Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Pereira Neto / Coorientador: Profª. Drª. Juliana Tófano de Campos Leite Toneli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, Santo André, 2016. / No ano 2010, o Congresso Nacional do Brasil aprovou a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) com o objetivo de buscar soluções aos problemas causados pela geração de resíduos, que vêm afetando a qualidade de vida da população. Além disso, a PNRS propõe uma gestão eficaz que inclui desde a redução da geração dos resíduos até sua disposição final adequada, aprovando a possibilidade de recuperação de energia a partir dos mesmos. Alguns países incluíram a Conversão de Resíduos em Energia do inglês Waste to Energy-WTE, nos seus planos nacionais de gestão de resíduos como tratamento mediante o processo de combustão in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações combustíveis (matéria orgânica, resíduos sanitários, plásticos, papel/papelão/tetra pak e têxteis) dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) úmidos gerados no município de Santo André localizado no estado de São Paulo com vistas ao seu aproveitamento energético. As frações combustíveis foram caracterizadas tendo em conta sua composição gravimétrica, analisando suas propriedades densidade a granel, umidade, análise imediata e poder calorífico avaliadas na estação de primavera-verão de 2015, visando sua conversão em energia mediante o processo de combustão in natura. Com o objetivo de obter amostras representativas foi utilizada a norma MODECOMTM para o cálculo do número de amostras para a caracterização dos RSU. Para a determinação de suas propriedades foram usadas as normas ASTM para combustível derivado de resíduos (CDR). De acordo com os resultados obtidos os RSU úmidos gerados no município têm umidade de 51,5%, poder calorífico inferior (PCI) de 7,53 MJ/kg e capacidade de geração de energia elétrica de 565 kWh por tonelada de resíduo incinerado com eficiência de conversão de 27%, características favoráveis para sua conversão em energia mediante sua combustão in natura, oferecendo assim uma opção de tratamento, ao invés da sua disposição no aterro sanitário. / In 2010, Brazil approved the National Politic of Municipal Solid Waste (NPSW) in order to seek for solutions to the problems caused by the generation of waste, that has been affecting the population's quality of life. The NPSW also proposes an efficient management including the reduction of waste generation and the correct final disposition, by evaluating its energy recovery. Currently some countries include in their national management plans, the conversion of Waste to Energy (WTE) using the combustion process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the energy potential of fraction combustible (organic matter, sanitary waste, plastics, paper/cardboard/tetra pak and textiles) of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated by Santo André, a town located in the state of Sao Paulo. The fraction combustible was characterized taking into account their composition and analyzing their physical (bulk density), chemical (proximate analysis) and thermal (calorific value) properties, evaluated in the spring and summer season, aiming its conversion to energy using combustion process. With the purpose of having representative samples, MODECOMTM methodology has used to calculate the samples number in the MSW characterization. To determinate the physical, chemical and thermal properties in the laboratory, were used the ASTM standards for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). According to the results obtained, the MSW generated in the municipality the humidity is 51,5%, lower heating value (LHV) 7,53 MJ/kg and generation capacity in electricity 565 kWh tonne of waste incinerated a conversion efficiency of 27% , showed favorable characteristics to their conversion to energy using mass burning, providing a treatment option, instead of its disposal at the landfill.

På grund av klimatförändringarna och den globala uppvärmningen sker en pågående havsnivåhöjning. IPCC har i sina klimatscenarier kommit fram till att havet förväntas stiga mellan 28 cm och 98 cm till år 2100, vilket kommer att leda till stora konsekvenser för människa och samhälle. Förhöjda havsnivåer förväntas även ha en stor påverkan på kustnära naturvärden, bland annat för ett flertal Natura 2000-naturtyper. Den här studien visar för första gången vilka nationella effekter en havsnivåhöjning kan ha på skyddad natur i Sverige. Studien har undersökt hur stor andel av svenska naturreservat och Natura 2000-naturtyper som kommer att påverkas vid de projicerade havsnivåförändringarna i tre av IPCC:s klimatscenarier. Mellan 34 och 102 reservat kommer att förlora minst 5% av sin totalyta beroende på scenario, detta motsvarar landförluster med ca 750-4640 hektar. Av Sveriges totala yta kommer minst 5% hos 14-15 naturtyper att hamna under havsytan. Fyra av de naturtyper som förväntas drabbas hårdast vid det högsta scenariot är; Driftvallar (46%), Glasörtstränder (85%), Salta strandängar (42%) och Strandängar vid Östersjön (44%). Forskning har däremot visat på att en god förvaltning av omgivande mark är av yttersta vikt för naturtypers och arters överlevnad, exempelvis kan vissa naturtyper förflytta sig inåt land när havet stiger. Det krävs därför en klimatanpassad och adaptiv naturvård där hotade naturtyper och naturvärden ges möjlighet att sprida sig till lämpligare miljöer allteftersom klimatet förändras. / Due to climate change and global warming, there is an ongoing sea level rise. IPCC has published four climate scenarios that show the projected changes in climate until the year 2100. The global sea levels are estimated to rise between 28 and 98 cm, which will result in great consequences for coastal landscape and protected nature. This study is the first in Sweden to analyze which consequences a sea level rise will have on protected nature in Sweden. A geographical analysis has been made of how much of the Swedish nature reserves and Natura 2000-habitat types that are going to be covered by the sea in three of the climate scenarios. The sea will cover more than 5% of the total area in 34-102 nature reserves depending on which scenario takes place, which means a loss of 750-4640 hectares. More than 5% of 14-15 Natura 2000-habitat types in Sweden will be covered by the sea. Four of the habitat types that are most affected in the worst scenario are; Annual vegetation of drift lines (46%), Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand (85%), Atlantic salt meadows (42%) and Boreal Baltic coastal meadows (44%). Recent research has shown that habitat loss due to climate change and sea level rise can be avoided if species and habitats are allowed to move inland, and that management of surrounding areas are of high importance in conservation biology. It is therefore essential to use conservation strategies that are adapted to sea level rise.

Anthropogenic climate and land use change is causing rapid shifts in the distribution and composition of habitats with profound impacts on ecosystem biodiversity. The sustainable management of ecosystems requires monitoring programmes capable of detecting shifts in habitat distribution and composition at large spatial scales. Remote sensing observations facilitate such efforts as they enable cost-efficient modelling approaches that utilize publicly available datasets and can assess the status of habitats over extended periods of time. In this study, we introduce a modelling framework for habitat monitoring in Germany using readily available MODIS surface reflectance data. We developed supervised classification models that allocate (semi-)natural areas to one of 18 classes based on their similarity to Natura 2000 habitat types. Three machine learning classifiers, i.e., Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF), and C5.0, and an ensemble approach were employed to predict habitat type using spectral signatures from MODIS in the visible-to-near-infrared and short-wave infrared. The models were trained on homogenous Special Areas of Conservation that are predominantly covered by a single habitat type with reference data from 2013, 2014, and 2016 and tested against ground truth data from 2010 and 2019 for independent model validation. Individually, the SVM and RF methods achieved better overall classification accuracies (SVM: 0.72–0.93%, RF: 0.72–0.94%) than the C5.0 algorithm (0.66–0.93%), while the ensemble classifier developed from the individual models gave the best performance with overall accuracies of 94.23% for 2010 and 80.34% for 2019 and also allowed a robust detection of non-classifiable pixels. We detected strong variability in the cover of individual habitat types, which were reduced when aggregated based on their similarity. Our methodology is capable to provide quantitative information on the spatial distribution of habitats, differentiate between disturbance events and gradual shifts in ecosystem composition, and could successfully allocate natural areas to Natura 2000 habitat types.

No description available.

Esta investigación quiere incidir en las pautas coyunturales de la práctica artística, considerando aspectos inherentes del comportamiento creativo, supeditados bajo parámetros de análisis y razonamiento. Estudio que permitirá revisar el carácter proyectual inmerso dentro de un contexto definido por disciplinas propias de discursos estéticos contemporáneos, haciendo así un intento de acercarse a planteamientos escultóricos de arte público. La posibilidad plástica de permitir la confluencia de ideas, materia y funcionalidad, quiere ser un intento de engendrar y combinar soluciones útiles y bellas, como respuesta a unos años de investigación ante una problemática en concreto: La Balaenoeptera physalus y su emplazamiento. El propósito de este trabajo es el de ofrecer una solución, técnicamente posible, a un problema estético real, en el que un objet trouvé, como es un esqueleto óseo de grandes dimensiones, pueda ser considerado como un objeto-escultura inmerso con los condicionantes propios de un espacio público. Pretensión esta última de convertir un elemento estructural, de bellísimas formas orgánicas, en la posibilidad de ser algo más que un esqueleto instalado en cualquier museo de ciencias naturales. Este estudio comprende una investigación teórica alrededor de la escultura pública, sus características, y los silogismos que permiten precisarla, así como también analizará la eterna y trascendental vinculación entre escultura y arquitectura, y el porqué ambas disciplinas, de manera axiomática, estarán supeditadas al espacio. Asimismo, esta tesis analizará ejemplos de autores y obras, íntimamente relacionados con la escultura y la arquitectura monumental contemporánea, perseverando en relaciones estratégicas de arte y ciencia, vinculadas específicamente con formas naturales orgánicas. Bajo estas investigaciones previas, de carácter vinculante con la escultura, arquitectura, espacio y naturaleza, la tesis desarrollará consideraciones proyectuales necesarias para poder / Chornet Roig, J. (2008). Consideracions projectuals aplicades a l'aspecte escultòric d'un element orgànic específic. Balaenoptera Physalus [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2282

[EN] The Natura Network 2000 (RN 2000) created by the Board of Directors 92/43/CEE constitutes the biggest ecological network in the world of the biodiveristy conservation and consists of two clearly different areas, Special Conservation Areas established in accordance with the Habitat Board Directive and Special Protection Areas for the birds (ZEPA) designated under the Birds Directive. The conformation process RN 2000 proved to be very hard and complicated. In fact, we are still in the approval stage of the Management and Control Rules, regarding to terrestrial areas in fully process of demarcating marine areas. Even so, currently, form part in the RN 2000, the 18,36% of the surface of the Member Estates of the European Community, the 27,21% and more tan 30% corresponding to the Valencian Community. The importance of both, qualitative and quantitative of the surfaces and lands included in the RN 2000, affects within its fields and inclusive in its protective environment, the development of activities in both, present and future. This, in many cases, causes confrontations of difficult solutions between the environmental interests and protection, derivated from the Board Direction and other interests, both, as general and particular matters, that must be susceptible of attention and valorization. In the present investigation work, a sequencial approach to the RN 2000 is carried out. On the basis of the European environmental law, the background and management that served to its creation, the first diagnosis of the current situation of the RN 2000 and the status of its objectives of conservation are accomplished. Subsequently, the work focuses on the analyse of the protective system of the RN 2000, as well as on the mechanism plannned by the Board Directive for possible alteration of urban projects. For that, a study about transposition and development regulations have been carrried out, not only at the State level, but also as autonomic Valencian and in the light of the different interpretative skills of the European commisssion, the juridisprudence made up to this regard in the communitary and internal field, and this doctrine that has been involved in this matter. Finally, it concluded on the process of conformation and the status of the RN 2000 at present, also on the main problems detected on the study and proposals of the improvements in order to get a system of protection which could be considered effective, active and clear. / [ES] La Red Natura 2000 (RN 2000) creada mediante la Directiva 92/43/CEE constituye la mayor red ecológica mundial de conservación de la biodiversidad y se compone de dos zonas diferenciadas, las Zonas Especiales de Conservación (ZEC) establecidas de acuerdo con la Directiva Hábitat y las Zonas de Especial Protección para las Aves (ZEPA) designadas en virtud de la Directiva Aves. El proceso de conformación de RN 2000 ha resultado arduo y complicado, de hecho aún nos encontramos en la fase de aprobación de los Planes y Normas de Gestión respecto de las zonas terrestres, y en pleno proceso de delimitación de las zonas marinas. Aun así y en la actualidad, se engloban en la RN 2000 el 18,36% de la superficie de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, el 27,21% del territorio nacional y más del 30% del correspondiente a la Comunitat Valenciana. La importancia tanto cuantitativa como cualitativa de las superficies y terrenos incluidos en la RN 2000, condiciona dentro de su ámbito e incluso en sus entornos de protección, el desarrollo de actividades tanto presentes como futuras lo que, en muchos casos, provoca confrontaciones de difícil resolución entre los intereses medio ambientales y de protección derivados de la Directiva y otros intereses, tanto de carácter general como particular, que también deben ser susceptibles de atención y valoración. En el presente trabajo de investigación, se realiza una aproximación secuencial a la RN 2000. Partiendo de las bases del derecho medioambiental europeo y los antecedentes y directivas que sirvieron para su creación, se realiza una primera diagnosis del estado actual de la RN 2000 así como del estado de sus objetivos de conservación. Con posterioridad, el trabajo se centra en el análisis del sistema de protección de la RN 2000 así como el mecanismo previsto por la propia Directiva para posible alteración por motivo, esencialmente, de planes y programas urbanísticos. Para ello, se efectúa un estudio de la normativa de trasposición y desarrollo, tanto a nivel estatal como autonómico valenciano, y a la luz de las diferentes guías interpretativas de la Comisión Europea, la jurisprudencia conformada al respecto (tanto en el ámbito comunitario como interno), así como la doctrina que ha tratado sobre la materia. Finalmente, se concluye sobre el proceso de conformación y el estado de la RN 2000 en la actualidad, sobre los principales problemas detectados en el estudio y sobre las propuestas de mejora en aras a conseguir una sistema de protección más eficaz y a la vez ágil y claro. / [CA] La Xarxa Natura 2000 (RN 2000) creada mitjançant la Directiva 92/43/CEE constitueix la major xarxa ecològica mundial de conservació de la biodiversitat i es compon de dues zones diferenciades, les Zones Especials de Conservació (ZEC) establides d'acord amb la Directiva Hàbitat i les Zones d'Especial Protecció per a les Aus (ZEPA) designades en virtut de la Directiva Aus. El procés de conformació de RN 2000 ha resultat ardu i complicat, de fet encara ens trobem en la fase d'aprovació dels Planes i Normes de Gestió respecte de les zones terrestres, i en ple procés de delimitació de les zones marines. Així i tot i en l'actualitat, s'engloben en la RN 2000 el 18,36% de la superfície dels Estats membres de la Unió Europea, el 27,21% del territori nacional i més del 30% del corresponent a la Comunitat Valenciana. La importància tant quantitativa com a qualitativa de les superfícies i terrenys inclosos en la RN 2000, condiciona dins del seu àmbit i fins i tot en els seus entorns de protecció, el desenvolupament d'activitats tant presents com a futures el que, en molts casos, provoca confrontacions de difícil resolució entre els interessos mitjà ambientals i de protecció derivats de la Directiva i altres interessos, tant de caràcter general com a particular, que també han de ser susceptibles d'atenció i valoració. En el present treball de recerca, es realitza una aproximació seqüencial a la RN 2000. Partint de les bases del dret mediambiental europeu i els antecedents i directives que van servir per a la seua creació, es realitza una primera diagnosi de l'estat actual de la RN 2000 així com de l'estat dels seus objectius de conservació. Amb posterioritat, el treball se centra en l'anàlisi del sistema de protecció de la RN 2000 així com el mecanisme previst per la pròpia Directiva per a possible alteració per motiu, essencialment, de plans i programes urbanístics. Per a açò, s'efectua un estudi de la normativa de trasposició i desenvolupament, tant a nivell estatal com a autonòmic valencià, i a la llum de les diferents guies interpretatives de la Comissió Europea, la jurisprudència conformada sobre aquest tema (tant en l'àmbit comunitari com a intern), així com la doctrina que ha tractat sobre la matèria. Finalment, es conclou sobre el procés de conformació i l'estat de la RN 2000 en l'actualitat, sobre els principals problemes detectats en l'estudi i sobre les propostes de millora en llaures a aconseguir una sistema de protecció més eficaç i alhora àgil i clar. / Trinidad Tornel, Á. (2016). La protección de la Red Natura 2000 y sus alteraciones como consecuencia de los planes y programas urbanísticos (especial referencia a la Comunidad Valenciana) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61664

The doctoral thesis is thematically focused on a particular area of the environmental law, nature conservation. The first chapter presents selected significant international conventions and EU regulations, e.g. the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive. The other parts deal with a comparison of the constitutional framework of environmental protection and nature conservation including the introduction of the general principles of the nature conservation in Federal Act on the Conservation of Nature and Landscape. Other chapters are focused on a comparison of general and specific nature conservation. The thesis contains selected decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union against Germany. In the conclusion, the answers to questions are given, the introduced legislation is compared and substantial differences in both legal systems are discussed.

Biodiversity is a concurrent part of the nature inheritance. The human’s activity (development of cities, industry, agriculture, transport infrastructure, pollution, etc) is influencing the nature’s disbalance. Natural areas of habitats are on the way to disappear or their status is getting worse. There is a need for special means to ensure the protection of many species of fauna and flora and their natural habitats, because they are in danger of disappearing. The network “Natura 2000” has few goals: to cover the fragile and valuable natural habitats and species of particular importance for the conservation of biological diversity within the territory of EU and to guarantee sustained efforts to protect the most important areas properly. The main objective of the “Natura 2000” network is to ensure the survival of species that are threatened or rare throughout Europe. These legal EU documents ensure the creation of the above-mentioned European network of protected territories in public territories as well as in private lands. Economic and farming activities are restricted in these areas as a way to protect natural habitats types, rare animals as well as are plants habitats. That way the interests of land owners become quite different from the nature protectionists and the prohibitions of land or forest property rights. It is quite difficult to evaluate the economical loss while establishing some new protected areas in public and private lands. The evaluation is specific for... [to full text]

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-12-20T16:06:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcel Adriano Jobbins.pdf: 799698 bytes, checksum: 9bb4362171f6c452c9c0332d5169dd9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-20T16:06:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcel Adriano Jobbins.pdf: 799698 bytes, checksum: 9bb4362171f6c452c9c0332d5169dd9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Este estudo foi desenvolvido para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de matéria seca (MS), energia bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB), amido, lipídios, fibra bruta (FB), cinzas (CZ) e de aminoácidos (AA) essenciais e não essenciais de farinha de feijão in natura (FI) e feijão extrusada (FE) para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo utilizando dois marcadores de digestibilidade: óxido crômio (Cr2O3) ou cinza insolúvel em ácido (CIA). Foi elaborada uma dieta referência peletizada (DR) contendo 35,19% de PB e 17,78 MJ/ kg de EB. As dietas testes constituíam-se de 70% da DR e 30% de FI ou FE. Grupos de 15 individuos (150,16 ± 20,32 g) foram distribuídos em seis aquários de digestibilidade de 200 L, em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2, onde foram avaliados dois métodos de processamento (FI ou FE) e dois marcadores (Cr2O3 ou CIA), com duas repetições, compondo o “pool” de fezes de cada dieta testada. Os maiores CDA, referentes a interação (processamento x marcador), foram encontrados para MS, EB, PB, CZ e AA essenciais como: arginina (Arg), histidina (His), isoleucina (Ile), leucina (Leu), lisina (Lys), metionina (Met),fenilalanina (Phe), treonina (Thr) e nos AA não essenciais: ácido aspártico (Asp), cisteína (Cys), ácido glutâmico (Glu), glicina (Gly), serina (Ser) e tirosina (Tyr). O CDA de amido e para os AA essencias triptofano (Trp) e valina (Val) foi maior no FE em comparação ao FI, deferenciando dos lipídios que apresentaram melhores resultados para FI. Para FB e o AA não essencial alanina (Ala), por sua vez, não houve influência dos tratamentos dietéticos e marcadores. Independentemente do processamento a Met, His e Arg foram os AA limitantes para dietas contendo farinhas de feijão. Em conclusão, a FE apresentou -se como sendo boa fonte de energia e nutrientes, porém, os teores de Met e Cys devem ser considerados para as necessidades dietéticas de AA contendo enxofre e o marcador CIA não se mostrou sendo confiável para tilápia do Nilo. / The trial aimed to evaluate the apparent strain digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), starch, lipids, crude fiber (CF), ashes (AS) and essential and non-essential amino acids (AA) of in natura bean flour (FI) and extruded bean flour (FE) for juvenile Nile tilapia using two digestibility markers: chromium oxide (Cr2O3) or acid insoluble ash (AIA). It was elaborated a pelleted reference diet (RD) containing 35.19% CP and 17.78 MJ / kg GE, the test diets consisted of 70% RD and 30% of FI or FE. Groups of 15 individuals (150.16 ± 20.32 g) were distributed in six digestibility aquariums of 200 L, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, two processing methods (FI or FE) and two markers (Cr2O3 or AIA) were evaluated, with two replicates, composing the faeces pool of each diet tested. The highest ADC referring to the interaction (processing x marker) were found for DM, GE, CP, As and essential AA as: arginine (Arg), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), threonine (Thr) and for non-essential AAs: aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine (Cys), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser) and tyrosine (Tyr). The CDA of the starch and the essential AA tryptophan (Trp) and valine (Val) was higher in FE compared to FI, different from lipids, which presented better results for FI. For GE and nonessential amino acid alanine (Ala) there was no influence of dietary treatments and markers. Regardless of the processing, Met, His and Arg were the limiting AAs for diets containing bean flours. In conclusion, FE proved to be a good source of energy and nutrients, however, the low levels of Met and Cys should be considered for the dietary requirements of AA containing sulfur. The AIA marker proved to be unreliable for Nile tilapia.

No description available.