In nineteenth-century literary studies and histories, Théophile Gautier (1811-1872) is still largely remembered as the instigator of the doctrine of Art for Art's Sake, mostly because of his novel Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835) and its controversial preface. This recognition is usually accompanied by a retrospective appreciation of Gautier's work in light of the more famous authors who succeeded him and developed some of the precepts of the doctrine, such as Baudelaire. This thesis is a comparative study of Gautier and Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) as the two main exponents of the doctrine of Art for Art's Sake respectively in France and Britain. While comparisons between Gautier and Baudelaire have tended to highlight the superiority of the latter, a comparison with Wilde allows Gautier to be seen and understood in his own terms, and simultaneously casts a new light on Wilde's contribution to the development of the doctrine. My study is the first to examine the works of the two authors comparatively from the vantage point of their aesthetic theories. I argue that in order better to assess their contribution, it is necessary to start with an analysis of their experimentations with literary form. The overall aim of the thesis is to re-evaluate their fictional works which, as a result of their commitment to the doctrine, are often seen as lacking in depth and content, and as being too descriptive and decorative. The central argument is that the very decorative form of their works should be seen as the starting point of an ambitious reflection on literature, its aims and its relation to other artistic media, the visual arts in particular.

This thesis examines the promotion of California and Florida from 1869 to 1919, a period when both states were transformed from remote, under-populated locales into two of the most publicised states in America. Using an interdisciplinary approach which analyses cultural representations of the states within a broader socioeconomic context, the thesis traces how railroad and land companies, agriculturists, chambers of commerce, state agencies, and journalists fashioned new identities for California and Florida as Semi- Tropical American lands. As their boosters competed in a bid to attract settlers, tourists, and investors, they played upon republican and colonialist discourses within American society and expansion. Evoking ideas about race, climate, and environment, promoters depicted California and Florida as parts of a benign middle zone between an increasingly urban-industrial North and socially “primitive” tropics. At a time of traumatic industrial change, California and Florida promised American rebirth in nature, through renewing health and leisure, prosperous agriculture, and superior cities. The selling visions were created by and for white Americans, however, and focused on the “semi-tropical” benefits for Anglo visitors and residents. Ethnic and racial minorities were marginalised as romantic, unprogressive peoples who were best suited to manual labour roles which reinforced Anglo-American progress. The thesis thus argues that boosters alloyed republican ideals of independent living to processes of racial hierarchy, creating a seductive, expansionist imagery which sold semi-tropical California and Florida.

O século XIX, no Brasil, foi marcado por uma tentativa de construção de uma identidade nacional e cultural num país pós-independência. Neste panorama, José de Alencar destaca-se, entre outros papéis que exerceu, como significativo romancista e contribui para a formação de um sistema literário em nosso país. Porém, é na obra dramática alencariana que também podemos identificar uma proposta discursiva da possível identidade do homem no Brasil a partir de suas relações contraditórias e problemáticas com os "outros" aqui presentes: o português, o índio, o negro, e o francês representações estas capazes de dar ao homem uma ideia de pertencimento cultural, através de uma seleção do que deve ou não servir para representar sua identidade e a de seu povo / The nineteenth century in Brazil was marked by an attempt to build a national and cultural identity in a country after independence. In this scenario, Jose de Alencar stands out,among other roles he held, as a significant novelist and contributes to the formation of a literary system in our country. But it is in dramatic work Alencar also can identify a discursive representation of the possible identity of the man in Brazil from its problematic and contradictory relationship with 'others' here: Portuguese, Indians, blacks, and French. These representations can give man a sense of cultural belonging through a selection of what should or should not serve to represent their identity and its people.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pesquisar sobre escritoras portuguesas do século XIX não é tarefa das mais simples. A barreira maior é a escassez de fontes, que se deve, principalmente, ao papel que cabia à mulher na sociedade de oitocentos. Sem direitos políticos e restrita ao espaço privado, deveria estar sempre sob a dependência de um homem. Ao penetrar num espaço que não era o seu, é compreensível que as mulheres que ousaram se afirmar como escritoras o tenham feito a princípio sob o signo do anonimato. É o caso de Maria Peregrina de Sousa (1809-1894). Teve participação profunda nos periódicos literários da época, nos quais publicou romances, poemas e contos populares, utilizando pseudônimos como Uma obscura portuense, Mariposa ou suas iniciais, D. M. P. Por meio de um diálogo com a História, estudamos as obras Retalho do mundo (1859), Maria Isabel (1866), Henriqueta: romance original (1876) e Pepa (1846), da qual também fizemos a edição. Nosso objetivo é investigar, nesses textos, como o discurso do senso comum ora se confirma às vezes, ora é desestabilizado, e como algumas personagens poderiam contornar os interditos sociais. Ao trazer essa obscura portuense à luz, pretendemos também refletir sobre como uma autora pensava a sua realidade e qual o reflexo disso na sua produção literária. / It is not an easy task to research about Portuguese female writers from the Nineteenth century. The biggest barrier is the lack of sources, which is mainly due to the role that the women played in the 1800s society. Without political rights and restricted to private areas, these women should always be dependent on men. By entering in an area that does not belong to them, it is understandable that the women who dared to assert themselves as writers have done that using the principle of anonymity. This is the case of Maria Peregrina de Souza (1809-1894). She had a deep involvement in literary periodicals of that time, in which she published novels, poems and folk tales, using pseudonyms such as "Uma obscura portuense" (a porto obscure), "Mariposa" (Moth) or her initials, "D. M. P." Through a dialogue with History, we study the works Retalho do mundo (1859), Maria Isabel (1866), Henriqueta: romance original (1876) and Pepa (1846). We also edited the last one. Our objective is to investigate, in those works, how the discourse of the common sense is, sometimes, confirmed and, sometimes, destabilized, and how some characters could have bypassed the social prohibitions. By bringing this "porto obscure" to light, we intend to reflect how a female writer thought about her reality and how this reflected in her writings.

Essa monografia tem como objetivo compreender a atuação dos ferreiros frente às transformações ocorridas no século XIX na África central. As inúmeras modificações ocorridas na região afetaram diretamente a vida dos ferreiros. A intensificação do chamado comércio legal e o acesso às áreas mais interioranas levaram ao aumento da solicitação do trabalho desses especialistas, que rapidamente se adequaram às novas demandas e souberam aproveitar as oportunidades surgidas. A introdução da metalurgia do ferro na África central proporcionou intensas modificações nas sociedades africanas, contribuindo para colocar os ferreiros num lugar privilegiado dentro das suas comunidades. O trabalho do ferreiro, além de ser exclusivamente masculino, era cercado por segredos inacessíveis à maioria. A visão de mundo baseada no equilíbrio entre homem e natureza exigia desse profissional, não apenas o conhecimento profundo do meio-ambiente, mas também das forças espirituais que o regem. Por isso, esses especialistas desempenhavam inúmeros papéis além daqueles ligados propriamente ao seu ofício, como a participação nas cerimônias de entronização e morte de chefes e, em algumas regiões, nos rituais ligados à fertilidade. / The subject of this work is to understand the role of blacksmiths within the transformations of the nineteenth century in Central Africa. The many modifications that took place in the region directly changed the way of life of the blacksmiths. The intensification of the so called legal trade in the region and the access to inland areas led to the increase request of these professionals which rapidly adequate their selves to the new demands, benefiting from the new opportunities. The introduction of iron metallurgy in Central Africa provided intense modifications in African societies and contributed to put the blacksmiths in a special place. Ironworking was exclusively masculine and surrounded by secrets hidden to most people. The African vision of world based on the balance between men and nature required from the blacksmiths not only a profound knowledge about the environment but also a vast perception of the spiritual forces that regulate it. Therefore the blacksmiths played innumerous roles besides their professional and technical assignments. They participate as key figures in inauguration and death ceremonies of chiefs and in some regions also in fertility rituals.

A dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a especificidade da infraestrutura viária da província de Minas Gerais entre 1835 e 1889. Considera-se que as obras viárias envolveram uma rede específica de atores: engenheiros nacionais e estrangeiros, executores das obras (arrematantes, empreiteiros, encarregados) e artífices. Enfatiza-se o processo de adoção de novas tecnologias construtivas e a importância de atores distintos no âmbito da Engenharia no Brasil, assim como as formas de contato e transmissão de conhecimento científico e técnico durante a construção de pontes e estradas. Verifica-se que a modernização viária de Minas Gerais presenciou (i) a intensa circulação de engenheiros e, consequentemente, a junção de problemas técnicos e econômicos na edificação de pontes e estradas; (ii) a fragilidade do sistema de patente de 1830 na tentativa de construção e difusão de uma ponte pênsil no Brasil; (iii) a existência de rotas internas que atendiam a circulação mercantil. O trabalho mostra as relações entre o mercado (setor de exportação e abastecedor de gêneros alimentícios), o Estado e os transportes. Além disso, analisa-se a construção de pontes e estradas no Brasil do século XIX, dando uma atenção especial à disponibilidade de instrumentos científicos. Os resultados mostram que a compra e uso de instrumentos científicos criou uma rede de contato entre engenheiros e uma oficina de instrumentos científicos. A análise dos processos de pontes e estradas forneceu quatro resultados específicos: 1) a relação comercial estabelecida entre o Armazém e Oficinas de Ópticas e Instrumentos Científicos, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e os engenheiros; 2) os produtos comprados e reparados no estabelecimento comercial; 3) a maneira pela qual os engenheiros viajavam e a divisão social do trabalho em torno das tarefas diárias de transporte, desmontagem e manutenção dos instrumentos científicos; 4) os livros comprados nas livrarias em a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Portanto, intenta-se avaliar as relações e negociações estabelecidas entre os indivíduos com formação nos campos disciplinares da Engenharia, ressaltando as interações da ciência, da técnica e da tecnologia com outras esferas, ou seja, as formas de organização da sociedade, a institucionalização da Engenharia, as práticas dos arrematantes e artífices e a condição financeira da província de Minas Gerais no que tange aos investimentos em infraestrutura viária. / The dissertation aims to examine the specificity of the road infrastructure of the province of Minas Gerais between 1835 and 1889. It is considered that the road works involved a specific network of actors: national and foreign engineers, executors of works (bidders, contractors, foremen) and craftsmen. The intent is to highlight the process of adoption of a new technology and the importance of different actors in the context of civil engineer in Brazil, as well the manner in which contact and transmission of scientific and technical knowledge took place during the process of construction bridges and roads. The evidences of modernization on Minas Gerais indicate an intense circulation of engineers and how the activities of engineers interwove technical and economic problems during the process of construction roads and bridges. This research examines the fragility of the Brazilian patent system (1830) in an attempt construction and diffusion of a suspension bridge as well as the presence of internal routes that supported a mercantile circulation. This work shows the relationship between State, market (export sector and non-export sector) and the transport. Moreover, the dissertation examines the construction of bridges and roads in the nineteenth- century Brazil, giving a special attention to the availability of scientific instruments. The results show that purchase and use of scientific instruments created a network between engineers and scientific instrument workshop. The analysis of the processes of bridges and roads provided four specific results: 1) the commercial relationship established between the Optical Warehouse Workshop and Scientific Instruments (Armazém e Oficinas de Ópticas e Instrumentos Científicos) in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the engineers; 2) the products bought and repaired in the commercial establishment; 3) the manner in which the engineers traveled, and the social division of labor around the daily tasks of carrying, dismantling and keeping the scientific instruments; 4) the books bought in the bookstores in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Thus intends to evaluate the relationships and negotiations between individuals with training in disciplines of Engineering, highlighting the interactions of science, technique and technology with other spheres, in other words, the ways of organizing society, the institutionalization of Engineering, practices of bidders and craftsmen and financial condition of the province of Minas Gerais regarding investments in road infrastructure.

A vida da moça, que ainda criança começara a ouvir vozes lhe revelando a missão de libertar a França dos invasores ingleses, que liderou um exército, coroou o seu rei e teve um destino trágico, sendo queimada viva como herege, parece saída de uma obra literária, mas como bem lembra Colette Beaune Joana dArc é provavelmente, a figura de mulher mais documentada de toda a História. Atualmente contam-se 20.000 estátuas públicas, centenas de biografias e peças de teatro, dezenas de filmes, óperas e músicas. Seria possível desvendar as razões para tamanho sucesso? Essa popularidade foi alcançada ao longo de um processo contínuo e homogêneo, ou houve rupturas, sobressaltos e novas atribuições à heroína que possam ser verificados ao longo do tempo? Essa tese discute a importância da primeira metade do século XIX para esse fenômeno. Nesse período a historiografia francesa se esforçou para enquadrar Joana dArc, heroína há muito honrada pelo reino da França, nos padrões da sociedade pósrevolucionária. Longe de desqualificá-la como figura incompatível com a modernidade pretendida por aquele país, tal como proposto no contexto revolucionário, Joana foi alçada ao panteão dos heróis nacionais tendo sua imagem amalgamada aos ideais de 1789. Buscamos desvendar o processo que tornou possível a popularização de uma nova Joana dArc naquele período, processo intimamente ligado aos valores burgueses então difundidos: a nação, o povo, a pátria, o indivíduo. As novas características atribuídas à Joana correspondiam às expectativas burguesas a partir de um discurso ligado a uma nova visão da História que passou a ser considerada como potencial produtora de verdades e justificativas que embasassem a configuração social que se anunciava. / The life of the young lady whose childhood was haunted by the hearing of voices which revealed to her a mission to free France from English invaders, who led an army, crowned her king had a tragic fate and was burned at the stake as a heretic seems to be taken from a literature work. But as Colette Beaune has rightly pointed out Joan of Arc is probably the most documented woman figure in all World History. It can be numbered about 20,000 public statues, hundreds of biographies and plays, dozens of films, operas and other pieces of music. Would it be possible to unfold the reasons for such an interest in her? The question lies, however, in how quite high popularity was gained. Was it the result of a continuous and homogeneous process or were there interruptions, surprises and new attributions assigned to the heroine that can be verified over time? This thesis discusses the importance of the former half of the nineteenth century to this phenomenon. Throughout this period French historiography struggled to fit Joan of Arc, the heroine overly honored by the kingdom of France, in the patterns of a post-revolutionary society. Far from discrediting her reputation as a figure incompatible with modernity desired by that country, as proposed in the revolutionary context, Joan was elevated to the national pantheon of heroes and had her image amalgamated to the ideals of 1789. Its sought to disclose the process that led to a substantial popularization of a new Joan of Arc at that time, and is intimately connected to bourgeois values disseminated then: nation, people, homeland and individual. New features attributed to Joan met the bourgeoisie expectations through a discourse on a new way of looking at History that turned out to be regarded as a potential producer of truths and justifications to support the social setting that was being announced.

In the nineteenth century, Scottish Catholic priests were not simply trained; they were made. Preferably selected and intensely trained since boyhood, seminarians – prieststo- be – were set on a lengthy career path which expected them to become exemplary Christians, brilliant scholars, disciplined (celibate) males, loyal subjects of the Pope, and approachable ‘fathers’ to their parishioners in a Presbyterian country historically unsympathetic to their faith. By the time they left the seminary system they had been thoroughly transformed: from children to adults, from boys to men, from students to professionals and from, in many cases, labourers’ and shoemakers’ sons to gentlemen. Aspects of their lives were permanently affected by the process of moulding them into missionary priests in an immersive environment in a foreign country. But regardless of their unique experience, seminarians have rarely been the focus of historical scholarship. This thesis examines the lives and the social identities of a subsection of the Scottish Mission’s seminarians: those trained on French soil between 1818 and 1878 inclusive. It uses the prosopographical method to analyse the lives of a population of 225 France-trained individuals before, beyond and during their study migration abroad. It details the system for the education of missionary priests for Scotland before concentrating specifically on France and the post-Revolution setting of the students’ further studies there, previously undocumented by historians. It addresses the Gallican and Sulpician peculiarities of the French ecclesiastical culture reigning at the seminaries and the impact of the instability of the host society on the Scots seminarians. By using the lenses of gender, class, nation and race, it addresses different intertwining facets of this experience, elaborating on these lives through the concept of belonging. This thesis makes a significant contribution to scholarship on Roman Catholic priesthood, seminary education and Scots Colleges abroad. The individual seminarian lives highlight the paradoxical nature of a Roman Catholic clerical education, designed to mould individuals into cosmopolitan priests for the Scottish Catholic Mission.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar ao leitor as traduções, feitas pela primeira vez para a língua portuguesa diretamente dos originais, em russo, de textos selecionados de Aleksander Serguêievitch Púchkin, publicados em sua revista literária \"O Contemporâneo\", durante a década de 1830. Além disso, o trabalho traça um panorama histórico prévio ao surgimento do periódico, bem como uma análise do momento histórico de sua fundação - rico em jornais e revistas literárias - e o legado deixado por \"O Contemporâneo\", dando subsídios para o entendimento das razões históricas e pessoais para sua realização. / This work aims to present the translations of selected essays and articles, for the very first time straight from the originals in russian directly to portuguese, published by Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin on his literary magazine \"The Contemporary\" during the 1830 decade. Besides that this research traces an historical overview of the preceding decades, as well as analysis of the specific moment of publication of \"The Contemporary\", rich in literary and magazine newspapers. There is also a drilldown of its legacy, providing the reader with subsides to the fully understanding of Pushkin´s personal and literary motivations.

Analisamos a riqueza inventariada em Santa Rita do Turvo na segunda metade do século XIX. Inicialmente abordamos o nível de concentração e a composição dos recursos declarados. Posteriormente investigamos separadamente os principais grupos de ativos que compuseram os patrimônios dos indivíduos que faleceram ao longo do período recuperado e que foram inventariados. A análise particularizada permitiu qualificar o tipo de escravidão vigente, a paisagem agrária predominante e o mercado da localidade. Sustentamos que a produção de gêneros configurada em Santa Rita do Turvo assumiu proporções relevantes, conheceu certa estabilidade no correr da segunda metade do Oitocentos e conferiu movimento ao cenário econômico da localidade, independentemente de conexões com regiões de economias mais complexas e vultosas. Contudo, admitimos que as questões apontadas na tese tiveram como base um grupo restrito da população da localidade e não o conjuntos de seus habitantes. Certamente este aspecto conferiu limites para as análises realizadas. / Analyzed the wealth inventoried in Santa Rita do Turvo in the second half of the nineteenth century. Initially approached the level of concentration and the composition of the declared resources. Later separately investigated the main groups of assets that comprised the assets of individuals who died during the period recovered and were inventoried. The detailed analysis allowed qualify the type of current slavery, the dominant agrarian landscape and the market of the town. We hold that the production of genres set in Santa Rita do Turvo assumed relevant proportions, met some stability in the course of the second half of the nineteenth century and gave movement to the economic environment of the locality, regardless of connections to regions of more complex and bulky economies. However, we admit that the issues raised in the thesis were based on a small group of village population and not the sets of its inhabitants. Certainly this aspect given limits for analyzes.