Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

Journalism education in China began early this century. However, the drastic changes in the Chinese society since the First World War have greatly hindered the development of journalism education. With the fall of the "gang of four" in 1976, China entered a new period in its history which is marked by a strong desire of the CPC and the people to modernize their country in the shortest possible time. This situation has produced an ever-increasing need for better journalists, especially international journalists who are able to use foreign language to promote mutual understanding and exchange between China and other countries. To meet this demand, the speciality of international journalism, a combination of journalism training and foreign language learning, has come into existence in many institutions. However, to teach Chinese students English journalism, particularly the skill of news writing in English, is not easy. Students constantly encounter difficulties in writing English news articles. They have problems in both language use and organisations. Their writing is very often unnatural and sometimes hard to comprehend for English-speaking readers. The reasons are mainly as follows. First, news writing, unlike any other form of writing, involves particular requirements which need to be carefully studied and analysed, such as the criteria for news value, the special structure of the article and the special choice of words. Secondly, as China's policy towards journalism is very different from that of the west, its approach towards news is also different. Therefore, what is included in a Chinese news article is not always of news value to western readers. Thirdly, Chinese and English are two very different languages. Many dissimilarities exist in all aspects of the two languages, linguistic and rhetorical. Chinese students often find it difficult to free themselves of mother tongue interference. To solve these problems, a comparative study of the news writing styles in both languages should be made by the teachers and students so that they can realise the similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages and their relative strengths and weaknesses in news writing. In addition, practice is also essential in the training of journalists. Extensive exposure to good English news writing styles and practices in producing them will surely benefit the students in their study of journalism.

Este trabalho parte da idéia de que os neologismos recebem, nos dicionários e manuais de redação jornalística, um tratamento assistemático, desprovido de rigor e critérios para que os jornalistas (e pessoas em geral) os reconheçam como tais e saibam lidar convenientemente com eles. A partir da elaboração de uma taxonomia própria, identificamos diferentes tipos de neologismos e constatamos que eles são um fenômeno natural na língua, que permite a sua subsistência e continuidade. Porém, ainda que naturais e necessários, os neologismos costumam ser “incômodos”: nos manuais de redação, são logo considerados “incorretos” ou “inexistentes”, embora a própria menção que se faz a eles ateste sua existência. Após o exame dos conceitos de correção e incorreção na língua, propomos, com o apoio de Rabanales (1984), a substituição dos termos “correto/incorreto” e “existente/inexistente”, que, geralmente, caracterizam-nos, por “necessário/desnecessário”, “culto/inculto”, “formal/informal”, “exato/inexato” e “genuíno/falso”, de acordo com os tipos de neologismos que identificamos. / Our starting point in this paper is the belief that neologisms receive a non systematic treatment in dictionaries and newspaper stylebooks. There is no rigour nor criteria for journalists to be able to recognize them for what they are and to deal conveniently with them. Through the design of our own taxonomy for them, we were able to identify different types of neologisms and consider them as a natural fenomenon of language which permits its subsistency and continuity. However, even if they are something natural and necessary, they are also seen as troubling: in the stylebooks they are usually considered “incorrect” or “inexistent”, but the mere fact of having been mentioned in these kind of books proves their existence. After examining the concepts of correction and incorrection in language, we propose, following Rabanales (1984), the substitution of the terms “correct/incorrect” and “existent/non existent” for “necessary/unecessary”, “cult/incult”, “formal/informal”, “exact/inexact” and “genuine/false” according to the types of neologisms.

Este trabalho parte da idéia de que os neologismos recebem, nos dicionários e manuais de redação jornalística, um tratamento assistemático, desprovido de rigor e critérios para que os jornalistas (e pessoas em geral) os reconheçam como tais e saibam lidar convenientemente com eles. A partir da elaboração de uma taxonomia própria, identificamos diferentes tipos de neologismos e constatamos que eles são um fenômeno natural na língua, que permite a sua subsistência e continuidade. Porém, ainda que naturais e necessários, os neologismos costumam ser “incômodos”: nos manuais de redação, são logo considerados “incorretos” ou “inexistentes”, embora a própria menção que se faz a eles ateste sua existência. Após o exame dos conceitos de correção e incorreção na língua, propomos, com o apoio de Rabanales (1984), a substituição dos termos “correto/incorreto” e “existente/inexistente”, que, geralmente, caracterizam-nos, por “necessário/desnecessário”, “culto/inculto”, “formal/informal”, “exato/inexato” e “genuíno/falso”, de acordo com os tipos de neologismos que identificamos. / Our starting point in this paper is the belief that neologisms receive a non systematic treatment in dictionaries and newspaper stylebooks. There is no rigour nor criteria for journalists to be able to recognize them for what they are and to deal conveniently with them. Through the design of our own taxonomy for them, we were able to identify different types of neologisms and consider them as a natural fenomenon of language which permits its subsistency and continuity. However, even if they are something natural and necessary, they are also seen as troubling: in the stylebooks they are usually considered “incorrect” or “inexistent”, but the mere fact of having been mentioned in these kind of books proves their existence. After examining the concepts of correction and incorrection in language, we propose, following Rabanales (1984), the substitution of the terms “correct/incorrect” and “existent/non existent” for “necessary/unecessary”, “cult/incult”, “formal/informal”, “exact/inexact” and “genuine/false” according to the types of neologisms.

Este trabalho parte da idéia de que os neologismos recebem, nos dicionários e manuais de redação jornalística, um tratamento assistemático, desprovido de rigor e critérios para que os jornalistas (e pessoas em geral) os reconheçam como tais e saibam lidar convenientemente com eles. A partir da elaboração de uma taxonomia própria, identificamos diferentes tipos de neologismos e constatamos que eles são um fenômeno natural na língua, que permite a sua subsistência e continuidade. Porém, ainda que naturais e necessários, os neologismos costumam ser “incômodos”: nos manuais de redação, são logo considerados “incorretos” ou “inexistentes”, embora a própria menção que se faz a eles ateste sua existência. Após o exame dos conceitos de correção e incorreção na língua, propomos, com o apoio de Rabanales (1984), a substituição dos termos “correto/incorreto” e “existente/inexistente”, que, geralmente, caracterizam-nos, por “necessário/desnecessário”, “culto/inculto”, “formal/informal”, “exato/inexato” e “genuíno/falso”, de acordo com os tipos de neologismos que identificamos. / Our starting point in this paper is the belief that neologisms receive a non systematic treatment in dictionaries and newspaper stylebooks. There is no rigour nor criteria for journalists to be able to recognize them for what they are and to deal conveniently with them. Through the design of our own taxonomy for them, we were able to identify different types of neologisms and consider them as a natural fenomenon of language which permits its subsistency and continuity. However, even if they are something natural and necessary, they are also seen as troubling: in the stylebooks they are usually considered “incorrect” or “inexistent”, but the mere fact of having been mentioned in these kind of books proves their existence. After examining the concepts of correction and incorrection in language, we propose, following Rabanales (1984), the substitution of the terms “correct/incorrect” and “existent/non existent” for “necessary/unecessary”, “cult/incult”, “formal/informal”, “exact/inexact” and “genuine/false” according to the types of neologisms.

Esta pesquisa descreve o uso de estrangeirismos no texto jornalístico, na coluna social do Diário de Pernambuco (DP), entre 1930 e 1950, no mês de agosto, período relacionado com o antes e o pós II Guerra Mundial, que aconteceu entre 1939 e 1945, para assim poder identificar o seu aparecimento no processo histórico e suas implicações nos fatores socio-político-sociais da época de sua importação. Antes de chegar a este momento da história, foi realizado um levantamento de como se processou o aparecimento de palavras e/ou expressões estrangeiras na história do Brasil e os resultados demonstram que o seu uso esteve presente desde o período colonial e que as três raças, brancos, negros e índios, deixaram na Língua Portuguesa do Brasil suas contribuições. Um estudo de como alguns gramáticos, lingüistas e escritores tratam o assunto foi feito a fim de comparar as suas posições sobre o assunto. Os resultados mostram que os estrangeirismos eram usados não somente como uma forma requintada para se dar uma notícia, mas como um recurso de dar nome às coisas que não existiam no português da época. O resultado desta pesquisa possibilita-nos avaliar que o uso das palavras estrangeiras em um jornal não representa um perigo à língua portuguesa, mas uma maneira de deixar a língua atualizada / This research describes the use of the foreign words in the journalistic text in the social section of Diário de Pernambuco (DP), in the month of August, between the years of 1930 and 1950, period which preceded and followed the II World War, precisely during the years of 1939 and 1945. The aim of the work was to identify the historical process of appearance of the foreign words and its implication on socio-political factors with their borrowing. A study on the historical process showed that their usage was present since the colonial period and that they were initially introduced to the Portuguese language by the White, the Black and the Indian cultures. A study of how some grammarians, linguists and writers see the problem was done to compare their points of view about it. The results showed that foreign words were used not only as a refinement pattern to introduce the news, but as a way to give name to things that did not exist in the Portuguese language in that time. The results of this research showed that the use of foreign words on a newspaper do not represent a risk to the Portuguese Language, but a way to modernize the language

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_boris_dimitri.pdf: 3353050 bytes, checksum: 9e3f68c287ef3d2415bef937e5ddfd3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / This research describes the use of the foreign words in the journalistic text in the social section of Diário de Pernambuco (DP), in the month of August, between the years of 1930 and 1950, period which preceded and followed the II World War, precisely during the years of 1939 and 1945. The aim of the work was to identify the historical process of appearance of the foreign words and its implication on socio-political factors with their borrowing. A study on the historical process showed that their usage was present since the colonial period and that they were initially introduced to the Portuguese language by the White, the Black and the Indian cultures. A study of how some grammarians, linguists and writers see the problem was done to compare their points of view about it. The results showed that foreign words were used not only as a refinement pattern to introduce the news, but as a way to give name to things that did not exist in the Portuguese language in that time. The results of this research showed that the use of foreign words on a newspaper do not represent a risk to the Portuguese Language, but a way to modernize the language / Esta pesquisa descreve o uso de estrangeirismos no texto jornalístico, na coluna social do Diário de Pernambuco (DP), entre 1930 e 1950, no mês de agosto, período relacionado com o antes e o pós II Guerra Mundial, que aconteceu entre 1939 e 1945, para assim poder identificar o seu aparecimento no processo histórico e suas implicações nos fatores socio-político-sociais da época de sua importação. Antes de chegar a este momento da história, foi realizado um levantamento de como se processou o aparecimento de palavras e/ou expressões estrangeiras na história do Brasil e os resultados demonstram que o seu uso esteve presente desde o período colonial e que as três raças, brancos, negros e índios, deixaram na Língua Portuguesa do Brasil suas contribuições. Um estudo de como alguns gramáticos, lingüistas e escritores tratam o assunto foi feito a fim de comparar as suas posições sobre o assunto. Os resultados mostram que os estrangeirismos eram usados não somente como uma forma requintada para se dar uma notícia, mas como um recurso de dar nome às coisas que não existiam no português da época. O resultado desta pesquisa possibilita-nos avaliar que o uso das palavras estrangeiras em um jornal não representa um perigo à língua portuguesa, mas uma maneira de deixar a língua atualizada

一篇好的新聞寫作最基本的要求是要有清楚的主題，文意必須通順且連貫。而新聞寫作中的主題該如何凸顯，讀者閱讀新聞時連貫通順的感覺又從何而來，即是語言學和認知心理學中的「連貫性」理論所探討的現象，也是本研究有興趣探索的主題。 本研究中所謂的「新聞寫作的連貫性」，可以界定為「新聞文本中的句子、段落、字詞是如何連貫成一篇有意義的文章，以及新聞中的結構與意義之間是如何銜接和組織，產生連貫通順的感覺」。而本研究主要的目的即是探討新聞寫作中連貫性的特性，並且試圖從新聞寫作特有的連貫性建立出判斷新聞寫作好壞的評估標準，替新聞寫作的教學和實務建構初步的理論基礎。 為了瞭解新聞寫作中獨特的連貫性為何，本研究先從理論文獻的角度切入來探討何謂連貫性，然後本研究發現影響連貫性的面向包括語意上的連接關係、讀者的認知心理、文體特色，以及文本背後的背景知識脈絡。本研究並且從連貫性與新聞文體的討論中發現「新聞寫作特有的連貫性」可以整理成以下幾點： 第一、從學者van Dijk區分的新聞文體功能結構來觀察（van Dijk，1988），新聞文體會遵守著「先描述新聞事件，再描述影響、結果或反應」及「整個新聞事件報導完畢，才進行評論或預測」的結構組織規則。 第二、純淨新聞文體中連貫性十分依賴因果基模的關係來建立，因此，新聞文本中結構與意義之間因果關係的推論十分重要，因果基模推論的越清楚，越符合一般人的日常邏輯，新聞文體中的連貫性就越緊密。 第三、新聞文體為了方便讀者閱讀及新聞組織運作，從導言到軀幹之間，發展出先在導言中提示新聞重點摘要，再在軀幹的段落中對應導言的重點敘述細節的敘述方式，使得新聞從導言到軀幹間發展出一種從抽象到具體、從摘要到細節描述的「層次連貫性」。 第四、從命題分析來分析新聞的組織結構，可以發現新聞文本為了加強組織結構間的連貫，有其特殊的組織結構。新聞文本的導言中會呈現整篇文本最高層次的命題，通常為新聞的主旨，然後每一段落的命題都是指向這個新聞主旨的。另外，文本中的各段落通常也有各自的主旨，其下的命題也都是指向這個主旨進行敘述。因此，新聞文體通常可以畫出結構關係清楚的命題分析圖。 第五、由於新聞文體具有客觀中立的文體特質，所以新聞文體中通常維持一貫的第三人稱的觀看角度，遣詞用字也避免帶有記者主觀的感嘆詞，或情緒性強烈的字眼，這些規則有助於維持新聞文體中展現的客觀氣氛的一致性。 本研究依據以上「新聞寫作特有的連貫性」為分析架構，實際分析一個有實務寫作經驗的記者個案，和一個無實務經驗的學生個案。比較兩個個案分析，得到以下發現：一、記者個案和學生個案在功能結構的組織順序排列關係上差異較小，在因果基模和命題連貫性的建立上差異較大，而記者在這些方面表現的比學生好。二、記者個案中可以觀察到清楚的層次連貫性，學生個案則缺乏層次連貫性的連接概念，仍依賴敘事文體中的線性連貫性來連接上下文。三、記者個案對於巨觀命題結構的連接掌握得比學生個案佳，兩者在微觀命題結構的銜接上差異較小。四、記者個案中對於客觀立場一致性的掌握比學生個案佳。 根據本研究初步應用「新聞寫作連貫性」的分析架構來進行的個案分析，可以發現這個架構的確可以運用在新聞寫作連貫性的某些層面的分析中。這個架構在初步分析中，也觀察出一些記者個案和學生個案從結構到意義連貫之間寫作能力的差異，所以本研究發展出的分析架構應該是具有可行性的，可以實際應用在新聞寫作連貫性的分析之中，也有助於進一步觀察在連貫性面向表現得「好」 的新聞寫作應達到哪些標準。而本研究也 建議未來在新聞寫作教學上應該從層次連貫性、命題分析等理論層次來教導寫作，才能在寫作教學上有效結合理論與實務經驗。

Characterization in Pulitzer-awarded features and traditional features was measured using a characterization typology developed by the author. Although some of the results were statistically constrained by a small n, those results which were statistically significant reflect that what separates Pulitzer-winning features from regular features are those elements of characterization particular to scene: a character's distinctive physical characteristics, clothing and possessions; the setting and environment as it defines a character; a physical description of character that is not lineament nor habitual posture or expression but bodily appearance in the immediate moment; a character's movements and actions, facial expressions, words, and thoughts. In an era when the predicted demise of newspapers is more fact than fiction, the reader's experience with newspapers is paramount. Crucial to the news reading experience is the reader's enjoyment: how "I" experienced a story through empathy, parasocial interaction, and/or identification. Perhaps a solution to newspapers' loss of readership is scene: within scene, fear, anguish, exhilaration, and joy are not only the experiences of the characters, but also that of the reader's.

The topic of this paper is analysis of euphemization and dysphemization in political discourse. Euphemia and dysphemia are quite a specific language phenomenon. The uniqueness of these phenomena lies in their ability to reflect social, cultural and moral values, peculiarities of worldview not only of individuals, but also of modern society as a whole. Euphemisms and dysphemisms depend entirely on the assessments in society of a certain phenomenon, on the definition of what is acceptable and what is not. Hence the need to systematical study of these phenomena in relation to cultural and social changes. The relevance of the work is due to the increasing interest of philologists in the functional side of the language. Modern researchers pay attention to those linguistic phenomena that reflect the changes in the consciousness of the current society. In the context of teaching methodology and intercultural communication, these phenomena are also very significant, they make it possible to understand the realities of another country. / Темой данной работы является анализ феноменов эвфемизации и дисфемизации на базе политического дискурса. Эвфемия и дисфемия представляют собой довольно специфический языковой феномен. Уникальность данных явлений заключается в их способности отражать социальные, культурные и нравственные ценности, особенности мировоззрения и мышления не только отдельных личностей, но и современного общества в целом, так как эвфемизмы и дисфемизмы полностью зависят от принятых в социуме оценок тех или иных явлений, от определения того, что является приличным, допустимым, а что нет. Отсюда следует необходимость их систематического изучения в связи с культурными и социальными изменениями, приводящими к развитию и отмиранию различных форм табу. Актуальность работы обуславливается возрастающим интересом филологов к функциональной стороне языка. Современные исследователи обращают внимания на те языковедческие изменения, которые отражают перемены, происходящие в сознании нынешнего общества, все больше внимания уделяется изучению лингвистических тенденций, к которым стремится социум. В контексте методики преподавания и межкультурной коммуникации данные феномены являются также очень значительными, они позволяют понять реалии другой страны, которым безусловно необходимо обучать изучающих язык.