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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Biophysical properties of AMPA receptor complexes

Riva, Irene 11 May 2020 (has links)
Die exzitatorische Neurotransmission im gesamten Zentralnervensystem (ZNS) der Wirbeltiere wird weitgehend durch die α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionsäure-Rezeptoren (AMPARs) vermittelt. AMPARs sind Glutamat-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle, die sich an der postsynaptischen Membran befinden, wo sie den Kern makromolekularer Komplexe mit einer Reihe von Hilfsproteinen bilden, die die Rezeptorfunktion konzertiert regulieren. Die bekanntesten dieser Proteine sind die transmembranen AMPA-Rezeptor-Regulierungsproteine (TARPs). TARPs zeigen eine verwirrende Reihe von Effekten auf den Handel, die synaptische Verankerung, die Gate-Kinetik und die Pharmakologie von AMPARs. Über die strukturellen Merkmale des AMPAR-TARP-Komplexes wurde zunehmendes Wissen gesammelt. Die molekularen Mechanismen, die der TARP-Modulation der AMPARs zugrunde liegen, sind jedoch noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die AMPAR-TARP-Interaktionen mit Hilfe der Elektrophysiologie in 293 Zellen der menschlichen embryonalen Niere (HEK) untersucht. Die Rolle der extrazellulären TARP-Schleifen, Loop1 (L1) und Loop2 (L2), bei der Modulation der AMPAR-Ansteuerung wurde analysiert. Es wurde ein Modell für die TARP-Modulation vorgeschlagen, das auf vorhergesagten zustandsabhängigen Wechselwirkungen von TARP L1 und L2 mit dem AMPAR basiert. Da die nativen AMPARs im Gehirn hauptsächlich aus heterotetrameren Zusammensetzungen von vier verschiedenen Untereinheiten (GluA1-4) bestehen, wurden außerdem verschiedene Zusammensetzungen von AMPAR-Untereinheiten getestet. Es wurden sowohl gemeinsame als auch von den Untereinheiten abhängige Mechanismen der AMPAR-Modulation durch TARPs beobachtet. Zusammenfassend liefern diese Experimente den Nachweis, dass TARP L1 und L2 nicht an der Assoziation von AMPAR-TARP-Komplexen beteiligt sind und die Modulation der AMPAR-Ansteuerung durch TARPs vollständig erklären können. / Excitatory neurotransmission throughout the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is largely mediated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). AMPARs are glutamate-gated ion channels located at the postsynaptic membrane, where they compose the hub of macromolecular complexes with a number of auxiliary proteins that concertedly regulate the receptor function. Among these proteins the most known ones are the transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs). TARPs show a bewildering array of effects on the trafficking, synaptic anchoring, gating kinetics and pharmacology of AMPARs. Growing knowledge has been gathered about the structural features of the AMPAR-TARP complex. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TARP modulation of AMPARs have not been fully revealed yet. Given that higher brain functions rely upon AMPAR activity and dysregulation of AMPARs has been associated to life-threatening CNS disorders, big efforts are being made to unravel the molecular machinery behind AMPAR regulation and to identify AMPAR auxiliary proteins as potential pharmacological targets. In the present study, AMPAR-TARP interactions were investigated using electrophysiology in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The role of TARP extracellular loops, Loop1 (L1) and Loop2 (L2), in the modulation of AMPAR gating was analysed. A model for TARP modulation has been proposed, based on predicted state-dependent interactions of TARP L1 and L2 with the AMPAR. Moreover, considering that native AMPARs in the brain mainly consist of heterotetrameric assemblies of four distinct subunits (GluA1-4), different AMPAR subunit compositions were tested. Common as well as subunit-dependent mechanisms of AMPAR modulation by TARPs have been observed. In summary, these experiments provided evidence that TARP L1 and L2 are not involved in association of AMPAR-TARP complexes and can entirely account for the modulation of AMPAR gating by TARPs.
22

Specificity and roles of chromatin organisation in mouse embryonic stem cells and dopaminergic neurons

Harabulă, Izabela-Cezara 09 February 2024 (has links)
Die dreidimensionale Organisation des Chromatins verändert sich während der Zelldifferenzierung als Reaktion auf die Umgebung und ist bei Krankheiten oftmals verändert. Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Chromatinzustand, Chromatinorganisation und Genexpression ist insbesondere bei Neuronen nach wie vor nur geringfügig erforscht. In dieser Arbeit untersuchte ich die Organisation und den Zustand des Chromatins im Zusammenhang mit der Transkription in embryonalen Stammzellen (ESCs) und dopaminergen Neuronen (DNs) der Maus. Dazu habe ich die Organisation des Chromatins mittels Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM) bestimmt und zelltypspezifische Genexpressionsprofile zur Klassifizierungen von Promotoren, Enhancern und Super-Enhancern (SEs) erzeugt. Anschließend habe ich diese linearen Chromatinprofile mit den verschiedenen Stufen der Chromatinorganisation kombiniert und konnte so Unterschiede zwischen den 3D-Genomstrukturen von ESCs und DNs aufzeigen. Zudem konnte ich verstärkt Dreifach-Wechselwirkungen zwischen zelltypspezifischen SEs und/oder exprimierten Genen nachweisen, die bei DNs besonders oft neuronale Signalgene darstellen und oftmals bei neurologischen Störungen betroffen sind. Ich fand auch heraus, dass die Grenzen topologisch assoziierter Domänen (TADs) oft mit Genen zur zellulären Differenzierung zusammen fallen und zudem zelltyp-spezifische Eigenschaften aufweisen, was von Bedeutung für zukünftige funktionelle Untersuchungen solcher Grenzen sein dürfte. Schließlich konnte ich zeigen, dass Chromatinkompartimente zwischen ESCs und DNs in Abhängigkeit vom Chromatinzustands und der Chromatinexpression variieren und dass eine Gruppe transkriptionell aktiver DN Gene, die für die neuronale Aktivität wichtig sind, in B-Kompartimenten liegt. Mit diesen neuen Erkenntnissen erweitert meine Arbeit das Verständnis der Chromatinorganisation bei der Regulierung der Genexpression in Maus ESCs und DNs. / The three-dimensional organization of chromatin changes during cell differentiation, in response to the environment, and is often altered in disease. The interplay between chromatin state, chromatin organization and gene expression remains poorly understood, particularly in neurons. In this work, I examined the organization and state of chromatin associated with transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and dopaminergic neurons (DNs). To do this, I determined the organization of chromatin using genome architecture mapping (GAM) and generated cell type-specific gene expression profiles to classify promoters, enhancers and super-enhancers (SEs). I then combined these linear chromatin profiles with the different levels of chromatin organization and was able to show differences between the 3D genome structures of ESCs and DNs. In addition, I was able to demonstrate increased triple interactions between cell type-specific SEs and/or expressed genes, which are often neuronal signalling genes in DNs and affected in neurological disorders. I also found that the boundaries of topologically associated domains (TADs) often coincide with cellular differentiation genes and also exhibit cell type-specific properties, which may be important for future functional studies of such boundaries. Finally, I was able to show that chromatin compartments between ESCs and DNs vary depending on chromatin state and chromatin expression, and that a group of transcriptionally active DN genes important for neuronal activity are located in B compartments. With these new findings, my work expands the understanding of chromatin organization in regulating gene expression in mouse ESCs and DNs.
23

Adaptive changes in striatal projection neurons explain the long duration response and the emergence of dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson’s disease: Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Review Article

Falkenburger, Björn, Kalliakoudas, Theodoros, Reichmann, Heinz 22 March 2024 (has links)
Neuronal activity in the brain is tightly regulated. During operation in real time, for instance, feedback and feedforward loops limit excessive excitation. In addition, cell autonomous processes ensure that neurons’ average activity is restored to a setpoint in response to chronic perturbations. These processes are summarized as homeostatic plasticity (Turrigiano in Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4:a005736–a005736, 2012). In the basal ganglia, information is mainly transmitted through disinhibition, which already constraints the possible range of neuronal activity. When this tightly adjusted system is challenged by the chronic decline in dopaminergic neurotransmission in Parkinson’s disease (PD), homeostatic plasticity aims to compensate for this perturbation. We here summarize recent experimental work from animals demonstrating that striatal projection neurons adapt excitability and morphology in response to chronic dopamine depletion and substitution. We relate these cellular processes to clinical observations in patients with PD that cannot be explained by the classical model of basal ganglia function. These include the long duration response to dopaminergic medication that takes weeks to develop and days to wear off. Moreover, dyskinesias are considered signs of excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission in Parkinson’s disease, but they are typically more severe on the body side that is more strongly affected by dopamine depletion. We hypothesize that these clinical observations can be explained by homeostatic plasticity in the basal ganglia, suggesting that plastic changes in response to chronic dopamine depletion and substitution need to be incorporated into models of basal ganglia function. In addition, better understanding the molecular mechanism of homeostatic plasticity might offer new treatment options to avoid motor complications in patients with PD.
24

Constitutively active STING causes neuroinflammation and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in mice

Szego, Eva M., Malz, Laura, Bernhardt, Nadine, Rösen-Wolff, Angela, Falkenburger, Björn H, Luksch, Hella 08 April 2024 (has links)
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is activated after detection of cytoplasmic dsDNA by cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) as part of the innate immunity defence against viral pathogens. STING binds TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). TBK1 mutations are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the STING pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of further neurodegenerative diseases. To test whether STING activation is sufficient to induce neurodegeneration, we analysed a mouse model that expresses the constitutively active STING variant N153S. In this model, we focused on dopaminergic neurons, which are particularly sensitive to stress and represent a circumscribed population that can be precisely quantified. In adult mice expressing N153S STING, the number of dopaminergic neurons was smaller than in controls, as was the density of dopaminergic axon terminals and the concentration of dopamine in the striatum. We also observed alpha-synuclein pathology and a lower density of synaptic puncta. Neuroinflammation was quantified by staining astroglia and microglia, by measuring mRNAs, proteins and nuclear translocation of transcription factors. These neuroinflammatory markers were already elevated in juvenile mice although at this age the number of dopaminergic neurons was still unaffected, thus preceding the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. More neuroinflammatory markers were blunted in mice deficient for inflammasomes than in mice deficient for signalling by type I interferons. Neurodegeneration, however, was blunted in both mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that chronic activation of the STING pathway is sufficient to cause degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Targeting the STING pathway could therefore be beneficial in Parkinson’s disease and further neurodegenerative diseases.
25

Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen SUMO2/3-Konjugaten und Zellstress in einem In-vitro-Modell / Researching the connection between SUMO2/3-conjugates and cell-stress in an in-vitro-modell

Eh, Julius Marcus Klaus 31 December 1100 (has links)
No description available.
26

Inferring Neuronal Dynamics from Calcium Imaging Data Using Biophysical Models and Bayesian Inference

Rahmati, Vahid, Kirmse, Knut, Marković, Dimitrije, Holthoff, Knut, Kiebel, Stefan J. 08 June 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Calcium imaging has been used as a promising technique to monitor the dynamic activity of neuronal populations. However, the calcium trace is temporally smeared which restricts the extraction of quantities of interest such as spike trains of individual neurons. To address this issue, spike reconstruction algorithms have been introduced. One limitation of such reconstructions is that the underlying models are not informed about the biophysics of spike and burst generations. Such existing prior knowledge might be useful for constraining the possible solutions of spikes. Here we describe, in a novel Bayesian approach, how principled knowledge about neuronal dynamics can be employed to infer biophysical variables and parameters from fluorescence traces. By using both synthetic and in vitro recorded fluorescence traces, we demonstrate that the new approach is able to reconstruct different repetitive spiking and/or bursting patterns with accurate single spike resolution. Furthermore, we show that the high inference precision of the new approach is preserved even if the fluorescence trace is rather noisy or if the fluorescence transients show slow rise kinetics lasting several hundred milliseconds, and inhomogeneous rise and decay times. In addition, we discuss the use of the new approach for inferring parameter changes, e.g. due to a pharmacological intervention, as well as for inferring complex characteristics of immature neuronal circuits.
27

Identification and Functional Characterization of Novel Genes Involved in Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus laevis / Characterization of Novel Genes Involved in Neurogenesis in Xenopus

Souopgui, Jacob 20 June 2002 (has links)
No description available.
28

Epac-mediated modulation of neurotransmitter release from cultured hippocampal neurons / Epac-vermittelte Modulation der Neurotransmitterfreisetzung bei neuronalen Zellkulturen des Hippocampus

Gekel, Isabella 07 April 2008 (has links)
No description available.
29

Noise in adaptive excitable systems and small neural networks

Kromer, Justus Alfred 11 January 2017 (has links)
Neuronen sind erregbare Systeme. Ihre Antwort auf Anregungen oberhalb eines bestimmten Schwellwertes sind Pulse. Häufig wird die Pulserzeugung von verschiedenen Rückkopplungsmechanismen beeinflusst, die auf langsamen Zeitskalen agieren. Das kann zu Phänomenen wie Feuerraten-Adaptation, umgekehrter Feuerraten-Adaptation oder zum Feuern von Pulsen in Salven führen. Weiterhin sind Neuronen verschiedenen Rauschquellen ausgesetzt und wechselwirken mit anderen Neuronen, in neuronalen Netzen. Doch wie beeinflusst das Zusammenspiel von Rückkopplungsmechanismen, Rauschen und der Wechselwirkung mit anderen Neuronen die Pulserzeugung? Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie die Pulserzeugung in rauschgetriebenen erregbaren Systemen von langsamen Rückkopplungsmechanismen und der Wechselwirkung mit anderen erregbaren Systemen beeinflusst wird. Dabei wird die Pulserzeugung in drei Szenarien betrachtet: (i) in einem einzelnen erregbaren System, das um einen langsamen Rückkopplungsmechanismus erweitert wurde, (ii) in gekoppelten erregbaren Systemen und (iii) in stark gekoppelten salvenfeuernden Neuronen. In jedem dieser Szenarien wird die Pulsstatistik mit Hilfe von analytischen Methoden und Computersimulationen untersucht. Das wichtigste Resultat im ersten Szenario ist, dass das Zusammenspiel von einer stark anregenden Rückkopplung und Rauschen zu rauschkontrollierter Bistabilität führt. Das erlaubt es dem System zwischen verschiedenen Modi der Pulserzeugung zu wechseln. In (ii) wird die Pulserzeugung stark von der Wahl der Kopplungsstärken und der Anzahl der Verbindungen beeinflusst. Analytische Näherungen werden abgeleitet, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl der Verbindungen und der Pulsrate, sowie der Pulszugvariabilität herstellen. In (iii) wird festgestellt, dass eine hemmende Rückkopplung zu sehr unregelmäßigem Verhalten der isolierten Neuronen führt, wohingegen eine starke Kopplung mit dem Netzwerk ein regelmäßigeres Feuern von Salven hervorruft. / Neurons are excitable systems. Their responses to excitations above a certain threshold are spikes. Usually, spike generation is shaped by several feedback mechanisms that can act on slow time scales. These can lead to phenomena such as spike-frequency adaptation, reverse spike-frequency adaptation, or bursting. In addition to these, neurons are subject to several sources of noise and interact with other neurons, in the connected complexity of a neural network. Yet how does the interplay of feedback mechanisms, noise as well as interaction with other neurons affect spike generation? This thesis examines how spike generation in noise-driven excitable systems is influenced by slow feedback processes and coupling to other excitable systems. To this end, spike generation in three setups is considered: (i) in a single excitable system, which is complemented by a slow feedback mechanism, (ii) in a set of coupled excitable systems, and (iii) in a set of strongly-coupled bursting neurons. In each of these setups, the statistics of spiking is investigated by a combination of analytical methods and computer simulations. The main result of the first setup is that the interplay of strong positive (excitatory) feedback and noise leads to noise-controlled bistability. It enables excitable systems to switch between different modes of spike generation. In (ii), spike generation is strongly affected by the choice of the coupling strengths and the number of connections. Analytical approximations are derived that relate the number of connections to the firing rate and the spike train variability. In (iii), it is found that negative (inhibitory) feedback causes very irregular behavior of the isolated bursters, while strong coupling to the network regularizes the bursting.
30

The interspike-interval statistics of non-renewal neuron models

Schwalger, Tilo 30 September 2013 (has links)
Um die komplexe Dynamik von Neuronen und deren Informationsverarbeitung mittels Pulssequenzen zu verstehen, ist es wichtig, die stationäre Puls-Aktivität zu charakterisieren. Die statistischen Eigenschaften von Pulssequenzen können durch vereinfachte stochastische Neuronenmodelle verstanden werden. Eine gut ausgearbeitete Theorie existiert für die Klasse der Erneuerungsmodelle, welche die statistische Unabhängigkeit der Interspike-Intervalle (ISI) annimmt. Experimente haben jedoch gezeigt, dass viele Neuronen Korrelationen zwischen ISIs aufweisen und daher nicht gut durch einen Erneuerungsprozess beschrieben werden. Solche Korrelationen können durch Nichterneuerungs-Modelle erfasst werden, welche jedoch theoretisch schlecht verstanden sind. Diese Arbeit ist eine analytische Studie von Nichterneuerungs-Modellen, die zwei bedeutende Korrelationsmechanismen untersucht: farbiges Rauschen, welches zeitlich-korrelierten Input darstellt, und negative Puls-Rückkopplung, welche Feuerraten-Adaption realisiert. Für das "Perfect-Integrate-and-Fire" (PIF) Modell, welchen durch ein allgemeines Gauss''sches farbiges Rauschen getrieben ist, werden die Statistiken höherer Ordnung der Output-Pulssequenz hergeleitet, insbesondere der Koeffizient der Variation, der serielle Korrelationskoeffizient (SCC), die ISI-Dichte und der Fano-Faktor. Weiterhin wird die Dynamik des PIF Modells mit Puls-getriggertem Adaptionsstrom und weissem Stromrauschen im Detail analysiert. Die Theorie liefert einen Ausdruck für den SCC, der für schwaches Rauschen aber beliebige Adaptions-Stärke und Zeitskale gültig ist, sowie die lineare Antwortfunktion und das Leistungsspektrum der Pulssequenz. Ausserdem wird gezeigt, dass ein stochastischer Adaptionsstrom wie ein langsames farbiges Rauschen wirkt, was ermöglicht, die dominierende Quellen des Rauschen in einer auditorischen Rezeptorzelle zu bestimmen. Schliesslich wird der SCC für das fluktuations-getriebene Feuerregime berechnet. / To understand the complex dynamics of neurons and its ability to process information using a sequence of spikes, it is vital to characterize its stationary spontaneous spiking activity. The statistical properties of spike trains can be explained by reduced stochastic neuron models that account for various sources of noise. A well-developed theory exists for the class of renewal models, in which the interspike intervals (ISIs) are statistically independent. However, experimental studies show that many neurons are not well described by a renewal process because of correlations between ISIs. Such correlations can be captured by generalized, non-renewal models, which are, however, poorly understood theoretically. This thesis represents an analytical study of non-renewal models, focusing on two prominent correlation mechanisms: colored-noise driving representing temporally correlated inputs, and negative feedback currents realizing spike-frequency adaptation. For the perfect integrate-and-fire (PIF) model driven by a general Gaussian colored noise input, the higher-order statistics of the output spike train is derived using a weak-noise analysis of the Fokker-Planck equation. This includes formulas for the coefficient of variation, the serial correlation coefficient (SCC), the ISI density and the Fano factor. Then, the dynamics of a PIF model with a spike-triggered adaptation and a white-noise current is analyzed in detail. The theory yields an expression for the SCC valid for weak noise but arbitrary adaptation strengths and time scale, and also provides the linear response to time-dependent stimuli and the spike train power spectrum. Furthermore, it is shown that a stochastic adaptation current acts like a slow colored noise, which permits to determine the source of spiking variability observed in an auditory receptor neuron. Finally, the SCC is calculated for the fluctuation-driven spiking regime by assuming discrete states of colored noise or adaptation current.

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