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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Recursion in Language and Number: Is There a Relationship?

Guerrero, Diego 01 September 2020 (has links) (PDF)
Numbers are an important part of the cultural knowledge in the modern world. Its use is fundamental in the conception and development of modern science. There are different sets of numbers called numerical systems. The most frequently used numerical system is the set of natural numbers that is composed of positive integers. Natural numbers have several forms to express the cardinality; the most frequently used is the base-10 number system, it represents the number using base quantities and powers of ten. For example, the current calendar year could be expressed as 2018 ; it’s notation describes the additive and multiplicative composition of base quantities and powers of ten (i.e., 2*103 + 0*102 + 1*101 + 8*100). Also, we can use the notation 11111100010 (i.e., 1*210 + 1*29 + 1*28 + 1*27 + 1*26 + 1*25 + 0*24 + 0*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20) to express the same calendar year in base-2. Base number systems express cardinal values using addition and multiplication (two operations defined in natural numbers). However, even if the base-10 system looks close to the human experience; it is an abstract form that requires an external representation to communicate cardinal values. An example of these external representations are cardinal numbers, for example, the number 2018 is represented in English using the words two thousand eighteen, but in Spanish, the cardinal number dos mil dieciocho is used. Cardinal numbers are a particular case in childhood development because it is the first exposure that children have to the natural numbers. Then the properties of the cardinal numbers could be an essential part of children's number comprehension. But one question arises in this frame: What are the children's capacities that permit the children to understand cardinal numbers? One possibility that is proposed in the field of number cognition is that children’s comprehension of recursion in language triggers the acquisition of natural numbers. For some authors, recursion is an operation that is shared between natural numbers (specifically, cardinal numbers) and language (Barner, 2017; Cheung et al., 2017; Yang, 2016). In this study, we explore the relationship between recursion in language and cardinal numbers. To do so, we study the comprehension of recursive genitives and the production of cardinal numbers in English- speaking and Mandarin-speaking children. The results suggest an association in Mandarin-speaking children, but not in English-speaking children. While these empirical results are inconclusive, I provide a theoretical analysis that gives some insights into how the structure of cardinal numbers could be defined using the concept of recursion.
12

N?meros naturais: abordagem do contexto hist?rico na pr?tica pedag?gica / Natural numbers: approach to the historical context in pedagogical practice

Sartori, Maria Ester de Siqueira Rosin 18 December 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Ester de Siqueira Rosin Sartori.pdf: 1301255 bytes, checksum: 6cdb89dafe916021328547ca383937c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Understanding the complexity and the contributions of a collaboration between history and mathematics and the need for approximation of mathematical knowledge to the universe of students, the research aims to see how the teachers of mathematics for the sixth year of primary education in the region of Campinas, Brazil , understand their pedagogical practice and what their knowledge of history, particularly on the history of mathematics, is in order to address and develop the concept of natural numbers. There is, by definition, that mathematics is presented as a knowledge contextualized and meaningful for students, so it came in a vacuum, either developed in a vacuum, but is the result of relationships and cultural needs as originating in primitive communities, in which science began to develop, walked up to the current issues through a multifaceted and complex developments and have in particular the history of the one-digit Universal history must therefore be considered as such for the teaching and learning. / Devido ?s possibilidades de compreens?o dos fen?menos sociais que interferem na forma como o conhecimento ? constru?do e como o aluno se apropria dele, esta pesquisa investiga as potencialidades da participa??o da Hist?ria na pr?tica pedag?gica do professor de Matem?tica, do sexto ano do ensino fundamental da regi?o de Campinas, S.P., na aprendizagem significativa e contextualizada dos N?meros Naturais e reflete sobre as possibilidades do trabalho integrado entre Hist?ria e Matem?tica, que contemplem a atua??o tanto do docente quanto dos investigadores quando pretendem abordar o conceito de n?meros naturais em sua pr?tica pedag?gica ou investigativa. Tem-se, por hip?tese, que a Matem?tica apresenta-se como um saber contextualizado e significativo para o aluno, portanto n?o surgiu no vazio, tampouco se desenvolveu no v?cuo, mas ? fruto das rela??es e das necessidades culturais origin?rias j? nas comunidades primitivas, nas quais as ci?ncias come?aram a se desenvolver, caminharam at? as quest?es atuais atrav?s de uma evolu??o multiforme e complexa e fizeram, em particular da Hist?ria dos algarismos, uma Hist?ria universal, portanto, deve ser analisada como tal para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.
13

Divisão de números naturais: concepções de alunos de 6ª série

Castela, Cristiane Attili 17 May 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristiane_attili_castela.pdf: 656446 bytes, checksum: ac1f16627630f838209714a5fc2a8823 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-17 / This research was carried out with 28 students from the 6 th grade of Elementary School and it aims to detect their conceptions about division of Natural Numbers. It investigates three questions: a) do they know techniques division?; b) do they know how to work with division as a tool to solve problems? c) which relations do they establish involving the terms: dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder?. That s why 12 questions were drawn up: 4 formal questions - of direct or inverse application of the division technique; 4 contextualized questions - in which division should be used as a tool -, and 4 other formal questions, that the student can solve by using, or not, division properties. Data were obtained from written instruments and clinical interviews. The results were analyzed according to APOS theory, developed by Ed Dubinsky. We concluded that although 6th grade students have used natural number division to solve at least one of the problems, less than half of them have shown to know the division technique, according to our criteria. Besides, most of the students that established some correct relation involving dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder is among those who know the technique / Esta pesquisa foi realizada junto a 28 alunos de 6ª série do Ensino Fundamental e visa diagnosticar as concepções desses alunos sobre a divisão de Números Naturais. Examina três questões: a) se eles conhecem a técnica da divisão; b) se eles sabem utilizar a divisão como ferramenta para a resolução de problemas; c) quais as relações que eles fazem entre dividendo, divisor, quociente e resto. Para isso foram elaboradas 12 questões: 4 formais - de aplicação direta ou inversa da técnica da divisão; 4 contextualizadas - em que a idéia de divisão deverá ser usada como ferramenta -, e 4 formais, que o aluno pode resolver utilizando, ou não, propriedades da divisão de Números Naturais. Os dados foram coletados através de um instrumento escrito e entrevistas com alguns sujeitos. Esses resultados foram analisados á luz da Teoria APOS, desenvolvida por Ed Dubinsky. Concluiu-se que, embora os alunos de 6ª série tenham utilizado a operação de divisão para resolver pelo menos um dos problemas, menos da metade demonstrou conhecer a técnica da divisão, segundo nossos critérios. Além disso, a maior parte dos alunos que estabeleceram alguma relação correta entre divididendo, divisor, quociente e resto está entre os que conhecem a técnica
14

Dos números naturais aos números reais / From natural numbers to real numbers

Costa, Reinaldo Viana da 09 April 2019 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta a construção dos conjuntos dos números naturais, inteiros, racionais e reais, buscando contemplar uma mediação entre alunos e professores do ensino médio que possa contribuir em uma abordagem facilitadora para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. A construção dos conjuntos numéricos é feita de modo progressivo, apresentando leis e propriedades que definem cada um deles. Os capítulos apresentam teoremas que são provados de modo que o leitor possa conseguir, efetivamente, estabelecer um elo entre a teoria matemática e suas abstrações iniciais inerentes aos estudantes em formação. / This work presents the construction of the sets of natural, integer, rational and real numbers, aiming to contemplate a mediation between high school students and teachers that can contribute to an easy approach to the teaching and learning processes. The construction of the numerical sets is done progressively presenting laws and properties that define each one of them. The chapters present theorems that are proven so that the reader can effectively establish a link between mathematical theory and its initial abstractions inherent in the students in formation.
15

O impacto da matemática moderna no ensino dos números naturais: uma análise de sete livros / The impact of modern mathematics teaching of natural numbers: an analysis of seven books

Silva, Wilian Faias da 14 December 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho analisou o impacto da Matemática Moderna (MM) nos livros didáticos de matemática durante o Movimento da Matemática Moderna (MMM) no Brasil, tomando como fonte alguns livros didáticos de matemática editados no período de 1950 a 1960, antes do advento do MMM, na década de 1960, onde o MMM encontrou o seu ápice, e na década de 1970, época de seu declínio. Os autores estudados foram Ary Quintela, Osvaldo Sangiorgi, Carlos Galante, Osvaldo Marcondes dos Santos, e Miguel Assis Name. Nos períodos considerados, acompanhamos como foram apresentados os números naturais e, paralelamente, as mudanças editoriais, conceituais e de legislação envolvidas no processo. Constatamos que as maiores mudanças nos livros de alguns autores foram a introdução do ensino de teoria dos conjuntos e estruturas matemáticas no trato dos números naturais. Além disso, uma série de mudanças editoriais foram observadas nos livros de todos autores, como o uso de um número maior de imagens, cores, e exercícios. Nesse sentido, a introdução da teoria de conjuntos e de todo esse aparato gráfico são, sem dúvida nenhuma, inovações do período que não podem ser vistas de maneira separadas. Ao contrário, são complementares. / We analyse the impact of Modern Mathematics (MM) in textbooks of mathematics along the Modern Mathematics Movement (MMM) in Brazil, considering as main sources some mathematical textbooks edited in the 1950\'s, before the MMM\'s advent, in the 1960\'s, the climax of the MMM in Brazil, and the 1970\'s, when the movement faces a serious decline. The authors considered here were Ary Quintela, Osvaldo Sangiorgi, Carlos Galante, Osvaldo Marcondes dos Santos, e Miguel Assis Name. In these periods, we analysed the insertion of the natural numbers in the textbooks concurrently with both editorial, conceptual and laws changes. We identified the introduction of the set theory and some mathematical structures as the major change in the subject. Yet, many editorial changes were observed as the increase of colors, images and exercises. In this sense, the introduction of both the set theory and all these graphical artifacts are innovations of the period which can not be undoubtedly analysed in a separated way. On the contrary, they are complementary phenoms.
16

Aplicação dos registros de representação semiótica no ensino-aprendizagem da matemática : um estudo com alunos do sexto ano do ednsino fundamental /

Neres, Raimundo Luna. January 2010 (has links)
Resumo:Aplicação da Teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica no ensino-aprendizagem da Matemática. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se, com a aplicação da Teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica, seria possível melhorar o desempenho escolar em Matemática, mais precisamente, na resolução de problemas envolvendo operações com números naturais, junto aos alunos do sexto ano A do Ensino Fundamental do Colégio Universitário - COLUN, da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus São Luís do Maranhão. A tarefa foi iniciada com a aplicação de um instrumento de avaliação denominado Lista de Exercícios, composta de dez problemas, com o objetivo de diagnosticar o nível de desempenho dos alunos. A partir da análise dos dados desse instrumento, foi elaborado um plano de estudos baseado nos conteúdos do livro de Matemática adotado pelo Colégio. Durante a pesquisa, foram feitas várias reuniões com a professora da turma, para verificar se estava havendo melhoria de desempenho dos alunos e, assim, poder ajustar a forma como os conteúdos deveriam ser desenvolvidos em sala de aula, à luz da aplicação da Teoria das Representações. No acompanhamento diário na sala de aula, também foram aplicados outros instrumentos de avaliação, tais como exercícios individuas e em grupo, para comprovar se estava havendo melhoria de desempenho escolar. A aplicação das operações de tratamento nos registros de representação e na conversão semiótica, nos instrumentos avaliativos e nas atividades realizadas em sala de aula, foi feita de forma aleatória, com o objetivo de se garantir a imparcialidade na análise dos dados. Como resultado final da pesquisa, verificou-se que, aproximadamente, 60% dos alunos tiveram bom rendimento (Bom de 61% a 80%) e 37% rendimento regular (Regular de 41% a 60%). Verificou-se, também, que aproximadamente 3% dos alunos não apresentaram... / Abstract:Semiology Presentation Register, applying theory to Mathematics teaching-learning process. This paper aimed to check whether there was a better student performance after Semiology Presentation Register being applied to Mathematics, that is, with regards to solving problems, natural numbers resolutions for the 6th grade fundamental school children at COLUN - Colégio Universitário (UFMA College School). The first task consisted of a list of exercises based on Semiology Presentation Register with ten problems aiming to measure students performance level. From the analysis of the data collected, a study plan was elaborated based on the mathematics book contents adopted by the school. During the research, several meetings were held with the students teacher to detect if there was any improvement on students performance, and thus adjust the way contents would be developed in the classroom on Presentation Register Theory applied to. In observing the daily classroom, several types of evaluations were made, such as single and groups exercises, in order to secure improvement and school performance. The applying of study, approach and semiology conversions, related to evaluation and classroom activities, were made at random in order to guarantee analysis' data impartiality. As the research result it was found out that nearly 60% of students had suitable improvement (good: 61% - 80%) and 37% had fair improvement (fair: 41% - 60%). It was also found out that about 3% of students did not show any problem solution whatsoever. Those results show that it was possible to improve school performance on Mathematics for the researched students. / Orientador: Raul Aragão Martins / Banca: José Carlos Miguel / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Teixeira Prado / Banca: Adriano Rodrigues Ruiz / Banca: Nelson Antonio Pirola / Doutor
17

Relações entre professores e materiais curriculares no ensino de números naturais e sistema de numeração decimal / Relationships between teachers and curricular materials the teaching of natural numbers and the decimal system

Lima, Silvana Ferreira de 20 May 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvana Ferreira de Lima.pdf: 3664030 bytes, checksum: 179f942da48e1137ee6520f842db36fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-20 / This research aims to analyze how teachers working in the first years of elementary school at the State Network Paulista interpret and put into practice the different types of teaching guidelines, presented in curriculum materials to support the teacher and understand how to use these materials extend the numerical knowledge of their students. Given this goal, we turn our discussion to the curriculum proposed changes to the discipline of mathematics in the first years of elementary school, implemented by the Secretary of Education of São Paulo under the Project in Mathematics Education in Early Years ( EMAI ), started in 2012. This is a qualitative research based on the analysis of questionnaires, interviews and audio recordings of lessons four teachers, two teachers of the 3rd year and two in the 5th year in the first years of elementary school. We were able to identify the occurrence of different types of material usage by teachers, listed by Brown (2009 ), adaptation, reproduction and creation. To some extent, at different moments of the performance, they now reproduce, adapt and pray more rarely " create ". We consider the adaptation was more frequent use during practices observed being motivated by beliefs and conceptions that teachers have regarding the content and teaching of this discipline. The objectives in relation to learning of natural numbers and the decimal system were achieved with greater and lesser success according to knowledge of each to articulate/exploit the resources of material. The results show that it is not enough to recognize the existence of the relationship or the elements that shape, but it is necessary to emphasize that the material should be object/feature of these professionals, deepening both the mathematical content involved as didactic knowledge to thereto / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como os professores que atuam nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental da Rede Estadual Paulista interpretam e colocam em prática os diferentes tipos de orientações didáticas, apresentados nos materiais curriculares de apoio ao professor e entender, como utilizam esses materiais para ampliar os conhecimentos numéricos de seus alunos. Diante deste objetivo, voltamos nossas discussões às mudanças curriculares propostas para a disciplina de Matemática dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, implementadas pela Secretaria da Educação de São Paulo no âmbito do Projeto de Educação Matemática nos Anos Iniciais (EMAI), iniciado em 2012. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentada na análise de questionários, depoimentos e áudio gravações de aulas de quatro professoras, sendo duas professoras do 3º ano e duas do 5º ano dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Pudemos identificar a ocorrência de diferentes tipos de uso do material pelas professoras, elencados por Brown (2009), a adaptação, a reprodução e a criação. Em certa medida, em diferentes momentos da atuação, elas ora reproduzem, ora adaptam e mais raramente criam . Consideramos que a adaptação foi o uso mais frequente durante as práticas observadas sendo motivadas pelas crenças e concepções que as professoras possuem em relação ao conteúdo e ao ensino desta disciplina. Os objetivos em relação à aprendizagem dos números naturais e do sistema de númeração decimal foram alcançados com maior e menor êxito de acordo com conhecimentos de cada uma para articular/explorar os recursos do material. Os resultados apontam que, não basta reconhecer a existência da relação ou os elementos que a configuram, mas é necessário destacar que o material deve ser objeto/recurso de formação desses profissionais, aprofundando-se tanto os conteúdos matemáticos envolvidos como os conhecimentos didáticos a eles referentes
18

Mezipředmětové vztahy na úrovni plánovaného kurikula ve vzdělávacích oblastech Matematika a její aplikace a Člověk a společnost (dělitelnost přirozených čísel). / Interdisciplinary relationships at the level of the planned curriculum in the educational areas of Mathematics and its Applications and Man and the Society.

KOHOUTOVÁ, Veronika January 2017 (has links)
The main aim of this diploma thesis is to make a collection of problems out of the thematic topic of number and variable, and divisibility of natural numbers which integrates the chosen curriculum in the educational area of Mathematics and its Applications and Man and the Society. The work is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the theoretical background of the topic. The second, practical part includes the chosen curriculum (in terms of divisibility of natural numbers) from the point of view of the educational areas of Mathematics and its Applications and Man and the Society. The practical part can be used as a material for interdisciplinary teaching. There are also solutions for each piece of the material.
19

Indução finita, deduções e máquina de Turing / Finite induction, deductions and Turing machine

Almeida, João Paulo da Cruz [UNESP] 29 June 2017 (has links)
Submitted by JOÃO PAULO DA CRUZ ALMEIDA (joaopauloalmeida2010@gmail.com) on 2017-09-26T16:20:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Minha Dissertação.pdf: 1021011 bytes, checksum: 1717c0a1baae32699bdf06c781a9ed31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T12:58:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_jpc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1021011 bytes, checksum: 1717c0a1baae32699bdf06c781a9ed31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T12:58:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_jpc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1021011 bytes, checksum: 1717c0a1baae32699bdf06c781a9ed31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta relacionada ao ensino e prática do pensamento dedutivo formal em Matemática. São apresentados no âmbito do conjunto dos números Naturais três temas essencialmente interligados: indução/boa ordem, dedução e esquemas de computação representados pela máquina teórica de Turing. Os três temas se amalgamam na teoria lógica de dedução e tangem os fundamentos da Matemática, sua própria indecidibilidade e extensões / limites de tudo que pode ser deduzido utilizando a lógica de Aristóteles, caminho tão profundamente utilizado nos trabalhos de Gödel, Church, Turing, Robinson e outros. São apresentadas inúmeros esquemas de dedução referentes às “fórmulas” e Teoremas que permeiam o ensino fundamental e básico, com uma linguagem apropriada visando treinar os alunos (e professores) para um enfoque mais próprio pertinente à Matemática. / This work deals with the teaching and practice of formal deductive thinking in Mathematics. Three essentially interconnected themes are presented within the set of Natural Numbers: induction, deduction and computation schemes represented by the Turing theoretical machine. The three themes are put together into the logical theory of deduction and touch upon the foundations of Mathematics, its own undecidability and the extent / limits of what can be deduced by using Aristotle's logic, that is the subject in the works of Gödel, Church, Turing, Robinson, and others. There are a large number of deduction schemes referring to the "formulas" and Theorems that are usual subjects in elementary and basic degrees of the educational field, with an appropriate language in order to train students (and teachers) for a more pertinent approach to Mathematics.
20

Přirozená čísla pro studenty učitelství 1. stupně ZŠ / Natural numbers for the future teachers on primary school

JURAŠOVÁ, Hana January 2008 (has links)
The main target of the diploma work is to create study material , which summarizes problems of natural numbers for the needs of students, who are studying teaching profession for primary schools. The first part of the thesis deals with historical development of numbers and numerical systems and with psychological process of acquisition of numerical images among pupils at the beginning of the school attendance. The second part of the diploma work is composition of tasks collection containing given subjects matter from the entertaining view, which will serve for extension of skills in given subject matter and for development of students logical thought. Part of the work is composition and assessment of tests for students, namely at the beginning and at the end of studium, as comparation of skills state in natural numbers subject before and after going through the given subject matter.

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