A intervenção Módulo Ambientes Seguros (Ortiz, 2009, 2010) foi avaliada no seu processo, ao desenvolvê-la com 16 famílias participantes residentes na cidade de Bogotá. Este processo de avaliação foi parte de um estudo maior. A avaliação do processo visou melhorar o processo da intervenção e a qualidade dos dados obtidos para uma posterior avaliação de efeitos. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste estudo foi estabelecido que ambos, os instrumentos e os procedimentos selecionados para a coleta de dados (observação naturalística), foram adequados e estão em consonância com a realidade das famílias bogotanas de baixo nível socioeconômico. Concluiu-se que existe a necessidade de fortalecer tanto o processo de coleta de informações, como o processo de aplicação da intervenção em si mesmo. Sugere-se a realização de uma nova formação de profissionais. O estudo fornece evidências sobre como promover a tomada de decisões e o desenvolvimento de intervenções baseadas em evidências nos governos locais. / The Intervention Módulo Ambientes Seguros (Ortiz, 2009; 2010) was evaluated in their process, and was implemented with 16 families residents in Bogota city. This process evaluation was part of a larger study. Process evaluation wanted to improve the process and the quality of the data for the future evaluation of effects. The results of this evaluation process, established that both, instruments and the procedure selected for the data collection (naturalistic observation), are appropriate to the reality of the families and their socioeconomic status. Also was concluded that is necessary to strengthen the process of data collection and the process of the intervention itself. It is suggested develop a new training program. The study provides evidence about how to promote decisions and evidence-based interventions, like a real option for local governments. / La intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros (Ortiz, 2009;2010) fue evaluada em su proceso, al ser implementada con 16 familias participantes habitantes em la ciudad de Bogotá. Esta evaluación de proceso hijo parte de um estudio mayor. La evaluación de procesos estabeleció que tanto los instrumentos como el procedimiento seleccionado para realizar la recolección de La información (observación naturalista), fueron pertinentes y se ajustan a la realidad de las familias bogotanas de bajo nivel socioeconômico. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer tanto el proceso de recolección de la información, como el proceso de implementación de la intervención propriamente dicho, a través de uma nueva capacitación a los profesionales. El estudio brinda evidencia sobre cómo promover que decisiones e intervenciones basadas em la evidencia para los gobiernos locales.

A intervenção Módulo Ambientes Seguros (Ortiz, 2009, 2010) foi avaliada no seu processo, ao desenvolvê-la com 16 famílias participantes residentes na cidade de Bogotá. Este processo de avaliação foi parte de um estudo maior. A avaliação do processo visou melhorar o processo da intervenção e a qualidade dos dados obtidos para uma posterior avaliação de efeitos. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste estudo foi estabelecido que ambos, os instrumentos e os procedimentos selecionados para a coleta de dados (observação naturalística), foram adequados e estão em consonância com a realidade das famílias bogotanas de baixo nível socioeconômico. Concluiu-se que existe a necessidade de fortalecer tanto o processo de coleta de informações, como o processo de aplicação da intervenção em si mesmo. Sugere-se a realização de uma nova formação de profissionais. O estudo fornece evidências sobre como promover a tomada de decisões e o desenvolvimento de intervenções baseadas em evidências nos governos locais. / The Intervention Módulo Ambientes Seguros (Ortiz, 2009; 2010) was evaluated in their process, and was implemented with 16 families residents in Bogota city. This process evaluation was part of a larger study. Process evaluation wanted to improve the process and the quality of the data for the future evaluation of effects. The results of this evaluation process, established that both, instruments and the procedure selected for the data collection (naturalistic observation), are appropriate to the reality of the families and their socioeconomic status. Also was concluded that is necessary to strengthen the process of data collection and the process of the intervention itself. It is suggested develop a new training program. The study provides evidence about how to promote decisions and evidence-based interventions, like a real option for local governments. / La intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros (Ortiz, 2009;2010) fue evaluada em su proceso, al ser implementada con 16 familias participantes habitantes em la ciudad de Bogotá. Esta evaluación de proceso hijo parte de um estudio mayor. La evaluación de procesos estabeleció que tanto los instrumentos como el procedimiento seleccionado para realizar la recolección de La información (observación naturalista), fueron pertinentes y se ajustan a la realidad de las familias bogotanas de bajo nivel socioeconômico. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer tanto el proceso de recolección de la información, como el proceso de implementación de la intervención propriamente dicho, a través de uma nueva capacitación a los profesionales. El estudio brinda evidencia sobre cómo promover que decisiones e intervenciones basadas em la evidencia para los gobiernos locales.

Since the turn of the millennium, a large number of computational models of visual salience have been put forward. How best to evaluate a given model's ability to predict where human observers fixate in images of real-world scenes remains an open research question. Assessing the role of spatial biases is a challenging issue; this is particularly true when we consider the tendency for high-salience items to appear in the image center, combined with a tendency to look straight ahead (“central bias”). This problem is further exacerbated in the context of model comparisons, because some—but not all—models implicitly or explicitly incorporate a center preference to improve performance. To address this and other issues, we propose to combine a-priori parcellation of scenes with generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), building upon previous work. With this method, we can explicitly model the central bias of fixation by including a central-bias predictor in the GLMM. A second predictor captures how well the saliency model predicts human fixations, above and beyond the central bias. By-subject and by-item random effects account for individual differences and differences across scene items, respectively. Moreover, we can directly assess whether a given saliency model performs significantly better than others. In this article, we describe the data processing steps required by our analysis approach. In addition, we demonstrate the GLMM analyses by evaluating the performance of different saliency models on a new eye-tracking corpus. To facilitate the application of our method, we make the open-source Python toolbox “GridFix” available.

Att det idag finns flera metoder och modeller för att fatta beslut är inte konstigt då beslutsfattande sker varje dag och i vissa sammanhang kan ge ödesdigra konsekvenser om det blir fel. Denna kandidatuppsats kan ses som en förstudie för hur naturligt beslutsfattande skulle kunna stödjas genom en förbättrad utbildning till beslutsfattare. Uppsatsen ämnar behandla naturligt beslutsfattande och intuition hos experter inom räddningstjänsten, närmare bestämt om de använder intuition och i så fall vad som ligger till grund för denna intuition. Intervjuer utfördes på räddningstjänsten i Motala efter critical decision method som är framtagen för cognitive task analysis. Inom räddningstjänsten använder sig befälen av intuition när de tar det flesta av sina beslut i fält. Resultaten av intervjuerna pekar på att intuition verkar ske undermedvetet vilket ger stöd för recognition primed decision model, i kombination med negativa ledtrådar och hävstångspunkter.

This thesis presents a study in which an attempt to verify a new protocol for evaluating team performance in terms of control was made, and this on teams performing navigation in high speed in real life, natural contexts. A second objective was to identify key factors for achieving control during high-speed navigation. The study was built upon the theories of Cognitive Systems Engineering and Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). The study also made a first attempt to expand the protocol with the theories of NDM. A pilot test in the form of a field study was conducted upon military crews driving and navigating the Combat Boat 90H off the coast of Gothenburg, Sweden. The results of the study indicated both teams being in, at lowest, the tactical control mode, and one team occasionally making the transition to the strategic control mode. There were some methodological issues with using the protocol in real life, natural contexts and these were examined. In general, the protocol was found to be applicable in this field. Key factors for achieving control during high-speed navigation could not be properly identified because of contextual problems, but one possible factor was that the use of Hollnagel’s TETO principle appeared to increase control. / I denna rapport presenteras en studie vari ett försök har gjorts att verifiera ett nytt protokoll som utvärderar gruppers prestationsförmåga i termer av kontroll. Protokollet testades på grupper som utförde navigation i hög fart under verkliga och naturliga kontexter med ett andra syfte att identifiera nyckelfaktorer för att uppnå kontroll under navigering i hög fart. Studien byggde på teorier om Cognitive Systems Engineering och Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). Denna studie var också ett första försök i att expandera protokollet med teorier om NDM. En pilotstudie med protokollet i formen av en fältstudie utfördes på militärbesättningar som körde och navigerade Stridsbåt 90H utanför Göteborgs kust. Studiens resultat indikerade att båda grupperna befann sig som lägst i den taktiska kontrollnivån varav en grupp vid enstaka några tillfällen uppnådde den strategiska kontrollnivån. Det uppstod en del metodologiska problem med att använda protokollet i en verklig och naturlig miljö vilket utvärderades i rapporten. Generellt så gick protokollet att använda på grupper som utförde navigering i hög fart. Nyckelfaktorer för att uppnå kontroll i under navigering i hög fart kunde inte väl identifieras på grund av kontextuella problem, men en möjlig nyckelfaktor ar användandet av Hollnagels TETO-princip, vilket verkade leda till en ökad kontrollnivå.

This study analyzes the leadership practice of two experienced female leaders from the health care sector to understand their decision-making processes as it relates to their personal theorizing. Ineffective and unethical leadership in American business is a reality in today’s society. Organizations are in need of leaders who approach leadership from a paradigm which supports effective leadership practice. It is my assertion regarding this study that effective leadership may be connected to a leader’s values which impact their leadership practice and decision-making. This study relies on a conceptual and theoretical framework based in Cornett’s (1990) Naturalistic Decision Making Model. It is imperative to the development of healthy learning organizations that the relationships influencing a leader’s naturalistic decision-making be explored. At the time of this writing, no naturalistic collective case study research in the health care industry has been completed to relate a leader’s naturalistic decision-making or personal practical theories (PPTs) as defined by Cornett (1990). Furthermore, research has not been explored in a field outside of education regarding the formation of a leader’s PPTs and the relationship between a leader’s experiences and leadership practice. Study findings demonstrated that Cornett’s (1990) naturalistic decision-making model (NDM) is a useful heuristic for a health care leader’s reflective leadership practice. Health care leaders’ perceptions of leadership are systematically achieved through the process of reflective thought which the NDM assists in emerging. The NDM is an efficacious tool for personal and professional development. The constructs of this model were effective in allowing the health care leaders studied to reflect on their leadership practice and decision making. This research found that the collective theme amongst the participants was a value-based leadership paradigm. The data collected in this research project suggests that the PPTs of health care leaders are developed through their life experiences. They are described in the context of their core values and leadership personal and formal theorizing. They are understood through their life experiences, interactions with other leaders, and interactions with those around them. Discovering the relationships involved with a leader’s naturalistic decision-making is of great importance to the educational and health care communities. It has the potential to impact human resources policies and training leading to stronger and more effective organizations. Understanding this phenomenon may lead to more reflective and thoughtful decision-making among health care leaders. It has the potential to impact organizational policies, structure, training, commitment, and profits. This may lead to healthier and intrinsically motivated employees and more effective learning organizations.

本篇論文目的在探討兒童在同儕對話中所使用的請求言語行為，研究問題如下：1.在同儕對話中，兒童採用哪些請求策略？、2.兒童使用哪些稱呼語(alerter)和修飾語(modification)來調整他們的請求言語行為?。研究語料來自兩人一組的兒童在玩耍時的對話，兒童的年紀在四歲三個月到五歲六個月之間(平均年齡為五歲三個月)。本研究主要採用Blum-Kulka等人的請求言語行為策略分類，包含中心行為策略(head act)、稱呼語(alerter）、修飾語(modification)三個部分。研究結果發現，在中心行為策略的三個策略中—直接請求、規約性間接請求、和非規約性間接請求，兒童使用較多的直接請求策略，特別是祈使語態句(mood derivable)，顯示出兒童在同儕互動中傾向使用直接且有效力的請求策略。研究結果也發現兒童會使用稱呼語和修飾語來調整請求言語行為；在稱呼語方面，兒童使用了呼喚語(vocative)和名字(name)這兩種表親密的稱呼語來吸引同儕的注意，顯示出兒童不只能判斷對話者的注意力，也知道他們與同儕之間的對等、親近關係；在修飾語方面，兒童使用較多的緩和修飾語(mitigating modifiers)，而在所有修飾語中，兒童最常使用的三種分別為語氣弱化詞(downtoner)、 原因解釋(grounder)、強化詞(intensifier)，另外，我們也發現到兒童有時會使用兩種以上的修飾語在單一個請求行為中，從兒童使用的各種修飾語結果顯示，兒童在做請求時，能考量不同情況和跟同儕間的關係來調整請求言語行為。本研究對於漢語兒童在同儕互動中的請求言語行為的使用，不僅顯示出他們的溝通技巧與語用能力，也反映出同儕互動的特性。 / The purpose of this study is to explore preschool children’s performance of requests in peer talk. We aim to investigate what request strategies children employ when interacting with peers and how children adjust their requests with alerters and modifications. The data analyzed were the natural conversations produced by dyads of children aged from 4;3 to 5;6 (mean age: 5;3). The analytical framework adopted in this study is mainly based on the categorization of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), including the three components of head act, alerter, and modification. The results show that among direct request, conventionally indirect request and non-conventionally indirect request, children employed more direct request strategies, especially mood derivable. It reveals that children’s requests tend to be direct in interactions with peers as the use of direct requests is more effective to attain compliance. In addition, children were found to use alerters and modifications on some occasions to get attention and to lessen or aggravate the request force. There were two types of alerters used by the children, which were name and vocative, and vocative was used more frequently than name. The children’s use of the two intimate alerters indicates that not only can children assess the focus of their interlocutors’ attention, but also that they are aware of their equal and close relationships with their peers. Regarding the use of modifications, it was found that children used more mitigating modifiers than aggravating modifiers, and that the children used downtoner, grounder, and intensifier more frequently among the modifiers. Moreover, although the children commonly used one request with one modifier, there were some cases where the children used more than one modifier in one request. The diversity in the use of modified requests reveals the children’s sensitivity to the situations in which they and their peers are engaged, and their consideration for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships. It is concluded that Mandarin-speaking children’s use of requests not only demonstrates their communicative skills and pragmatic competence, but also reflects the nature of peer interactions.

Die Nutzung von Mobiltelefonen während des Fahrens, vor allem das Lesen und Verfassen von Textnachrichten („Texting“), hat in den letzten Jahren drastisch zugenommen und stellt ein wachsendes Risiko für die Verkehrssicherheit dar. Es ist bekannt, dass visuell-manuelle Zweitaufgaben wie Texting die Fahrleistung negativ beeinträchtigen und das Unfallrisiko erheblich erhöhen. Gleichzeitig gibt es jedoch auch Hinweise darauf, dass Fahrer eine Reihe von selbstregulatorischen Verhaltensweisen nutzen, um die erhöhten Anforderungen durch die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung beim Fahren auszugleichen. Die meisten Befunde zur selbstregulatorischen Verhaltensanpassung während der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung beim Fahren beruhen allerdings auf experimentellen Studien, in denen die Versuchspersonen in künstlichen Verkehrsumgebungen fahren und oftmals nicht frei entscheiden können, ob und wann sie eine Zweitaufgabe aufnehmen. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, selbstregulatorisches Verhalten basierend auf Daten aus sogenannten Naturalistic Driving Studies zu untersuchen und damit das Verständnis über ein Themengebiet zu verbessern, welches lange Zeit vernachlässigt wurde. Der Fokus lag dabei auf mobiltelefonbezogenen Aufgaben. Die Dissertation besteht aus fünf empirischen Artikeln sowie einer kurzen Synopse, in der theoretische Grundlagen zum Thema betrachtet sowie die Ergebnisse übergreifend zusammengefasst und diskutiert werden. Für die Studien, die den empirischen Artikeln zugrunde liegen, wurden Daten aus zwei großangelegten Naturalistic Driving Studies kodiert und analysiert – der US-amerikanischen SHRP 2 (Second Strategic Highway Research Program) Naturalistic Driving Study sowie der europäischen UDRIVE (European naturalistic Driving and Riding for Infrastructure & Vehicle safety and Environment) Naturalistic Driving Study. Das erste Forschungsziel der Dissertation bestand darin, selbstregulatorisches Verhalten in Form von Geschwindigkeitsanpassung zu untersuchen. Der Fokus lag dabei auf Fahrten, bei denen die Fahrer auf der Autobahn und im freien Verkehrsfluss fuhren. Für das Telefonieren mit dem Mobiltelefon ergab die Analyse der SHRP 2 Daten, dass Fahrer ihre Geschwindigkeit während des Telefonierens nicht reduzieren. Für Texting zeigten sich kleine Hinweise für eine Geschwindigkeitsanpassung, vor allem während des Fahrens mit höheren Geschwindigkeiten. Bei der Analyse der UDRIVE Daten konnten hingegen deutlichere Ergebnisse gefunden werden. Fahrer reduzierten ihre Geschwindigkeit nach dem Initiieren von Texting und erhöhten ihre Geschwindigkeit nach dem Beenden von Texting – in beiden Fällen um mehr als 2 km/h. Europäische Fahrer scheinen also „mehr“ selbstregulatorisches Verhalten zu zeigen als US-amerikanische Fahrer. Gründe für diese unterschiedlichen Befunde könnten in der Verkehrsinfrastruktur, der Fahrzeugausstattung sowie in den Stichprobencharakteristiken liegen. Das zweite Forschungsziel bezog sich auf die Identifikation der Orte, an denen das Mobiltelefon vor Beginn der mobiltelefonbezogenen Aufgabe verstaut wird, sowie deren Einfluss auf das Blickverhalten der Fahrer. Die Analyse der UDRIVE Daten zeigte, dass vor Beginn des Textings das Mobiltelefon zumeist offen und in Reichweite lag. Ähnliche Ergebnisse wurden bei der Analyse der SHRP 2 Daten für das Telefonieren gefunden. Die meisten Fahrer verstauten das Mobiltelefon in unmittelbarer Reichweite (z.B. auf dem Schoß). Bei einem Großteil dieser Fälle wurde darüber hinaus der Anruf vom Fahrer selbst initiiert. Dies lässt vermuten, dass sich Fahrer auf selbstinitiierte Anrufe vorbereiten und ihr Mobiltelefon in der Nähe verstauen, um den Aufwand des Suchens bzw. Greifens nach dem Mobiltelefon so gering wie möglich zu halten. Wenn sich das Mobiltelefon auf dem Beifahrersitz oder in der Tasche befand, war der Anruf zumeist eingehend. Die Analysen des Blickverhaltens in der Initiierungsphase eines Telefonats (d.h. wenn nach dem Mobiltelefon gesucht und gegriffen wird) zeigten, dass die Dauer der auf die Straße gerichteten Blicke tendenziell (allerdings nicht signifikant) zunimmt je weiter weg das Mobiltelefon verstaut wird, während kein Unterschied zwischen den Ablageorten hinsichtlich der Dauer der Blickabwendungen von der Straße erkennbar war. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass Fahrer die Aufmerksamkeit, welche sie auf die primäre Fahraufgabe richten, in Abhängigkeit der Zweitaufgabenanforderung anpassen. Im Rahmen des dritten Forschungsziels der Dissertation wurden die Verkehrskontexte identifiziert, in denen Fahrer mobiltelefonbezogene Aufgaben vermehrt aufnehmen. Mit Ausnahme des Telefonierens initiierten die Fahrer mobiltelefonbezogene Aufgaben signifikant häufiger, wenn das Fahrzeug stand (z.B. an einer roten Ampel). Darüber hinaus wurde signifikant weniger getextet, wenn die Fahrer in einem konstanten Verkehrsfluss fuhren oder abbogen. Folglich scheinen Verkehrskontexte mit geringen Anforderungen an die primäre Fahraufgabe für die Aufnahme mobiltelefonbezogener Aufgaben präferiert zu werden. Dieser Befund konnte ebenfalls in einer weiteren Untersuchung bestätigt werden, bei welcher der Fokus auf Ampelsituationen lag. Texting wurde im Vergleich zum Telefonieren signifikant häufiger während des Stehens an der Ampel begonnen als auch beendet. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass Fahrer versuchen, die Dauer des Textings auf die Rotlichtphase zu beschränken. Aus den Blickanalysen ging hervor, dass Fahrer, die an der Ampel texteten, mehr als die Hälfte der Zeit auf das Mobiltelefon und somit nicht auf die Straße schauten. Es gab zudem einen beachtenswerten Teil an Fahrern, die Texting erst nach dem Wiederlosfahren beendeten, was das Situationsbewusstsein erheblich beeinträchtigen und sich damit negativ auf die Verkehrssicherheit auswirken kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass Daten aus Naturalistic Driving Studies nicht nur verwendet werden können, um bereits bestehende Befunde aus experimentellen Studien zu validieren, sondern auch um neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich selbstregulatorischen Verhaltens während der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung beim Fahren unter natürlichen Verkehrsbedingungen zu gewinnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet damit einen Forschungsbeitrag im Bereich der Fahrerablenkung. In zukünftigen Untersuchungen sollte das Zusammenspiel zwischen strategischen und operationalen Verhaltensweisen sowie der Einfluss von individuellen Faktoren auf die selbstregulatorische Verhaltensanpassung thematisiert werden. Darüber hinaus stellen die Befunde einen Ausgangspunkt für die Ableitung praktischer Maßnahmen dar. Zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit könnten beispielsweise sogenannte Workload-Management-Systeme den Fahrer während einer Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung in kritischen (z.B. während des Fahrens mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten) oder in vermeintlich einfachen Verkehrsumgebungen (z.B. während des Stehens an einer roten Ampel) unterstützen, sodass die Aufmerksamkeit (rechtzeitig) auf die primäre Fahraufgabe gelenkt wird.:Danksagung i Zusammenfassung iii Table of Contents vii Synopsis 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Cell phone related driver distraction 2 2.1 Prevalence of cell phone usage while driving 3 2.2 Effects of cell phone usage while driving on driving performance 4 3 Self-regulatory behavior adaptation 5 3.1 Trying to find a definition of self-regulatory behavior adaptation 6 3.2 Theoretical frameworks to explain drivers’ self-regulatory behavior adaptation 6 3.2.1 Task Difficulty Homeostasis (Fuller, 2005, 2008, 2011) 7 3.2.2 Behavioural Adaptation Model (Young, Regan, & Lee, 2009) 8 3.3 Types of self-regulatory behavior adaptation 9 3.3.1 Operational self-regulatory behavior adaptation 10 3.3.2 Strategic self-regulatory behavior adaptation 12 4 Naturalistic driving study – A useful method to investigate driving behavior? 13 4.1 SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study 17 4.2 UDRIVE naturalistic driving study 17 5 Research objectives 17 5.1 Assessing drivers’ speed behavior 18 5.2 Identifying cell phone storage location before initiating a cell phone task and assessing its impact on drivers’ glance behavior 18 5.3 Assessing the driving contexts that encourage drivers to initiate a cell phone task and getting some indications about potential safety implications associated with this behavior strategy 19 5.4 Integration of the research objectives into the theoretical frameworks 19 6 Summary and conclusion 20 6.1 Main findings of the dissertation 20 6.1.1 Drivers’ speed behavior when engaged in cell phone tasks 20 6.1.2 Drivers’ cell phone storage location before initiating a cell phone task and its impact on drivers’ glance behavior 21 6.1.3 Driving contexts that encourage drivers to initiate a cell phone task and potential safety implications associated with this behavior strategy 22 6.2 Overall discussion 23 6.2.1 Methodological considerations 23 6.2.2 Theoretical implications 25 6.2.3 Practical implications 28 6.3 Conclusion 30 7 References 31 Paper I 43 Paper II 55 Paper III 73 Paper IV 83 Paper V 93 Curriculum Vitae 105 Publications 109

Effective and efficient training strategies are needed to provide training to novel therapists whom provide early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) services to young children with autism. We evaluated the effects of interactive computer-based training (ICT) on novice therapists' implementation of two, common EIBI instructional techniques: discrete-trial instruction (DTI) and naturalistic instruction. Results demonstrated that ICT improved trainees' instructional fidelity during role-plays with a confederate for DTI instruction and also with a child with autism for both DTI and naturalistic instruction. As a result, the requirement for supervisor feedback on performance was minimized. In addition, results suggest that child language improved as a result of improved therapist performance.

Prospective memory (PM) refers to a person’s ability to remember to do something in the future. It is a complex behaviour that is essential for the daily functioning of young and old alike. Despite its importance in everyday life, few studies have sought to examine the role of personality on PM performance using a multi-trait multi-method approach in young adults. The current study aimed to investigate the differential roles of the Big 5 personality traits on event- and time-based PM performance using multiple measurement methods. In addition, the study aimed to add to the current PM and personality literature by addressing several of the identified methodological limitations of the literature as outlined by Uttl and colleagues (2013). Results demonstrated few strong relationships between PM subtypes (event and time-based) performance indicators, though performance on the lab-based event-based PM task was stronger than on the lab-based time-based PM task even after controlling for ongoing task performance. Participants were also found to perform better on lab-based rather than naturalistic PM tasks. Naturalistic and self-report PM measures were significantly related to each other, but not to lab-based PM. Regarding personality, the relationship between specific personality traits and PM performance differed depending on the PM subtype and/or measurement method being investigated with conscientiousness, memory aid strategy use, and substance use engagement being found to best predict self-reported PM errors in daily life. The current study demonstrated that each PM measurement method taps into different aspects of behavioural and cognitive functioning. Without the use of all three measurement methods, whilst also considering the individuality of the client, researchers and clinicians may be doing a disservice to individuals with true PM difficulties as they may overlook important factors contributing to their poorer performance. / Graduate