depending on time period. What could be explained from the result was that the presence of beaver (Castor fiber) positively affected the amount of dead wood. To conclude, positive effects of the introduction of new objectives for riparian buffer zone management were indicated.  This is a sign that the forestry industry is moving towards implementing more sustainable methods. In addition, a method based on remote sensing for measuring riparian buffer zone widths was found to provide reliable estimates in the Vindelälven catchment, Västerbotten County. / Grip on Life IP

<p>The Natura 2000 Network is one of the European Unions many tools concerning nature conservation, and is without comparison the premier contribution when it comes to halting the loss of biodiversity. This essay is a case study on how the regional work with the Natura 2000-network has been carried out in four different counties. These counties are Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland and Örebro. They have been compared based on the theoretical concept of sustainable development. This essay describes how the officials in the County Administrations view the regional implementation of Natura 2000 when it comes to the selection of Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats and the creation of an additional protective measure. This study takes its basis in a bottom-up approach which focuses on value conflicts that have emerged regionally and how different fundamental attitudes brings forward different aspects of sustainable development. Interviews with County Administration officials show that there are differences in the approach and different key factors that have affected the selection of sites and the work with area protection. One approach starts from an ecological point of view while the other takes the socio-economic aspect more into consideration during the selection process. Two main factors that have emerged are also the importance of the regional landowner-structure and the evident time- and staff shortage that has been experienced in all four counties. The results also show that the nature reserve form is the most common area protection for Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats in the four examined counties.</p> / <p>Natura 2000-nätverket är ett av EU:s många verktyg och i särklass det främsta bidraget till att hejda förlusten av den biologiska mångfalden. Denna uppsats är en fallstudie för att se hur det regionala arbetet med Natura 2000-nätverket sett ut i fyra olika län. Dessa län är Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland och Örebro län. De har jämförts utifrån det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur tjänstemän på länsstyrelserna ser på den regionala implementering av Natura 2000-nätverket när det gäller urval av Natura 2000-område med skogshabitat och tillblivelsen av ett ytterliggare områdesskydd.</p><p>Studien utgår från ett underifrånperspektiv som fokuserar på de värdekonflikter som uppstått regionalt och hur olika grundinställningar lyfter fram olika aspekter av hållbar utveckling. Intervjuer med länsstyrelsens aktörer visar att det finns skillnader i tillvägagångssättet och olika nyckelfaktorer som påverkat urvalet av område och arbetet med områdesskyddet. Det ena tillvägagångssättet tar sin grund i ett mer ekologiskt synsätt medan det andra tar större hänsyn till de socioekonomiska aspekterna i urvalsprocessen. Två huvudfaktorer som framkommit är även betydelsen av den regionala markägarstrukturen och den upplevda personal - och tidsbrist som tydligt framgår i alla de fyra undersökta länen. Resultatet visar även att naturreservatsformen är det vanligaste områdesskyddet för Natura 2000-områden med skogshabitat i de fyra studerade länen</p>

The Natura 2000 Network is one of the European Unions many tools concerning nature conservation, and is without comparison the premier contribution when it comes to halting the loss of biodiversity. This essay is a case study on how the regional work with the Natura 2000-network has been carried out in four different counties. These counties are Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland and Örebro. They have been compared based on the theoretical concept of sustainable development. This essay describes how the officials in the County Administrations view the regional implementation of Natura 2000 when it comes to the selection of Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats and the creation of an additional protective measure. This study takes its basis in a bottom-up approach which focuses on value conflicts that have emerged regionally and how different fundamental attitudes brings forward different aspects of sustainable development. Interviews with County Administration officials show that there are differences in the approach and different key factors that have affected the selection of sites and the work with area protection. One approach starts from an ecological point of view while the other takes the socio-economic aspect more into consideration during the selection process. Two main factors that have emerged are also the importance of the regional landowner-structure and the evident time- and staff shortage that has been experienced in all four counties. The results also show that the nature reserve form is the most common area protection for Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats in the four examined counties. / Natura 2000-nätverket är ett av EU:s många verktyg och i särklass det främsta bidraget till att hejda förlusten av den biologiska mångfalden. Denna uppsats är en fallstudie för att se hur det regionala arbetet med Natura 2000-nätverket sett ut i fyra olika län. Dessa län är Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland och Örebro län. De har jämförts utifrån det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur tjänstemän på länsstyrelserna ser på den regionala implementering av Natura 2000-nätverket när det gäller urval av Natura 2000-område med skogshabitat och tillblivelsen av ett ytterliggare områdesskydd. Studien utgår från ett underifrånperspektiv som fokuserar på de värdekonflikter som uppstått regionalt och hur olika grundinställningar lyfter fram olika aspekter av hållbar utveckling. Intervjuer med länsstyrelsens aktörer visar att det finns skillnader i tillvägagångssättet och olika nyckelfaktorer som påverkat urvalet av område och arbetet med områdesskyddet. Det ena tillvägagångssättet tar sin grund i ett mer ekologiskt synsätt medan det andra tar större hänsyn till de socioekonomiska aspekterna i urvalsprocessen. Två huvudfaktorer som framkommit är även betydelsen av den regionala markägarstrukturen och den upplevda personal - och tidsbrist som tydligt framgår i alla de fyra undersökta länen. Resultatet visar även att naturreservatsformen är det vanligaste områdesskyddet för Natura 2000-områden med skogshabitat i de fyra studerade länen

Very often the natural landscape is being ruined, changed, cultured or even a new cultured landscape is being created because of human activity. Therefore, less and less areas are left where natural processes take place. With such a situation, it is necessary to preserve areas rich in objects valuable for science and culture. Protected areas are areas where land and (or) water areas have defined clear boundaries and which have accepted scientific, ecological, cultural and other values and when special protection and use regime (order) is established by legal acts. One of the main tasks of the environment protection management is to strengthen the administrative abilities of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, the State Service of Protected Areas and the Head Offices of Protected Areas to implement the nature protection policy and directions with reference to EU directions and international conventions. The object of the research. Protected areas within the Republic of Lithuania. The subject of the research. Management peculiarities, management system, positive and negative management characteristics, problems and the ways of their solution of the protected areas within the Republic of Lithuania. The hypothesis of the research. It is important to create such management system, which should preserve the territorial complexes and objects of nature and culture heritage, biological variety of the landscape. The balance of the landscape and the... [to full text]

Avec pour cas d’étude les sites Natura 2000 du littoral français, cette thèse cherche à améliorer la compréhension des pratiques en matière de mesures locales de conservation de la biodiversité, analysées au travers du concept d’instruments d’action publique : quels sont les instruments choisis, à la fois dans la phase de planification et de mise en oeuvre ? Quels sont les facteurs influençant ces choix ? Une première analyse, quantitative, permet de décrire les mesures prévues dans 113 documents de gestion (Docob) de sites Natura 2000 littoraux. Une méthode de sélection et de moyenne de modèles logistiques binomiaux permet d’identifier les facteurs de contexte orientant les choix des instruments d’action. Une seconde analyse, qualitative, recentrée sur les sites Natura 2000 du littoral breton, permet d’appréhender les modalités de mise en oeuvre des différents instruments disponibles dans la gestion des sites. Nos résultats tendent à montrer que le choix des instruments d’action sur chaque site fait partie des ajustements permettant l’intégration de la politique au sein d’un contexte institutionnel local, formel et informel. En particulier, l’instrument réglementaire semble garder une place non négligeable dans la mise en oeuvre de cette politique, mais cette place est sensible au contexte local, notamment politique. Les instruments propres à certains grands types de milieux sont mis en avant. Nos résultats viennent questionner le caractère autonome de la politique Natura 2000 en mer. Ils permettent également d’éclairer les forces et les faiblesses des différents instruments d’actions dans la phase de mise en oeuvre, notamment au regard des coûts de transaction qu’ils génèrent. Face aux difficultés identifiées, l’importance de la complémentarité opérationnelle des instruments d’essences volontaire et obligatoire, de l’implication des collectivités territoriales et de la mobilisation des animateurs Natura 2000 présents sur chaque site, est soulignée. / Taking the Natura 2000 sites on the French coastal area as a case study, this work aims at strengthening the understanding of the practices in terms of local biodiversity conservation measures, analysed through the concept of public policy instruments : what are the instruments that are chosen, during both the planning and implementation phases? What are the factors influencing these choices? Our work combines two approaches. First, a quantitative analysis allows us to describe the measures that are provided in 113 management documents (Docobs) of coastal Natura 2000 sites. Through a method to select and average binomial logistic models, we identify contextual factors that influence the choice of instruments of action. Second, a qualitative analysis focuses on the coastal Natura 2000 sites in Brittany and paves the way to a better understanding of the implementation of the different instruments available for the management of the sites. Our results tend to show that the choices of instruments of action on each site are parts of the adjustments allowing the integration of the policy into a formal and informal institutional local context. In particular, the regulatory instrument seems to play a significant role in the implementation of this policy, but this role is sensitive to the local context of the site, especially the political context. We emphasize the association of some instruments to different types of ecosystems. Our results lead to question the autonomous nature of the Natura 2000 policy for the marine area. Our results also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the different instruments of action in the implementation phase, especially with regards to the associated transaction costs. In the face of the constraints that we identify, we stress the importance of the operational complementarity of voluntary and regulatory instruments, of the commitment of local authorities and of the leading role of the Natura 2000 site managers.

Spartus saugomų teritorijų tinklo kūrimas Šiaulių regione prasidėjo po Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Šiuo metu saugomos teritorijos regione užima 114158 ha arba 13,4% visos teritorijos, šalies mastu - 15,3%. Europos Sąjungos valstybių vidurkis- 18%. Perspektyvoje saugomų teritorijų plotas turėtų didėti, kadangi valstybinės saugomų teritorijų tarnybos strateginiuose veiklos planuose iki 2015m. numatyta jų plotą padidinti iki 16,7%. Nuo 2000 m. regione prasidėjo Europos ekologinio tinklo NATURA 2000 kūrimo procesas, šį tinklą sudaro paukščių apsaugai svarbios teritorijos (PAST) ir buveinių apsaugai svarbios teritorijos (BAST). NATURA 2000 teritorijos Šiaulių regione užima 7,1 % teritorijos, Lietuvoje- 6%, Europos Sąjungos valstybių vidurkis-14%. Didžioji dalis ekologinio tinklo įkurta jau saugomose teritorijose- draustiniuose, biosferos poligonuose. PAST jau yra patvirtintos Europos Komisijos, o vietovės, atitinkančios buveinių apsaugai svarbių teritorijų atrankos kriterijus, bus patvirtintos per artimiausius 4 metus. NATURA 2000 tinklo kūrimas prisidės prie nykstančių rūšių populiacijos išsaugojimo, atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad Šiaulių regione iš 162 saugomų į Lietuvos Raudonąją knygą įrašytų rūšių: 76 (47%) rūšys yra ties išnykimo riba arba sparčiai nyksta. Siekiant užtikrinti biologinės įvairovės apsaugą ir darnaus miškų ūkio plėtojimą, Šiaulių regiono miškuose inventorizuota 743 kertinės miško buveinės (KMB), kurių plotas- 2005 ha. tai sudaro 1,2 % miškų ploto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Rapid creation of the Protected Territories Net in the Siauliai region began after the restoration of Lithuanian independence. Today protected territories in the region cover 114158 ha or 13,4% of the whole territory, to the country extend it makes 15,3%. The average in the European Union counties makes 18%. The area of the protected territories should be increased in the perspective as the strategic plans of activity of the State Service for Protected Areas suppose to expand these territories up to 16,7% before the year 2015. The creation process of the European Ecological Net NATURA began in the region in the year 2000; the Net consists of territories important for birds’ protection (TIBP) and territories important for residence protection (TIRP). The NATURA 2000 covers 7,1% of the region territory and 6% of the State territory, the average in the European Union counties makes 14%. The greater part of the Ecologic Net is established in the territories which are already protected, in the biosphere ground. TIBP have been confirmed by the European Commission and the territories meeting the selection criteria of the territories important for residence protection will be confirmed during the next 4 years. The creation of the NATURA 2000 will promote the preservation of the endangered population species. After the conduction of the research it appeared that there are 162 protected species in the Siauliai region, which are registered in the Lithuanian Red Data Book: 76 (47%)... [to full text]

Located in the borderland between aquatic and terrestrial environments, the wetlands cover a wide spectrum of habitats and enable living standards for a great variety of organisms. Although important habitats, a great extent of the original wetlands have disappeared in Europe and Sweden due to anthropogenic disturbances. In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in efforts to restore wetlands due to their popularity as a climate mitigation tool and their suggested multifunctional benefits. However, little is known about what kind of wetlands that have been restored in Sweden. Is it merely amphibian dams or is it fens and bogs? In this thesis, I have investigated whether the projects within LONA (The Local Nature Conservation Program) had contributed to reaching the aims of the Habitats Directive (79/409/EEC). My results showed that eleven (20 %) of the LONA projects from 2021-2022 contributed to favorable conservation status for five of the wetland habitat types listed in the Habitats Directive. In particular, there were positive impacts on Transition mires and quaking bogs (7140), and Bog woodland (91D0) from the hydrological restoration of peatlands. Although a major part of the projects rather resulted in novel ecosystems. A potential future challenge lies therefore in finding ways to increase the contribution to the Habitats Directive through the utilization of LONA funding. However, considering that LONA has unrelated aims and that other funding sources are better suited for this purpose, it is arguable whether this is the most suitable way forward. Hence, I propose adopting a landscape view that considers different funding sources and an integration of the expected ecosystem services in the national database with restored and created wetlands. With this approach, we can determine which wetland types to prioritize on a basin scale and identify the gaps where restoration of high-biodiversity wetlands is absent. Wetland restoration is a crucial aspect of conservation efforts, but if we are to reach the aimed functions, it requires careful planning, effective management, and long-term funding for future management.

Les Vallons Obscurs sont des sites Natura 2000 de la région niçoise, ensemble de vallons de rive gauche du Var, proches de la ville et protégés sur les plans régional, national et européen. Au XIXe siècle, le Vallon Obscur était un site niçois célèbre pour ses caractères physiques. La recherche porte d'abord sur la définition de cet objet géographique. Que sont les vallons obscurs, quels critères leur donnent vie et permettent de les localiser ? Cette expression imagée est à la fois toponyme, but de promenades touristiques et site remarquable. La deuxième partie, fondée sur l'exploitation des relevés de terrain et des documents d'archive, aborde l'origine et l'originalité de l'obscurité et compare les géosystèmes et les paysages des vallons obscurs à ceux des vallons qui ne le sont pas. La troisième partie explore l'avenir de ces vallons. La disparition du Vallon Obscur originel pose la question de la sensibilité et de la fragilité de tels sites. Une typologie des vallons étudiés ouvre la réflexion sur les processus à l'origine des mesures de protection et sur leurs conséquences. L'étude du vallon obscur, petit objet géographique qui n'est ni vallon sombre ni ravin obscur, conduit à discuter des politiques de gestion de l'environnement à échelles emboîtées.

Land-use change that took place in the second half of the 20th century affected population sizes and viabilities of many species adapted to extensive land use. Dusky and Scarce large blue butterflies are ones of these species. Both number of their populations and population sizes declined all over Europe. During the last decade, many protected areas of the Natura 2000 network have been established to preserve these butterfly species. Protected areas are managed specifically to support viability of the Maculinea populations. This thesis investigates a current status set of the Natura 2000 sites in southwest Bohemia protecting one or both Maculinea butterfly species. Implementation of the specific management was found to be a crucial factor for successful protection of the Dusky and Scarce large blue butterflies. We found that there are significant differences in managements applied in different locations. Almost half of protected areas are managed in inappropriate ways, their butterfly population sizes were very small or already extinct. Other sites are managed well and stable Maculinea populations live there. An assumption that a specific Maculinea management could also support another rare or endangered species has been tested in this thesis too. All available records (i.e. field inventories,...