In our society there is an increased awareness of environmental impact and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. An influencing factor is transport in passenger cars to and from work. In order to increase the utilization rate of passenger cars and thereby reduce environmental impact, a possible solution is to carpool. The purpose of the project was to create a web application to help those who want to carpool. To be effective and interesting to users such a web application needs to be useful and easy to navigate, as supported in previous surveys. The report’s issue is therefore how a carpooling web application, for companies and their employees, is designed and implemented to make it useful with regard to navigability. The attempt to answer the issue was initiated by finding relevant theory of navigabil- ity and usability. After that a market survey was conducted, to better understand the needs of the target group, and a prototype was developed based on the found theory. User stories were developed to define the application’s functionality and the development of the web application took place in parallel with iterative user tests, where feedback from the tests was implemented. At the end of the project, the final result and each user test were analyzed to compare users’ response to current theory and by answering the issue of the report. Based on the results of the tests, given the theoretical framework, it was shown that two out of four test subjects got lost in the web application. The test subjects were struggling to get through the buying process. They had insufficient understanding of what happens when placing a trip in the cart, that the trips are booked inside the shopping cart and that the payment of completed trips are found on the profile page. Reasons for the result may be due to both the weaknesses of the web application navigability or the characteristics of the test subjects. Despite this the web application was considered useful in accordance with the System Usability Test performed. In its entirety, the web application can be assessed as useful, though it can not be considered to meet the theoretical requirements for navigability. The conclusion is that a navigable web application can be developed by allowing users to effectively find the most important features of the web application. This can be imple- mented with a distinct navigation bar, visual indications for links, information boxes, a natural flow for the user through the page structure, and that the user can get through it with few steps. This should be specifically applied to the buying process, which is central to a consumer web application, to reduce perceived complexity and to be useful and navigable to the user. In order for the web application to be perceived as useful, it should contain the basic functionality requirements expected of a carpooling service. These are being able to register oneself, find a trip, create a trip, find information about pricing and to be able to remove a trip. / I samhället finns det en ökad medvetenhet kring miljöpåverkan och att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. En påverkande faktor är transport i personbil till och från arbetet. För att öka nyttjandegraden av personbilar och därmed minska miljöpåverkan är en lösning att samåka. Syftet med projektet var att skapa en webbapplikation för att hjälpa de som vill samåka. För att vara effektiv och intressant för användarna behövde en sådan web- bapplikation vara användbar och lätt att navigera i, vilket stöds i tidigare undersökningar. Därför är rapportens frågeställning hur en webbapplikation för samåkning, för företag och dess anställda, designas och implementeras så att den är användbar med avseende på navigerbarhet. Besvarandet av frågeställningen inleddes med att relevant teori om navigerbarhet och användbarhet togs fram. Efter det gjordes en marknadsundersökning, för att tydliga- re förstå målgruppens behov, och en prototyp skapades utifrån den framtagna teorin. User stories användes för att definiera applikationens funktionalitet och utvecklingen av webbapplikationen skedde parallellt med iterativa användartester, där feedbacken från testerna implementerades. I slutet av projektet analyserades slutresultatet och varje enskilt användartest för att jämföra användarnas respons mot rådande teori, och genom det besvara arbetets fråge- ställning. Utifrån resultatet av testerna, sett till de teoretiska ramarna, visades det att två av fyra testpersoner var vilsna på webbapplikationen. Testpersonerna hade svårigheter att ta sig igenom köpprocessen. De hade bristande förståelse för vad som händer när man placerar resor i varukorg, att resorna bokas i varukorgen och att betalning av genomförda resor skedde på profilsidan. Anledningar till resultatet kan såväl bero på brister i web- bapplikationens navigerbarhet eller egenskaper hos testpersonerna. Trots detta ansågs webbapplikationen användbar i enlighet med de System Usability Test som utfördes. I sin helhet kan webbapplikationen därmed bedömas som användbar, däremot den kan inte anses uppfylla de teoretiska kraven för navigerbarhet. Slutsatsen dras att en navigerbar webbapplikation kan utvecklas genom att användar- na effektivt ska kunna hitta webbapplikationens mest väsentliga funktioner. Detta kan implementeras med en tydlig navigationsbar, visuella indikationer för länkar, informa- tionsrutor, ett naturligt flöde för användaren genom sidstrukturen och att användaren kan ta sig igenom den med få steg. Detta bör specifikt tillämpas i köpprocessen, som är central i en webbapplikation för konsumenter, för att minska upplevd komplexitet och att den är användbar och navigerbar för användaren. För att webbapplikationen ska upplevas som användbar bör den innehålla de grundläggande funktionalitetskraven som ställs på en samåkningstjänst. Dessa är att kunna registrera sig, hitta en resa, skapa en resa, hitta information kring prissättning och att kunna ta bort en resa.

To increase the number of customers buying from a web application, theory states that the application needs to be easy to use. In this study, navigability and usability will be investigated and tested on a web-based book-subscription service. The purpose of this study is to come to new conclusions regarding what is important for navigability and usability for subscription services that target students. A web application was created for an online book club subscription service for students at Linköping University. It was created in two different iterations where each iteration was tested on 12 students, which according to theory is a sufficient number of testers. The first iteration was designed based on theory and the second was redesigned based on the input from the test users. Counting the number of clicks taken by the user was the main method used for evaluating navigability, while Concurrent Thinking Aloud, System Usability Scale and Retrospective Probing Procedure were the methods used to measure usability. The most considerable changes made between the two iterations were the updating of the filtering function on the find book club page and the implementation of a search function on the same page. This was also the page where the most improvement in the number of clicks was made. In line with the theory, the usability improved in the tests after changes had been made that test users had commented on. The number of clicks did mostly decrease in the second iteration but not in all categories. This result does not mean that the user experience was not improved since some requested functionality was implemented that required additional clicks.

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)

Availability of internet to a wide audiences has revolutionized how business is performed. Businesses now use e-commerce to trade products and services. The growth of e-commerce has been dramatically rapid among developed countries. Therefore, the adoption of e-commerce platforms is studied in these countries. Meanwhile less attentions has been given to developing countries. Developing countries can take advantage of lessons learned in the developed countries. One of the major success factors of e-commerce platforms in developed countries is improving the usability of e-commerce platform by considering user’s preferences. User preferences can be defined as feelings and attitudes of users for the interface and functional design of the ecommerce platform. This influences user’s decision and behavior. Considering the users preferences within an e-commerce platform enhances user’s satisfaction and increases user’s loyalty to the platform. To evaluate the user preferences a selection of usability factors are usually studied. Avicenna Research Institute (ARI) is currently considering the development of an e-commerce platform. For this ARI is investigating ways to consider users preferences in the design. This study aims to satisfy this goal. In this study previous research are analyzed, user’s preferences are identified, common used e-commerce platforms are investigated, and ARI’s perspective is included in the analysis. Using these information a set of recommendations on how to improve the usability of an e-commerce platform is given. For this task based approaches are used in form of participatory heuristic evaluation and observations. Interview is used to obtain ARI’s perspective on usability. The study has identified ten usability factors affecting the usability of the e-commerce platform based on user’s preferences. These include consistency, learnability, navigability, simplicity, readability, content relevance, supportability, interactivity, credibility, and telepresence. In addition a set of eighty evaluation criteria are presented to evaluate these factors. Using a qualitative approach, the study has analyzed all these factors in a multiple-case study. The analysis includes input from the users in form of observations, comments and questionnaire. This is combined with input from ARI in form of interviews. Finally the study concludes by providing a path for future research.

Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)

Les caméras sont devenues de plus en plus communes dans les véhicules, les smartphones et les systèmes d'aide à la conduite ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systèmes). Les domaines d'application de ces caméras dans le monde des systèmes intelligents de transport deviennent de plus en plus variés : la détection des piétons, les avertissements de franchissement de ligne, la navigation... La navigation basée sur la vision a atteint une certaine maturité durant ces dernières années grâce à l'utilisation de technologies avancées. Les systèmes de navigation basée sur la vision ont le considérable avantage de pouvoir utiliser directement les informations visuelles présentes dans l'environnement, sans devoir adapter le moindre élément de l'infrastructure. De plus, contrairement aux systèmes utilisant le GPS, ils peuvent être utilisés à l'extérieur ainsi qu'à l'intérieur des locaux et des bâtiments sans aucune perte de précision. C'est pour ces raisons que les systèmes basés sur la vision sont une bonne option car ils fournissent des informations très riches et précises sur l'environnement, qui peuvent être utilisées pour la navigation. Un axe important de recherche porte actuellement sur la cartographie qui représente une étape indispensable pour la navigation. Cette étape engendre une problématique de la gestion de la mémoire assez conséquente requise par ces systèmes en raison de la quantité d'informations importante collectées par chaque capteur. En effet, l'espace mémoire nécessaire pour accueillir la carte d'une petite ville se mesure en dizaines de GO voire des milliers lorsque l'on souhaite couvrir des espaces de grandes dimensions. Cela rend impossible son intégration dans un système mobile tel que les smartphones, les véhicules, les vélos ou les robots. Le défi serait donc de développer de nouveaux algorithmes permettant de diminuer au maximum la taille de la mémoire nécessaire pour faire fonctionner ce système de localisation par vision. C'est dans ce contexte que se situe notre projet qui consiste à développer un nouveau système capable de résumer une carte 3D qui contient des informations visuelles collectées par plusieurs capteurs. Le résumé sera un ensemble des vues sphériques permettant de garder le même niveau de visibilité dans toutes les directions. Cela permettrait aussi de garantir, à moindre coût, un bon niveau de précision et de rapidité lors de la navigation. La carte résumant l'environnement sera constituée d'un ensemble d'informations géométriques, photométriques et sémantiques. / Cameras have become increasingly common in vehicles, smart phones, and advanced driver assistance systems. The areas of application of these cameras in the world of intelligent transportation systems are becoming more and more varied : pedestrian detection, line crossing detection, navigation ... Vision-based navigation has reached a certain maturity in recent years through the use of advanced technologies. Vision-based navigation systems have the considerable advantage of being able to directly use the visual information already existing in the environment without having to adapt any element of the infrastructure. In addition, unlike systems using GPS, they can be used outdoors and indoors without any loss of precision. This guarantees the superiority of these systems based on computer vision. A major area of {research currently focuses on mapping, which represents an essential step for navigation. This step generates a problem of memory management quite substantial required by these systems because of the huge amount of information collected by each sensor. Indeed, the memory space required to accommodate the map of a small city is measured in tens of GB or even thousands when one wants to cover large spaces. This makes impossible to integrate this map into a mobile system such as smartphones , cameras embedded in vehicles or robots. The challenge would be to develop new algorithms to minimize the size of the memory needed to operate this navigation system using only computer vision. It's in this context that our project consists in developing a new system able to summarize a3D map resulting from the visual information collected by several sensors. The summary will be a set of spherical views allow to keep the same level of visibility in all directions. It would also guarantee, at a lower cost, a good level of precision and speed during navigation. The summary map of the environment will contain geometric, photometric and semantic information.