Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O câncer de esôfago (CE) é uma doença extremamente agressiva e é um dos tumores mais incidentes e letais no Brasil e no mundo, sendo o carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE) o principal subtipo histológico, apresentando como principais fatores de risco o etilismo e o tabagismo na população ocidental. A exposição concomitante desses dois fatores representa um risco multiplicador para o desenvolvimento de CEE, sendo que o fumo parece ter um papel importante tanto na iniciação quanto na promoção do tumor, enquanto o álcool teria um papel mais relevante na promoção. Componentes do tabaco, como a nicotina e as nitrosaminas são potentes carcinógenos e agonistas de alta afinidade dos receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos (CHRNs), podendo atuar ativando vias de sinalização celular fundamentais para a progressão tumoral. Pouco se sabe sobre a expressão e regulação dos CHRNs na mucosa esofágica e no processo de carcinogênese desse tecido. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a expressão gênica dos CHRNs no epitélio esofágico normal e em CEE, bem como sua regulação pelos fatores de risco associados ao tumor. Foi observado que as subunidades α3, α5, α7 e β4 são expressas no epitélio esofágico saudável humano enquanto as subunidades α1, α4, α9 e α10 apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma expressão nesse mesmo tecido. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças de expressão das subunidades α3 e α7 em indivíduos etilistas e tabagistas quando comparados com indivíduos não-etilistas (subunidade α3) e não-tabagistas (subunidade α7). Nas amostras de CEE, as subunidades CHRNA5 e CHRNA7 foram encontradas superexpressas no tumor quando comparado ao tecido normal adjacente e observou-se diferença de expressão da subunidade α7 no tumor comparado com o tecido saudável e a subunidade β4 apresentou-se mais expressa no tecido tumoral e no tecido normal adjacente ao tumor do que no epitélio esofágico saudável. Entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças de expressão de nenhuma das subunidades avaliadas nas linhagens CEE quando submetidas a tratamento com nicotina ou etanol. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma participação dos CHRNs na fisiologia do epitélio esofágico e que os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de CEE parecem ser capazes de afetar a expressão desses receptores no epitélio esofágico. / Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive disease and it is one of the most incident and lethal cancers in the world and in Brazil. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main histological type of EC, being associated with alcohol and tobacco consumptiom. In Western countries, the concomitant use of these two factors provides a multiplying risk for the development of ESCC, and smoking seems to play an important role in both tumor initiation and promotion, while alcohol seems to have a more important role in promoting the tumor. Tobaccos components like nicotine and nitrosamines are powerful carcinogens as well as high-affinity agonists of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (CHRNs). The activation of CHRNs by tobacco components results in the activation of key cellular signaling pathways for cancer progression. Very little is known about the expression and regulation of CHRNs in esophageal mucosa and carcinogenesis process. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the expression of CHRNs subunits in healthy esophageal mucosa and ESCC. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether etiologic factors associated with ESCC development could affect the expression of these receptors. According to our results, α3, α5, α7 and β4 subunits are expressed in human normal esophagus whereas α1, α4, α9 e α10 subunits showed very low or no expression in the same tissue. Besides, there were differences in the expression of α3 and α7 subunits in alcoholic and smokers when compared with non- alcoholic (α3 subunit) and nonsmokers (α7 subunit). Regarding ESCC analyses, CHRNA5 and CHRNA7 were found overexpressed in tumor tissues when compared to surrounding mucosa. There were differences in the expression of α7 subunit in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue and of β4 subunit in tumor tissue and surrounding mucosa compared to healthy tissue. No differences were found in the expressions of these subunits in esophageal cancer cell lines exposed to nicotine or ethanol. These results suggest that CHRNs play a role in esophageal physiology and that ESCC etiological factors seem to be able to affect the expression of these receptors.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O câncer de esôfago (CE) é uma doença extremamente agressiva e é um dos tumores mais incidentes e letais no Brasil e no mundo, sendo o carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE) o principal subtipo histológico, apresentando como principais fatores de risco o etilismo e o tabagismo na população ocidental. A exposição concomitante desses dois fatores representa um risco multiplicador para o desenvolvimento de CEE, sendo que o fumo parece ter um papel importante tanto na iniciação quanto na promoção do tumor, enquanto o álcool teria um papel mais relevante na promoção. Componentes do tabaco, como a nicotina e as nitrosaminas são potentes carcinógenos e agonistas de alta afinidade dos receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos (CHRNs), podendo atuar ativando vias de sinalização celular fundamentais para a progressão tumoral. Pouco se sabe sobre a expressão e regulação dos CHRNs na mucosa esofágica e no processo de carcinogênese desse tecido. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a expressão gênica dos CHRNs no epitélio esofágico normal e em CEE, bem como sua regulação pelos fatores de risco associados ao tumor. Foi observado que as subunidades α3, α5, α7 e β4 são expressas no epitélio esofágico saudável humano enquanto as subunidades α1, α4, α9 e α10 apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma expressão nesse mesmo tecido. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças de expressão das subunidades α3 e α7 em indivíduos etilistas e tabagistas quando comparados com indivíduos não-etilistas (subunidade α3) e não-tabagistas (subunidade α7). Nas amostras de CEE, as subunidades CHRNA5 e CHRNA7 foram encontradas superexpressas no tumor quando comparado ao tecido normal adjacente e observou-se diferença de expressão da subunidade α7 no tumor comparado com o tecido saudável e a subunidade β4 apresentou-se mais expressa no tecido tumoral e no tecido normal adjacente ao tumor do que no epitélio esofágico saudável. Entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças de expressão de nenhuma das subunidades avaliadas nas linhagens CEE quando submetidas a tratamento com nicotina ou etanol. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma participação dos CHRNs na fisiologia do epitélio esofágico e que os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de CEE parecem ser capazes de afetar a expressão desses receptores no epitélio esofágico. / Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive disease and it is one of the most incident and lethal cancers in the world and in Brazil. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main histological type of EC, being associated with alcohol and tobacco consumptiom. In Western countries, the concomitant use of these two factors provides a multiplying risk for the development of ESCC, and smoking seems to play an important role in both tumor initiation and promotion, while alcohol seems to have a more important role in promoting the tumor. Tobaccos components like nicotine and nitrosamines are powerful carcinogens as well as high-affinity agonists of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (CHRNs). The activation of CHRNs by tobacco components results in the activation of key cellular signaling pathways for cancer progression. Very little is known about the expression and regulation of CHRNs in esophageal mucosa and carcinogenesis process. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the expression of CHRNs subunits in healthy esophageal mucosa and ESCC. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether etiologic factors associated with ESCC development could affect the expression of these receptors. According to our results, α3, α5, α7 and β4 subunits are expressed in human normal esophagus whereas α1, α4, α9 e α10 subunits showed very low or no expression in the same tissue. Besides, there were differences in the expression of α3 and α7 subunits in alcoholic and smokers when compared with non- alcoholic (α3 subunit) and nonsmokers (α7 subunit). Regarding ESCC analyses, CHRNA5 and CHRNA7 were found overexpressed in tumor tissues when compared to surrounding mucosa. There were differences in the expression of α7 subunit in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue and of β4 subunit in tumor tissue and surrounding mucosa compared to healthy tissue. No differences were found in the expressions of these subunits in esophageal cancer cell lines exposed to nicotine or ethanol. These results suggest that CHRNs play a role in esophageal physiology and that ESCC etiological factors seem to be able to affect the expression of these receptors.

Nos travaux visaient à réaliser un « modèle rongeur » (souris C57Bl/6) de l’altération de la mémoire de travail (MDT) lors du vieillissement, et comparer le potentiel promnésiant de divers composés pharmacologiques. Nous montrons que des souris âgées (18-19 mois) présentent une sensibilité accrue aux interférences proactives délai-dépendantes dans une épreuve d’alternance spontanée par rapport à des souris jeunes (4-5 mois). Une étude immunohistochimique centrée sur l’activité CREB révèle que les souris âgées présentent une suractivation du cortex préfrontal (CPF) inversement corrélée aux performances. La relation entre le déficit cognitif et la suractivation du CPF est confortée par la restauration des performances suite à l’injection dans le CPF d’un inhibiteur de la kinase activatrice de CREB.L’administration de composés cholinergiques permet de restaurer les capacités mnésiques des souris âgées par des mécanismes bien dissociés. Le donepezil, inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase, augmente l’activation de l’hippocampe, alors que le S 38232, un agoniste des récepteurs nicotiniques α4β2, agit en supprimant la suractivation préfrontale. Finalement, l’utilisation de souris invalidées génétiquement pour la sous-unité β2 révèle des mécanismes de régulation complexes au sein du système cholinergique.Nos travaux démontrent la validité de notre modèle pour l’étude des troubles de la MDT induits par le vieillissement. De plus, ils confortent des études récentes chez l’Homme indiquant un lien important entre la suractivation du CPF et le déclin cognitif lié à l’âge. Au regard de l’effet du S 38232 qui, en diminuant la suractivation préfrontale, permet de restaurer les performances de MDT, le récepteur nicotinique α4β2 apparaît comme une cible potentielle pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / The aim of this study was to realise a “rodent model” (C57Bl/6 mice) of age-related working memory (WM) impairments, and to evaluate the procognitive impact of several pharmacological compounds. We show that compared to young adult mice (4-5 months), aged mice (18-19 months) exhibit an exaggerated vulnerability to delay-dependant interference in a sequential spontaneous alternation task. CREB activity assessed by immunohistochemistry demonstrates that aged mice show an over-activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) negatively correlated with behavioural performance. Infusion of an inhibitor of CREB activation into the PFC restores WM performance in aged mice. Both results highlight the link between the PFC over-activation and the age-related cognitive deficit.Pharmacological study reveals that cholinergic compounds restore cognitive performance of aged mice and act differently on brain structures sustaining WM. On one hand, donepezil – an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase – increases CREB activation of the hippocampus. On the other hand, S 38232 – an agonist of α4β2 nicotinic receptors – decreases the CREB age-induced over-activation of the PFC. Finally, using β2 knock-out mice, we show that the regulation of the cholinergic system is submitted to complex mechanisms.Overall, our experimental set up demonstrates that spontaneous alternation is a valuable model for studying age-related WM impairments. In accordance with human’s findings, our results highlight the link between prefrontal over-activation and the cognitive decline occurring during ageing. Considering that S 38232, by decreasing the CPF over-activation, alleviates the WM deficit observed in aged mice, the α4β2 nicotinic receptor appears to be an efficient target for new therapeutic strategies.

Bien que la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) soit la cause de démence la plus fréquente, lesmécanismes qui sous-tendent les déficits cognitifs chez les patients restent mal connus.Cependant, les peptides amyloïdes (Aβ) semblent être un acteur majeur impliqué dansl’apparition des troubles mnésiques au cours de l’évolution de la maladie, notamment de parleur capacité à induire un hypofonctionnement du système cholinergique associé au déclinmnésique. Sur la base de ces observations, le rôle joué par les récepteurs cholinergiquesnicotiniques α7 (α7-nAChRs) a été largement étudié, au vue de leur capacité à interagir avecles Aβ, sans toutefois dégager un consensus quant à l’implication de ces récepteurs dans lesdéficits mnésiques induits par les Aβ.Afin d’améliorer notre compréhension quant aux mécanismes sous-tendant les effetsdélétères induits par les Aβ dans les déficits mnésiques, notre travail visait à identifier le rôlejoué par les récepteurs α7-AChRs via une approche comportementale, pharmacologique etmoléculaire. Ainsi, nous avons utilisé un modèle « souris » basé sur des injections de formesoligomériques d’Aβ(1-42) (Aβo(1-42)) dans la région CA1 de l’hippocampe dorsal (dCA1),structure cérébrale impliquée dans les processus mnésiques, atteinte de manière précoce dansla MA et exprimant fortement les récepteurs α7-nAChRs.La première partie de cette étude a consisté à mettre au point et à valider notre modèleanimal d’étude des effets induits par les Aβo(1-42) dans le dCA1 par une approchecomportementale et moléculaire. Nous montrons que les injections répétées d’Aβo(1-42) dans ledCA1 induisent une perturbation spécifique de la mémoire de travail alors que la mémoirespatiale est préservée lorsque les performances mnésiques sont évaluées 7 jours après ladernière injection. Nous avons également montré que cette perturbation de la mémoire detravail est associée à une absence d’activation/phosphorylation de ERK1/2 au sein du réseauhippocampo-frontal et septo-hippocampique. Ces données nous ont permis de valider notremodèle expérimental permettant d’étudier spécifiquement l’impact des Aβo(1-42) dansl’hippocampe dorsal.Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le rôle joué par lesrécepteurs α7-nAChRs dans les perturbations mnésiques induites par les Aβo(1-42). Nosrésultats montrent que (1) les souris KOα7 ne présentent pas de déficits de mémoire de travailconsécutivement aux injections intra-dCA1 d’Aβo(1-42), (2) les déficits mnésiques ainsi que lala perturbation de l’activation de ERK1/2 induits par les Aβo(1-42) sont compensés par destraitements pharmacologiques agoniste partiel et antagoniste des récepteurs α7-nAChRs, (3)le traitement par un agoniste complet des récepteurs α7-nAChRs ne permet pas de prévenir lesdéficits mnésiques. Au regard de ces résultats, le récepteur α7-nAChRs semble être essentielau développement des déficits mnésiques induits par les Aβo(1-42), et l’utilisationd’antagonistes de ces récepteurs pourraient être une cible potentielle pour le développementde nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / Although Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been considered as one of the major causesfor dementia, the mechanisms by which cognitive decline appear still remain unclear.However, amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) seem to play a central role in the appearance of memoryimpairments in the time course of the disease, inducing down-regulation of the cholinergicsystem which is associated with cognitive decline. Based on these observations, the role of α7nicotinic receptors (α7-nAChRs) which can interact with Aβ was widely studied withoutconsensus about the involvement of these receptors in memory deficits induced by Aβ.In order to improve our knowledge about the mechanisms involved in Aβ side effects,our work aims at identify the role of α7-nAChRs via behavioral and molecular approaches.Thus, we used a mice model based on injections of oligomeric assemblies of Aβo(1-42) (Aβo(1-42)) in the CA1 field of the dorsal hippocampus (dCA1) which is a brain structure stronglyinvolved in memory processes, precociously affected in the AD and with a high density of α7-nAChRs.The first part of this study was to develop and validate this animal model to studythe effects induced by Aβo(1-42) in the dCA1 by behavioral and molecular approaches. Weshow that repeated injections of Aβo(1-42) in the dCA1 induce a specific disruption of workingmemory 7 days after the last injection whereas spatial memory is spared. We also showed thatworking memory disturbance is associated with decreased activation / phosphorylation ofERK1 / 2 in the hippocampo-frontal and septo-hippocampal networks. These data allowed usto validate our experimental model to specifically study the impact of Aβo(1-42) into the dorsalhippocampus.In the second part, we focused on the role played by the α7- nAChRs receptors inmemory disturbances induced by Aβo(1-42). Our results show that (1) KOα7 mice do notexhibit working memory deficits consecutively to intra-dCA1 Aβo(1-42) injections, (2) thememory deficits and decreasing activation of ERK1/2 induced by Aβo(1-42) are offset bypharmacological treatments partial agonist and antagonist of α7-nAChRs receptors, (3)treatment with a full agonist of α7-nAChRs receptors does not prevent memory deficits .Given these results, the α7-nAChRs receptor appears to be essential to the development ofmemory deficits induced by Aβo(1-42), and the use of antagonists of these receptors might be apotential target for developing new therapeutic strategies for AD.

L’acétylcholine (ACh) est un important neurotransmetteur qui est produit dans le système nerveux. Cependant, cette molécule est aussi produite par d’autres cellules non-neuronales du corps humain. Cette dernière est produite en abondance par les lymphocytes T CD4+, qui sont la cible principale du virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH). ACh exerce ses effets sur les cellules par l’intermédiaire de ses récepteurs nicotiniques (n) et muscariniques (m) qui sont exprimés à la fois sur les cellules immunitaires et non immunitaires dans le corps. Il est bien connu que l’ACh a des effets anti inflammatoires sur les cellules immunitaires, et c’est le récepteur nicotinique qui est un joueur indispensable de cet effet. SLURP-1 (Secreted Ly6/uPAR-related Protein-1), est une autre molécule secrétée par les cellules T activées et d’autres cellules. Elle agit comme un ligand allostérique pour le récepteur α7, et module les effets de l'ACh sur les lymphocytes T. Il est peu connu comment ce système cholinergique extra-neuronal (ENCS) est régulé chez les individus infectés par le VIH. Nos résultats démontrent que le taux d'ACh et de SLURP-1 en circulation ne change pas significativement chez les sujets infectés par le VIH comparé aux témoins sains. Cependant, le niveau de ces médiateurs est plus élevé chez les sujets infectés à long termes non progresseur (LTNP), qui contrôlaient la réplication virale, depuis plus que sept ans, sans aucune thérapie. Il est tentant de spéculer que le niveau élevé de ces deux composantes de l'ENCS peut jouer un rôle dans leur capacité à contrôler la réplication du VIH. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’agoniste du récepteur α7 diminue, et que l’antagoniste de ce même récepteur augmente la réplication virale in vitro, dans les cellules activées par le phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). En outre, l'hémicholinium (HC-3), un composé qui inhibe la capacité des cellules à produire ACh en compétition avec leur absorption de choline, augmente la réplication virale. L'expression du récepteur α7 sur les lymphocytes T CD4 + provenant du sang périphérique, mais pas sur les monocytes, était significativement réduite (p <0,01) chez les individus infectés par le VIH, et elle n'a pas été entièrement restaurée par le traitement antirétrovirale (TAR). Tandis que l'expression du récepteur adrénergique β-2 a diminué significativement (p <0,01) sur les monocytes et les lymphocytes T CD4 + chez des individus infectés par le VIH. Ces cellules répondent à la norépinephrine via ce récepteur et l’ACh secrété. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats cette étude suggèrent que le VIH provoque une modulation significative des différentes composantes de l'ENCS chez les individus infectés par le virus. Ce système pourrait être manipulé pour réduire la réplication virale et l’inflammation chez ces patients. / Acetylcholine (ACh) is an important neurotransmitter produced in the nervous system. However, the molecule is also produced by non-neuronal cells in the body. CD4+ T cells, the main targets of HIV-1, produce it abundantly. ACh exerts its effects on cells via its nicotinic (n) and muscarinic (m) receptors that are expressed on both immune and non-immune cells in the body. ACh is well known to exert anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells. The main receptor that is indispensable for the anti-inflammatory effects of ACh is the α7 nicotinic receptor. Another molecule, secreted by activated T cells and by other cells is SLURP-1 (Secreted Ly6/uPAR-related Protein-1), which acts as an allosteric ligand for α7 and fine tunes the effects of ACh on T cells. Little is known as to how this extra-neuronal cholinergic system (ENCS) is regulated in HIV-infected individuals. Our results show that the circulating levels of ACh and SLURP-1 do not change significantly in HIV-infected individuals, as compared to the circulating levels in healthy controls. Interestingly, higher levels of these soluble mediators were detected in HIV-infected long-term non-progressors (LTNP) who control the viral replication for more than seven years without any chemotherapy. It is tempting to speculate that the increase in levels of these two soluble mediators of the ENCS present in HIV-infected LTNPs may play a role in their ability to control HIV replication. The results from this study show that an α7 agonist decreased HIV replication, whereas a receptor antagonist increased its replication in vitro in human PHA blasts. Furthermore, hemicholinium (HC-3), a compound that inhibits the ability of the cells to produce ACh, by competing with their uptake of choline, increases the viral replication. The expression of the α7 receptor on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, but not on monocytes, was significantly reduced (p<0.01) in HIV-infected individuals, and it was not fully restored by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Interestingly, the expression of the β2 adrenergic receptor was decreased significantly (p<0.01) on both monocytes and CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals. These cells respond to norepinephrine via this receptor and secrete ACh. Overall, the results of this study suggest that HIV causes significant modulation of different components of the ENCS in virus-infected individuals. This system could be manipulated to reduce viral replication and inflammation in these patients.

Os receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina (colinérgicos) (nAChRs) neuronais são proteínas integrais de membrana e pertencem à família de canais iônicos controlados por ligante, compostos por subunidades &#945; e &#946;. Esses receptores desempenham um papel-chave na transmissão de sinal entre os neurônios nos sistemas nervoso central e periférico. O subtipo &#945;3&#946;4, por exemplo, é o nAChR neuronal mais expresso no sistema nervoso autônomo; nAChRs contendo a subunidade &#945;3 estão presentes em alta densidade no gânglio cervical superior, glândulas pineal e adrenais. Também estão presentes na substancia nigra, striatum, hipocampo, locus ceruleus, tracto habênulo-interpeduncular e cerebelo. Os nAChRs são inibidos por uma variedade de substâncias químicas, incluindo toxinas naturais, anestésicos locais, drogas de abuso (por, exemplo, cocaína) e compostos clinicamente importantes (tranqüilizantes, por exemplo). O mecanismo de inibição desses receptores tem sido investigado intensivamente. Neste estudo, nós investigamos o mecanismo pelo qual a tacrina (9-1,2,3,4-tetraidroaminoacridina), um agente usado clinicamente no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer, inibe o nAChR &#945;3&#946;4 de rato recombinante expresso nas células KX&#945;3&#946;4R2, utilizando uma técnica de cinética química rápida. A constante de dissociação da nicotina do sítio que controla a ativação do receptor, Kd, é 23 &#181;M e a constante de equilíbrio de abertura do canal, &#934;-1, é 4. A tacrina inibe o receptor competitivamente, com um KI de 0,77 &#181;M. / Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (cholinergic) receptors (nAChRs) are integral membrane proteins and belong to the family of ligand-gated cation channels composed by &#945; and &#946; subunits. These receptors play a key role in the signal transmission between neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. The &#945;3&#946;4 subtype, for example, is the most expressed neuronal nAChR in autonomic ganglia; &#945;3-containing nAChRs are present at particularly high density in the superior cervical ganglia, pineal, and adrenal glands. They are also present in the substancia nigra, striatum, hippocampus, locus ceruleus, habenulo-interpeduncular tract and cerebellum. The nAChRs are inhibited by a variety of chemical substances, including natural toxins, local anesthetics, abused drugs (e.g., cocaine) and clinically important compounds (e.g., tranquilizers). The mechanism of inhibition of these receptors has been intensively investigated. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which tacrine (9-1,2,3,4-tetahydroaminoacridine), an agent used clinically to treat Alzheimers disease, inhibits the recombinant rat &#945;3&#946;4 nAChR expressed in KX&#945;3&#946;4R2 cells, using a rapid chemical kinetic technique. The nicotine dissociation constant for the site controlling receptor activation, Kd, is 23 &#181;M and the channel-opening equilibrium constant, &#934;-1, is 4. Tacrine inhibits the receptor competitively, with a KI of 0.77 &#181;M.

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are membrane-embedded receptors found extensively in pre- and post-synaptic membranes throughout the nervous system where they play an important role in neurotransmission. The function of the prototypic pLGIC, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is highly sensitive to changes in its lipid environment, while other pLGICs display varying lipid sensitivities. This thesis presents a multidisciplinary investigation into the features of the transmembrane domain (TMD) that determine the unique functional and physical traits of different pLGICs. Using two prokaryotic homologues of the nAChR, ELIC and GLIC, as models, I focus on the outermost, lipid-exposed α-helix, M4, which, despite being distant from the primary allosteric pathway coupling agonist binding to channel gating, exercises significant control over channel function. Here, I present evidence that M4 acts as a lipid sensor, detecting changes in the surrounding lipids and transmitting these changes to the channel pore via contacts with the adjacent TMD α-helices, M1 and M3, and/or with structures in the extracellular domain. Using ELIC and GLIC chimeras, I first show that the TMD is the main driver of pLGIC thermal stability. I then demonstrate that the M4 α-helices in each channel play different roles in channel maturation and function, which suggests a divergent evolutionary path. Following this, I show that the M4 C-terminus is essential to both maturation and function in GLIC, while in ELIC its role is less defined, again showcasing possible evolutionary differences. Building on these findings, I examined the role of aromatic residues at the M4 – M1/M3 interface, and found that they predictably determine the interactions between M4 and M1/M3. Notably, the addition of aromatic residues to enhance M4-M1/M3 interactions in ELIC promotes channel function, while the elimination of aromatic residues at the M4-M1/M3 interface in GLIC is detrimental to channel function. Furthermore, I show that these same aromatics alter the strength of pLGIC lipid sensing and the sensitivity to certain disease-causing mutations, both indicating that aromatic residues are key players in channel function, stability and modulation. Finally, I and my collaborators identified and characterized a novel desensitization-linked lipid binding site in ELIC. Extensive mutagenesis studies coupled with biophysical measurements allowed us to develop a model describing how lipid binding influences the rates of ELIC desensitization to shape the agonist-induced response.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The main risk factor associated with lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Research through the years suggests that nicotine in cigarettes promotes lung cancer by activating signaling pathways that lead to cell proliferation, cell survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Nicotine’s cellular actions are mediated by its cognate receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, I describe the expression levels of all known human nAChR subunit genes in both normal and lung cancer cells. Of note, the genes encoding the α5, α3, and β4 subunits (CHRNA5/A3/B4) are over-expressed in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), the most aggressive form of lung cancer. This over-expression is regulated by ASCL1, a transcription factor important in normal lung development and lung carcinogenesis. The CHRNA5/A3/B4 locus has recently been the focus of a series of genetic studies showing that polymorphisms in this region confer risk for both nicotine dependence and lung cancer. I show that CHRNA5/A3/B4 depletion results in decreased SCLC cell viability. Furthermore, while nicotine promotes SCLC cell viability and tumor growth, blockade of α3β4 nAChRs inhibits SCLC cell viability. These results suggest that increased expression and function of nAChRs, specifically the α3β4α5 subtype, potentiate the effects of nicotine in SCLC. This dual hit from the carcinogens in tobacco and the cancer-promoting effects of nicotine, may provide a possible mechanism for the increased aggressiveness of SCLC. In addition, nAChRs can be activated by the endogenous ligand, acetylcholine, which acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in SCLC. Increased function of α3β4α5 nAChRs in SCLC could also potentiate acetylcholine’s mitogenic effects. This mechanism, combined with other known autocrine/paracrine growth loops in SCLC, may help explain the ineffectiveness of available therapies against SCLC. In an effort to add to the current arsenal against SCLC, I screened a 1280-compund library using a bioluminescence-based viability assay I developed for high-throughput applications. Primary screening, followed by secondary and tertiary verification, indicate that pharmacologically active compounds targeting neuroendocrine markers inhibit SCLC cell viability.

Alcohol, recently named the most dangerous drug in the world, contributes to nearly 40% of violent crimes and fatal traffic accidents, increases risk of roughly 60 different diseases and injuries, and is responsible for 2.5 million deaths each year worldwide. Despite these staggering figures, treatments remain ineffective and riddled with adverse side effects, making successful use of even the most effective treatments unlikely. Moreover, many of the treatments, and the supporting research, have focused only on male subjects, despite sex differences in various alcohol-related behaviors. Human alcohol use is frequently accompanied by nicotine use, and vice versa, suggesting a common mechanism of the two drugs. In fact, alcohol may act through the same family of receptors as nicotine, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), eliciting similar activation of the reward pathway as nicotine and other drugs of abuse. Studies have shown that nAChRs containing the α4 and/or α6 subunits are involved in nicotine-induced activation of the reward pathway, leading to the hypothesis that these same receptor subtypes may be important for alcohol effects in the brain as well. Using male and female genetic mouse models and various behavioral assays, we have shown not only that these α4 and/or α6-containing nAChRs are involved in alcohol- related behaviors and activation of the reward pathway, but also show sex differences in this involvement. Uncovering the mechanism of alcohol in the brain, in males as well as in females, is an important step in developing targeted treatments for alcohol abuse.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodégénérative complexe caractérisée par une perte progressive de la mémoire et de la cognition. C’est la première cause de démence chez le sujet âgé et affecte environs 4.6 millions de personnes par an, selon un rapport de l’association « Alzheimer’s disease International », le nombre de patients pourrait s’élever à 135.5 millions en 2050. Du fait de sa complexité, la MA reste incurable et seuls 4 médicaments aux vertus palliatives dont 3 visant à inhiber l’acétylcholinestérase (AChE) ont reçu une autorisation de mise sur le marché à ce jour. L’approche multi-cible parait particulièrement adaptée du fait du grand nombre de cibles potentielles de la pathologie, et du caractère multifactoriel de la maladie. Cette approche consiste à associer sur une seule molécule, plusieurs pharmacophores afin qu’ils puissent agir simultanément sur différentes cibles impliquées dans le processus neurodégénératif. Dans ce contexte, en parallèle de la resynthèse d’un ligand multi-cible conjugué alliant un inhibiteur d’AChE (IAChE) et un antioxydant, deux nouvelles familles de ligands multi-cibles conjuguées, combinant un IAChE et un agoniste des récepteurs nicotiniques α7 (α7 nAChR) ont été conçues et leur synthèse abordée. Dans le cas de la première famille, le fragment ivastigmine a été choisi pour sa capacité à inhiber de manière pseudo-irréversible l’AChE et a été conjugué à un motif quinuclidine, un puissant agoniste des α7 nAChRs impliqués dans la MA. En combinant ces deux fragments, il a été observé que les propriétés biologiques in vitro de chaque pharmacophore étaient améliorées. La structure de la seconde famille est basée sur le Donepezil, un IAChE réversible de plus forte affinité, combiné au même motif quinuclidine que dans la série précédente. Si des intermédiaires avancés ont été obtenus, un ou deux étapes restent à finaliser pour finaliser la synthèse de cette troisième famille de MTDL. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterised by a progressive loss of memory and cognition. Nowadays, 4.6 million new patients are identified every year and according to the “Alzheimer’s diseases International” association, the number of patients could reach 135.5 million in 2050. Due to its complexity, AD remains uncurable and only 4 palliative drugs, of which 3 are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (AChEI), have been approved by FDA to date. AD being a multifactorial illness, with many potential targets involved in the pathology, the MTDL approach seems promising. This strategy associates in one single molecule, different pharmacophores (at least) acting on different targets involved in this CNS-related disorder. In this context, in parallel with the upscaled synthesis of a conjugated MTDL combining an AChEI inhibitor and an antioxidant, two new families of conjugated MTDLs associating an AChEI and a α7 nicotinic receptor (α7 nAChR) agonist have been investigated. The structure of the first family was based on a Rivastigmine scaffold, known to be a pseudo-irreversible AChE inhibitor, and a quinuclidine fragment, a potent α7 nAChR agonist. By combining these two fragments, it was brought to light that the in vitro biological properties were improved on both targets. The second family was based on a donepezil fragment, a more potent AChEI, and the same quinuclidine fragment than in the first family. Advanced intermediates have been obtained, and two last steps remain to be achieved for the completion of this third MTDL series.