L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de déterminer la prévalence des antécédents de traumatisme crânien dans une population de détenus. Les objectifs secondaires étaient de déterminer les co-facteurs pouvant influencer le parcours pénal en cas d'association avec un antécédent de traumatisme crânien. Une revue systématique de la littérature a retrouvé une prévalence moyenne calculée d'antécédents de traumatisme crânien de 46%. Une enquête épidémiologique descriptive a inclus 1148 arrivants en prison à Fleury-Mérogis. La prévalence d'antécédents de traumatisme crânien était de 30,6%. L'analyse des résultats pour la population masculine adulte a mis en évidence que les personnes déclarant un antécédent de traumatisme crânien ont passé plus de temps en prison et ont fait plus de séjours en prison durant les 5 dernières années. Ils avaient également une santé perçue moins bonne. Ils étaient plus nombreux à déclarer une épilepsie, un suivi psychiatrique, une consommation d'alcool, de cannabis et de médicaments psychotropes. Dans la population féminine, la santé perçue était plus mauvaise et la consommation d'alcool était plus fréquente en cas d'antécédent de traumatisme crânien. La comparaison entre hommes et femmes ayant déclaré un traumatisme crânien n'a pas retrouvé de différence en dehors d'une santé perçue plus mauvaise pour les femmes et d'une consommation de cannabis plus importante pour les hommes. L'analyse la population des mineurs est en cours. Ces résultats amènent un certain de nombre de propositions pour la prise en charge médicale et sociale de cette population. / The main objective of this thesis was to estimate the prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a population of incomers in prison. A further aim was to study co-variables that can have an impact on criminality when associated with a history of traumatic brain injury. A systematic review was performed to estimate an average prevalence of history of traumatic brain injury, which was found to be 46%. Then, a descriptive epidemiological study, which included 1,148 incomers in prison, was carried out at Fleury Merogis prison. The prevalence of history of traumatic brain injury was 30.6%. Among the adult male population, males who declared a history of traumatic brain injury spent more time in prison and came more often in prison during the past 5 years. They also declared a worse perceived health. They were more likely to report an epilepsy, psychiatric care, alcohol, cannabis and psychotropic drugs use. Among females, perceived health was worse and alcohol consumption was more common for females with a history of traumatic brain injury. When comparing males and females who declared a history of traumatic brain injury, no difference was found except a worse perceived health for women and a greater use of cannabis for men. The analyses regarding juveniles are still ongoing. These results provide further evidence that a number of measures have to be developed regarding medical and social care for this population.

La désignation est le geste de montrer un objet à une autre personne. La structure de la désignation est similaire à celle du discours verbal : la première personne « je » communique avec la seconde personne « tu » à propos de l'objet « il ». A partir de la description neuropsychologique d'un trouble acquis de la désignation, l'hétérotopagnosie ou incapacité à désigner le corps d'autrui, nous jetons les bases d'un nouveau modèle de la désignation impliquant la notion de seconde personne « tu ». Nous proposons et validons l'hypothèse que toute désignation implique de se représenter le point de vue de l'interlocuteur « tu » grâce à un référentiel hétérocentré. De plus, chez les patients hétérotopagnosiques comme chez les volontaires sains, désigner le corps d'autrui est plus difficile que désigner les objets. Nous expliquons ce phénomène par le fait que seul le corps humain vivant peut être à la fois sujet de communication et objet de communication. Poursuivant notre investigation sur la notion de seconde personne, nous montrons chez une patiente et chez les sujets sains que le corps des femmes est également plus difficile à désigner que celui des hommes. Les femmes seraient plus facilement considérées comme des sujets que les hommes. Enfin, nous avons recherché comment l'humain percevait la désignation réalisée par autrui comme témoignant d'une intention de communication à propos d'un objet. L'engagement dans une relation avec la seconde personne « tu » est nécessaire à cette compréhension. Au total, cette thèse apporte les premiers éléments expérimentaux sur les mécanismes de la relation de communication avec la seconde personne « tu ». / Pointing is used to communicate about an object with another person. This skill has a triadic structure similar to speech: the first person “I” communicate with the second person “you” about an object of interest “it”. From the neuropsychological description of an acquired deficit in pointing, heterotopagnosia which is the inability to point at another person's body parts, we build a new cognitive model involving the notion of a second person to explain pointing behaviour. We bring experimental evidence that pointing requires taking the addressee's perspective through the elaboration of a heterocentric reference frame. Furthermore, we show that in heterotopagnosic patients and in healthy subjects pointing at another person's body is more difficult than pointing at objects. We hypothesize that it is because only the living human body of other can be a subject to communicate with and an object to communicate about. In addition, we show that heterotopagnosic patients and healthy subjects find it more difficult to point at female body parts than at male ones, perhaps because women are more easily considered as subjects. Finally, we explore the behavioural and neural bases of the perception of pointing. We confirm that the relationship with the second person is necessary to understand the communicative intention of the addressee about the object. As a whole, this work provides the first cognitive and neural evidence for the notion of a second person in the brain.

Le langage demeure préservé des effets du vieillissement mais précocement atteint dans la Maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). Le discours, en mobilisant l'ensemble des fonctions cognitives, pourrait mettre en évidence davantage de difficultés. Ce travail vise à analyser des productions de patients et de participants âgés typiques en lien avec les changements cognitifs et cérébraux. Une étude s'est intéressée à la production de discours portant sur des événements personnellement vécus. Une deuxième visait à comparer ce type de discours à un discours sur support imagé. Les résultats montrent que les difficultés rencontrées lors d'un discours d'événements vécus seraient corrélées à l'atteinte mnésique des patients. A l'inverse, elles seraient associées à l'atteinte exécutive et lexicale dans un discours imagé. Une dernière étude s'est focalisée sur la variabilité existant chez les participants âgés "typiques". Une analyse en cluster a montré quatre profils de locuteurs, dont un profil "hors-sujet" qui pourrait refléter une zone ambiguë entre vieillissement normal et pathologique. Ce travail pointe des marqueurs de MA prodromale, en lien avec les modifications cognitives et cérébrales. Certaines difficultés seraient liées à une atteinte mnésique ou exécutive indépendamment de l'altération langagière. / Language is the most preserved cognitive function from the effects of aging. Unlike typical aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an early impairment. Analysis of discourse may reveal more difficulties than other tests since it mobilizes a large set of cognitive functions. This work aims to analyze various discourses in AD patients and participants with typical aging, in relation to various cognitive tests as well as neuroimaging data. One study focused on a memory-based discourse. A second study compared a memory-based and in a picture-based discourse. Patients' difficulties were correlated on one hand with memory impairment in the memory-based discourse and on the second hand with lexical-executive impairment in the picture-based discourse. A final study focused on discourse variability in the general aging population. A cluster analysis revealed four profiles of speakers. Among them, an "off-topic" profile could reflect a grey zone between normal and pathological aging. This work allowed us to shed light on deficit markers and compensatory strategies in prodromal AD, in relation with cognitive and cerebral changes. In particular, many difficulties may actually be related to memory or executive impairment, regardless of a language alteration.

The thesis focuses on memory binding from the perspective of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and presents structural correlates of memory. It reflects current research and concepts such as Subjective Cognitive Disorder (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and advocates previously created units for the continuum of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the work is to verify the functionality of the Czech version of the Buschke Memory binding test for clinical practice. In the Empirical section it focuses on the MBT memory binding capability test and performance comparison in three groups of the sample population (without cognitive deficit, SCD and MCI). Statistical testing (ANCOVA) found a significant difference in performance in selected scores between the three groups. The results showed that memory binding performance is impaired as the deficit depth progresses. In our sample, no significant performance difference could be found between the cognitively normal group and the SCD group. The references are cited accoding to APA 7th edition manual. Key words Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychology, cognition, memory binding

Evaluation of cognitive impairment is often omitted in multiple sclerosis (MS), as the available instruments usually require considerable time and resources, and are not readily available in all countries. The aims of this study were to examine validity of the Czech translation of the MACFIMS (Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS), to validate the BICAMS (Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS) and to compare outcomes of the MACFIMS and the BICAMS. We evaluated 367 MS patients and 134 healthy controls with the MACFIMS battery, which also comprises the 3 tests of the BICAMS (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test- Revised, California Verbal Learning Test, second edition). The most accurate BICAMS criterion of cognitive deficit was that of at least 1 of the overall 3 tests outside the normal range (sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 86%, p=10-28). Outcomes of the Czech translation of the MACFIMS were comparable to its original. The MACFIMS and the BICAMS identified cognitive deficit in 55% and 58% of the MS patients, respectively. Both the BICAMS and MACFIMS predicted patient vocational status. The BICAMS is highly sensitive and specific to cognitive impairment in MS as defined by the MACFIMS. This impairment is significantly associated with vocational status. Our work...

This thesis is focused on the effects of computerized executive functions training on emotion regulation and affective functioning. The theoretical part summarizes cognition-emotion integration and is based on cognitive neuroscience models suggesting that there are bidirectional links between cortical executive functions centers and cortical centers that regulate emotions. Based on process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998) it's supposed that it is possible to make interventions of emotion dysregulation also through cognitive, antecedent-focused strategies. These assumptions are linked with computerized executive functions training. Such training might have positive consequences for emotion regulation and emotion functioning, as it generate frontal activation (Klinberg et al., 2005). The study measures the potential effect of executive functions training on regulation of negative emotions. The main intervention is a personalized, computer-based cognitive training program BrainTwister. This program is widely used for clinical and diagnostics praxis and rehabilitation. To ascertain the everyday ecological validity of the cognitive training intervention and the emotion regulatory and affective consequences, emotion regulatory experiment (IAPS) together with mood and emotion regulation...

Evaluation of cognitive impairment is often omitted in multiple sclerosis (MS), as the available instruments usually require considerable time and resources, and are not readily available in all countries. The aims of this study were to examine validity of the Czech translation of the MACFIMS (Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS), to validate the BICAMS (Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS) and to compare outcomes of the MACFIMS and the BICAMS. We evaluated 367 MS patients and 134 healthy controls with the MACFIMS battery, which also comprises the 3 tests of the BICAMS (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test- Revised, California Verbal Learning Test, second edition). The most accurate BICAMS criterion of cognitive deficit was that of at least 1 of the overall 3 tests outside the normal range (sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 86%, p=10-28). Outcomes of the Czech translation of the MACFIMS were comparable to its original. The MACFIMS and the BICAMS identified cognitive deficit in 55% and 58% of the MS patients, respectively. Both the BICAMS and MACFIMS predicted patient vocational status. The BICAMS is highly sensitive and specific to cognitive impairment in MS as defined by the MACFIMS. This impairment is significantly associated with vocational status. Our work...

In this dissertation, we aimed at better understanding the role of learning in shaping the contents of consciousness. To capture variations in consciousness, we took subjective measures as a starting point, and we performed several studies measuring their relation to human behavior, peripheral physiology and brain physiology in about 160 participants. We first focused on the learning mechanisms implicated in learning with feedback from the body, and then investigated how autonomic responses related to several aspects of awareness in associative learning tasks. Our results provide evidence that people can improve in their sensitivity to discriminate between mental states, while their confidence in doing so is unaffected. Our results also indicate no evidence for the malleability of phasic heart rate response by implicit knowledge. Taken together, these results suggest that consciousness is not easily influenced by learning with external feedback from the body. At a more abstract conceptual level, we explored several methodological considerations when interpreting changes in subjective reports and separated the potential contributions of knowledge and direct perception. Finally, we presented a novel taxonomy for categorizing neurofeedback paradigms, which may be of help to disentangle the learning process that is implicated in neurofeedback. / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Es wurden kognitiven Störungen, Minus- und Plussymptomatik und die subjektiven Erleben der kognitiven Störungen in der Schizophrenie untersucht. Der empirische Teil der Untersuchung hat die Spezifität der Frontallappendefizite bei den chronisch Schizophrenen nicht bestätigt. Es wurde eine Dysfunktion der dominanten Hemisphäre bei chronisch Schizophrenen im Vergleich zu den depressiven Patienten bestätigt. Schizophrene Patienten mit vorwiegend positiven Symptomen zeigten schlechtere Leistungen im Vergleich zu schizophrenen Patienten mit vorwiegend negativen Symptomen in den neuropsychologischen Tests. Weitere Analysen von Daten zeigten, dass kognitive Defizite der Schizophrenen in Beziehung zu negativen Symptomen stehen. Subjektive Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen korrelierten selten mit objektiven kognitiven Störungen oder Minus- und Plussymptomatik. Gesamtscore der FBF korrelierte signifikant mit negativen Symptomen. Die Anzahl der Korrelationen zwischen den subjektiv erfahrenen Basisstörungen im FBF und den experimentellen neuropsychologischen Testleistungen war sehr niedrig.

Ce projet doctoral s’inscrit dans le contexte de la réhabilitation psychosociale promouvant la lutte contre la stigmatisation des maladies psychiatriques sévères. Il vise à une meilleure compréhension de la stigmatisation de la schizophrénie au travers de l’étude des composantes du stéréotype et de ses effets sur les performances neuropsychologiques. La revue de la littérature sur la thématique nous amène au constat d’une grande hétérogénéité dans les méthodes d’exploration du stéréotype de la schizophrénie, en partie expliquée par un cloisonnement des recherches entre la Psychiatrie et la Psychologie sociale.Les deux études réalisées visaient à : i) explorer le contenu du stéréotype de la schizophrénie chez les familles et dans la population générale en France ; ii) étudier expérimentalement l’impact de la menace du stéréotype sur les performances cognitives des personnes souffrant de schizophrénie.La première étude montre que le stéréotype de la schizophrénie est plus massivement rejeté par les familles, et notamment dans sa dimension « Dangerosité ». Les résultats suggèrent en outre que la dimension « Incompétence » du stéréotype de la schizophrénie occupe une place centrale, autant chez les familles que dans la population générale. L’intégration de nos résultats dans les modèles développés par la Psychologie sociale nous amène à proposer un modèle du contenu du stéréotype de la schizophrénie, dans lequel les dimensions de dangerosité et d’incompétence du stéréotype prédiraient des patterns spécifiques d’émotions et de comportements discriminatoires.La seconde étude, expérimentale, ne permet pas de mettre en évidence un effet négatif de la menace du stéréotype de la schizophrénie sur les performances exécutives. Cette absence de résultat significatif nous amène à discuter des enjeux méthodologiques dans les designs expérimentaux, en particulier quant à leur application dans la schizophrénie. Ainsi, certains facteurs comme le domaine d’identification, le choix des mesures cognitives et la prise en compte des différentes menaces potentielles apparaissent primordiaux pour les recherches futures. / This doctoral research interests the field of psychosocial rehabilitation, promoting the fight of stigma in severe mental disorders. The objective is to better understand the schizophrenia stigma through the study of stereotype components and its effect on current clinical neuropsychological practice. The review of stigma scientific publishing underlines a great methodological heterogeneity regarding schizophrenia stereotype exploration, that can be explain by the scientific partitioning of Social psychology and Psychiatry research. Consequently our doctoral research was aimed at integrating these two bodies of research to enhance the operationalization of schizophrenia stereotype content and its potential effects on cognitive performances.We conducted two studies aimed at: i) exploring schizophrenia content stereotype in families and the general population in France; ii) investigating the impact of stereotype threat on cognitive performances in schizophrenia.The first study shows that schizophrenia stereotype is more strongly rejected by families, especially in its “Dangerousness” dimension. Results also suggest that “Incompetency” is a core dimension of schizophrenia stereotype, both in families and the general population. The integration of our results with the models of Social psychology leads us to propose a model of schizophrenia stereotype content in which the Dangerousness and Incompetency dimensions would both predict specific patterns of emotions and discriminatory behaviors.The second experimental study failed to show any negative effect of schizophrenia stereotype threat on executive performances. Finally, this failure leads us to discuss the methodological issues of experimental designs, especially regarding their application in schizophrenia. Thus, several factors of interest, like the identification domain, the choice of cognitive measures and the consideration for various potential threats appear to be relevant for future research