This study traces the history of the Plano Star-Courier. Information was obtained from newspaper files, interviews, and directories. The thesis is divided into six chapters: Chapter I introduces the study; Chapter II chronicles the founding of Plano and the first newspaper publications; Chapter III concerns consolidation of the newspapers in Plano; Chapter IV traces the changes in ownership; Chapter V describes the newspaper under family ownership and corporation ownership; Chapter VI summarizes the history, influence, and future of the Star-Courier. This thesis combines the history of the Plano Star- Courier and the previously unwritten history of the town. For 100 years, the Star-Courier reflected the attitudes, values, and needs of people in the community.

The purpose of this case study was to explore the effects of downsizing on organizational culture based on the perceptions of contractors who work for an independent distributor in a large metropolitan city in the southern United States. Organizational culture is important to a company's overall success. Organizational culture theory was the basis for the conceptual framework of this study. Using a purposeful sampling approach and methodological triangulation of sources, 3 newspaper delivery contractors who experienced downsizing described their lived experiences. Participants completed the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) and a qualitative questionnaire. The OCAI survey results were scored and depicted graphically using organizational culture profiles. Qualitative data were analyzed and coded, revealing 14 themes that described the pre and postdownsizing culture types, the preferred culture type, and the effects of downsizing on organizational culture. The findings of this study revealed that downsizing can affect organizational culture in both positive and negative ways and that contractors' experiences differed from those of employees. The results of this study may influence positive social change by highlighting the need for leaders to assess the organizational culture before, during, and after a downsizing event to ensure that a preferred culture is created or preserved to minimize the negative effects of downsizing. A preferred culture could promote a more effective working environment, benefiting the company, its workers, and by extension the industry and society.

After decades of digital developments, we are now entering a truly digital era. Digital information and communication technology has become a naturally embedded part ofthe designed environment we live in. Most parts of life are today pervaded by digital products and services. Evidence of such immersion can be noted in, for instance, media consumption. This development is gradually shaping and cultivating a media environment that is ubiquitous. Such ubiquity is manifested in media’s constant presence and thechanges in media consumption in the purview of digital innovation. Indeed, digital innovation is not only a shift in technology. It alters existing value networks and calls forrethinking existing value perceptions. While this disruptive change driven by digitizationcan be found in many industries, this thesis focuses on its impact on value networks in thenewspaper industry.The digitization of newspapers started with the introduction of the internet in the 90´sand soon emerged into new media innovations. While these new media innovations have not replaced existing media, they have been disruptive to newspaper value networks. Recently, the emergence of yet another digital innovation is specifically interesting whenstudying changes to value networks of the newspaper industry: the e-paper. This innovation (a screen technology very close to print on paper) exhibits inherent valuesthat make future replacement of print on paper a possibility. It is therefore regarded as avery promising technology in the newspaper industry. This thesis can be positioned at the intersection of the friction between forces to embarkon a new media trajectory and forces to hang on to the established structures andcontrol. The research question addressed in this thesis is: How are value networks of newspapers influenced by digital innovation? Addressing the research question, a multimethod approach was adopted to gain a broad understanding of how digital innovationinfluences value networks of newspapers. Drawing on digital innovation literature, the thesis presents a theoretical perspective with which to understand how digital innovation influences value networks. This perspective is instantiated as a model of value network configuration. The model emphasizes the multi-layered, dynamic, dialectic, and diametrical character of value networks in digital innovation. The model is offered as abasis and analytical tool to further explore value networks in digital innovation. This tool is useful for newspaper stakeholders when entering the digital era.

This study reviews the changes in Taiwan's newspaper industry during its current period of transition. Contemporary newspaper development in Taiwan after the lifting of martial law in July 1987 is evaluated in relation to transformations in the newspaper marketplace, journalistic practices, labor relations, and freedom of expression. This study concludes that changes in Taiwan's newspaper business are closely related to changes in the country's political atmosphere. The lifting of the Ban of Newspaper brought freedoms for which journalists had fought for decades; however, journalistic quality has not improved at the same speed. Changes will continue in the journalism industry; whether it grows in a healthy way is a topic for future study.

The research and statistics gathered in this thesis begin in 2000. Newspapers began experiencing change due to technology before 2000. However, the information necessary to complete this thesis only goes back to that year. Since the year 2000, the newspaper industry has struggled to adapt to the age of ever-changing technology. Newspapers across the US, including large and well-established publications have been forced to find new strategies that allow them to keep up with new digital technologies. The New York Times was the focus of this study, but it is only one part of a very large industry. However, it is one of the most successful papers of the digital age and offers a thorough look into the newspaper industry. Therefore, its strategies to adapt to digital and its overall business model were compared to newspapers throughout the nation. The intent of this thesis is to have a better understanding of the future of the newspaper industry in the digital age, including newspapers in small, medium and large markets. A look into The New York Times’ history provides a better understanding of how newspapers have already been affected by the digital age, and its business model offers guidance for other newspapers on how to adapt. This thesis focused on analyzing at least one newspaper to represent each market including a small, medium and large market newspaper then determining if the methods The New York Times uses would be adaptable and scalable to their newspapers. This thesis determines which newspapers could use The New York Times’ strategies to their benefit and draws conclusions on the future of the newspaper industry as a whole.

論文摘要 本文目的在以階級形成的觀點，透過文獻收集與深度訪談，詮釋1984至2002年之間，經驗過衝突和集體行動的台灣報業記者勞工意識的建構過程與內涵轉變。 研究發現，隨著報業自動化、政治解嚴、報禁解除，以及九○年代以後，有線電視、網路科技興盛以及閱報率下降，報業市場萎縮，報社因倒閉、停刊的裁員案例漸增，工作權不保的危機由印務部擴展至編輯部。過去強調新聞自由、專業的記者編輯，因工作內容特殊性，多不認同勞工身份，更遑論有勞工意識，但隨著自早停刊、自晚經營權轉移以及中時無預警裁撤中南編事件的勞資爭議事件，少數記者編輯卻在勞資爭議的抗爭過程，體認到「勞資關係不平等」，感覺到或有意的結合勞方共同利益，以實際行動對抗資方，激發勞工意識，意識的轉變由以往認知印刷廠工人才是勞工，轉變為只要是受僱者便和一般勞工無異，並體認作為勞工團結象徵的工會之重要性。 然而，至今報社工會且仍在運作者不到10家，除了工會法--廠場工會的限制削弱勞工集體力量的結構性因素外，報業藍、白領勞工工作利益的分歧，形成行動的斷裂，亦為長期報業工會力量弱化的主因。不過，即使在缺乏集體行動的文化傳統下，中國時報產業工會卻能多次以行動挑戰客觀條件的限制，展現強烈的工會性格，與具有工人關懷的知識份子有意識地組織強調集體主義、激發工人意識的工會有關，成為勞工對抗資方的背後支柱。

Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen har haft en stor påverkan på hela vårt nutida samhälle och dess utveckling sker exponentiellt. Information finns nu mer lättillgänglig och flera branscher har sett stora förändringar. Dessa förändringar har både varit positiva och negativa och har lett till att företag har behövt anpassa sina affärsmodeller samt skapa nya. En av de branscher som har sett en stor förändring är tidningsbranschen, vars traditionella affärsmodell hotats då färre konsumenter nu läser papperstidningar. Många tidningar har stora problem med att kapitalisera på de förändrade konsumtionsvanorna som uppstått kring media och nyheter. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur lokala dagstidningar upplever digitaliseringens påverkan på tidningsbranschen. Frågeställningar: 1) Vilka upplevda hot och möjligheter har tidningsbranschen stött på till följd av digitaliseringen och vad har de gjort för att hantera det?2) Hur har tidningarnas affärsmodeller förändrats till följd av digitaliseringen?3) Hur upplever tidningarna att deras funktion i samhället påverkats till följd av digitaliseringen? Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och genom en multipel fallstudie har tre fallföretag studerats. Vidare utfördes studien utifrån ett hermeneutistiskt perspektiv med iterativ ansats. Primärdatan samlades in genom utförandet av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer som även har kompletterats med sekundärdata. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att digitaliseringen både medfört hot och möjligheter inom tidningsbranschen. Fallföretagen har mött ökad konkurrens både inom tidningsbranschen och även från aktörer utanför branschen. Det har samtidigt möjliggjort nya digitala verktyg och insamlandet av kunddata, vilket bidragit till ökad effektivitet. De traditionella affärsmodellerna inom branschen har hotats och det har varit nödvändigt att experimentera för att finna nya intäktsströmmar. Kunskapsbidrag: Denna studie har bidragit med en djupare förståelse för hur lokala dagstidningar har påverkats till följd av digitaliseringen och gett exempel på vilka upplevda hot och möjligheter de stött på till följd av detta. Vikten för lokala dagstidningar att anpassa sig, dels genom att förändra sina affärsmodeller, har även det lyfts fram. Studien har även bidragit med en bild av hur konkurrensen inom och mellan branscher har förändrats till följd av digitaliseringen. / Background: Digitalization has had a large impact on our current society and has had an exponential growth. Information is now easier to access and several industries have seen big changes. These changes have been both positive and negative and has forced companies to change their business models or create new ones. One of the industries which has seen a large change is the newspaper industry, whose traditional business models has been threatened due to fewer consumers reading printed newspapers. Many newspapers have faced problems with being able to capitalize on the changed consumer behavior regarding media and news. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of how local newspapers experience the impact that digitalization has had on the newspaper industry. Research questions: 1) Which threats and opportunities has the newspaper industry experienced following the digitalization and how have they managed these? 2) How has the newspapers business models changed following the digitalization? 3) How does the newspapers experience that their function in society has been affected after the digitalization? Methodology: The study has used a qualitative strategy and through a multiple case study three cases have been studied. A hermeneutic philosophical perspective has been used with an iterative approach. The primary data was collected through six semi-structured interviews, which was further complemented with secondary data. Conclusion: The results of the study show that digitalization has brought both threats and opportunities to the newspaper industry. The cases have faced increased competition both from within the industry and from companies outside the industry. It has also enabled the use of digital tools and the collection of customer data, which has increased efficiency. The traditional business models has been threatened and it has been necessary to experiment to find new sources of revenue. Contribution: This study has contributed a deeper understanding of how local newspapers have been affected by the digitalization and which threats and opportunities they have experienced following this. The importance for newspapers to adapt and change, partly through changing their business models, has also been highlighted. The study has also contributed with showing how the competition within and between industries has been affected following the digitalization.

Many firms attempt to ensure the success of new product introductions by applying an existing, well-known brand name to the product. The strategy, known as brand extension, has become commomplace. In recent years, the strategy has been used in media industry. Especially, since the Internet started gaining in popularity in the mid-1990s, the newspaper industry has started applying brand extensions to online markets. For example, United Daily News, Chinatimes, and so on has developed websites of various types. However, we doubt whether it¡¦ll affect consumers¡¦ attitude toward the parent brand. For this reason, we attempt to figure out consumers¡¦attitude toward the newspaper brand when a newspaper office has introduced extensions with good or poor fit. Besides, in this study, we also propose that three factors including ownership status, product attributes, and dominance of the parent brand will influence consumers¡¦s evaluation of the parent brand. Previous research have provided mixed evidence about the reciprocal effects of a brand extension on its parent brand and rarely studied the impact of these four factors on parent brand evaluation, especially in media industy. As a result, we select United Daily News and Appledaily as two objects of the study and find out the extensions (websites) with good and poor fit of these two newspaper brands through group discussing. After T-test analysis, we have some findings as follows: 1.There¡¦s no significant effect of fit on parent brand attitude toward United Daily News, but there¡¦s significant difference for Appledaily. 2.The consumers who think of the newspaper brand as more dominant have higher evaluation of attitude toward the parent brand than those who think of the newspaper brand as less dominant, whether extensions with good or poor fit introduced. 3.The owners of newspaper brands have higher evaluation of attitude toward the parent brand than nonowners, whether extensions with good or poor fit introduced. 4.The product attributes of newspapers brands will affect consumers¡¦s attitude toward the newspaper brands.

This paper examines the potential impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the press and in the production of books and academic journals. LLMs, such as OpenAI’s GPT-3, are trained on massive text corpora and can predict the next word in a given context through probabilistic methods. They have demonstrated autonomy and versatility in a variety of tasks, including question answering, translation, summarization, text classification, and code generation from natural language instructions. The paper discusses the trends, opportunities, and challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) and LLMs in the publishing industries, as well as the existing research on these topics. It also conducts experiments and operations with GPT-3 to explore its potential benefits and limitations, and offers reflections on the medium- and long-term impact of LLMs in those sectors.

在歷經開發報禁、有線電視市場興起和網路時代來臨這種種的內外環境的衝擊與變革之後，在21世紀迎接台灣報業的，是看來一場比一場嚴苛的考驗，對外，要不斷提升自身的市場價值，對內，則必須持續的降低成本，更重要的，當經營者意識到市場的基盤有了結構性的變革時，以報業本身的核心資源來發展新營收模式也就成了中外報業經營者共同的重要策略方向。 創辦超過半世紀，佈局全球的聯合報系自2000年前後開始進入另一段全新的戰鬥時期，除了報業的原有競爭對手，更有電波媒體前力分食讀者與廣告各項資源，於是「定位」、「開源」、「節流」就成了這個全球最大民營報業集團的三大轉型手段。 在「定位」工作上，聯合報系開始把競爭對手的範疇擴大到報業之外，甚至把有線電視媒體都設定成競爭對手，同時利用內外整合的方式，把自己從原先的「報業」定位上移到到「知識加值服務業」。 在「開源」工作上，聯合報系加強早年已經開始著手的積極爭取業外營收，進一步的爭取各共重大公共活動的標案與主辦，同時更利用既有的種種核心資源，鼓勵員工多想點子以帶進更多營收。 在「節流」的工作上，除了持續檢討人力，更引進e化工程提高各單位的工作效率。 回顧這幾年聯合報系的發展過程中，許多運作其實都印證了策略管理理論中關於「核心資源」與「動態能耐」的討論內涵，其中又以「2004年台灣花卉博覽會」為最具代表性的創新行動。 本研究發現，聯合報系在花博會中的創新行動中歷經了「事業機會發現」、「資源開採」、「打破組織常規」、「資源整合創新」等策略議題內容，可視為台灣報業為尋求新發展方向一次代表性的創新嚐試，其中的機會與挑戰將不會是單一且暫時性的，本研究的相關結論，或可期為未來台灣媒體產業思考未來發展的參考。 / After pass through the big wave of the “Deregulation of newspaper” 、”Cable TV shocking” and “Internet booming” which all make the newspaper industry dramatically transformation, for newspaper company in Taiwan ,the road ahead is the uncountable tough challenge. So no matter what local and worldwide, all the newspaper company make the effort for both side work so call “cost down” and “value up”, most strategy are focus on the two way necessary , root on the core competence and expands business scope, for this, the company needs to make inner innovative activity , both to relocate resource and structuralize new ability , just like to provide the news service on the web , or the database searching even to start up some new business。 The UDNgroup is the largest private news group in the Chinese world , from about ten years ago in Tawian (UDNgroup headquarter) the company has doing many changing in business operation which is all lock in “ repositioning” 、”expand income resource” 、”cost cut” these three dimension. Especially , in the 2004, UDNgroup as a main business partner of the government of Chiang Hwa county(彰化縣政府) to initial the「2004TFE(Taiwan Flower Expo)」，in this cooperation , UDNgroup has showing many capability of strategy management to decompose the some inner resource and then reassemble some new resource and capability for the TFE. This research is the case study between strategy management of UDNgroup and TFE, to find and understand how can UDNgroup to make a good job in the TFE? And the focus is to know about the factor of “Dynamic Capability” .