Mechanical vibrations are inevitable in drilling operations. Torsional stick-slip vibrations are vibrations that occur in drilling columns, which are produced by periodic variations of torque and characterized by large fluctuations in the speed of the drill bit. These vibrations are dangerous, primarily by the cyclical characteristic of the phenomenon that by the amplitude of the same, which can cause fatigue of the pipe, failures in the components of the drill string, deformations in the walls of the well, excessive wear of the drill, low rate of penetration, and collapse of the drilling process. The frequency of these unwanted oscillations can be reduced by the application of automatic control techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate through numerical simulations, the application of conventional control techniques, such as proportional-integral control (PI), and nonlinear, as the sliding mode control (SMC) and the input-output linearization control (IOLC), to eliminate the presence of stick-slip oscillation in drilling columns. The controllers are designed primarily to maintain a constant speed of rotation system, by manipulating engine torque, thereby inferentially control the speed of the drill, thus providing optimum operation conditions, beyond preserving system stability. Results of simulations using drill string torsional models of two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) and four degrees of freedom (4-DOF) show the performance of the proposed control systems, which are analyzed and qualitatively compared. / Vibrações mecânicas são inevitáveis nas operações de perfuração. Vibrações torcionais stick-slip são vibrações que ocorrem em colunas de perfuração, as quais são produzidas pelas variações periódicas de torque e caracterizadas por grandes oscilações da velocidade da broca. Estas vibrações são prejudiciais, mais pela característica cíclica do fenômeno que pela amplitude da mesma, podendo originar fadiga da tubulação, falhas nos componentes da coluna de perfuração, deformações nas paredes do poço, desgaste excessivo da broca, baixa taxa de penetração e, inclusive, colapso do processo de perfuração. A frequência destas oscilações indesejadas pode ser reduzida pela aplicação de técnicas de controle automático. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, mediante simulações numéricas, a aplicação de técnicas de controle convencional, como o controle proporcional-integral (PI), e não linear, como o controle por modos deslizantes (SMC) e o controle por linearização entrada-saída (IOLC) para eliminar a presença de oscilações stick-slip em colunas de perfuração. Os controladores são desenvolvidos principalmente para manter constante a velocidade do sistema de rotação, mediante a manipulação do torque do motor, para assim controlar inferencialmente a velocidade da broca, fornecendo desta maneira condições ótimas de operação, além de preservar a estabilidade do sistema. Resultados das simulações, usando modelos torcionais de uma coluna de perfuração de dois graus de liberdade (2-DOF) e de quatro graus de liberdade (4-DOF), mostram o desempenho dos sistemas de controle propostos, os quais são analisados e comparados qualitativamente.

The aim of this thesis is the structural design small drilling rigs for drilling wells. Drilling rig will be used for drilling wells up to 200 mm diameter rotary drilling technology with irrigation water. The first part is a literature search of small drilling rigs. In the second part, then custom design a small drilling rig.

For developing the available hydrocarbon reserves and for exploring new reservoirs, deeper and more complex wells are drilled. Drilling such deeper and complex wells requires a constant monitoring and controlling of the well paths. Therefore, the bottom hole assembly, the lower section of the drill string above the drill bit, is equipped with numerous measuring sensors for collecting geological and directional data while drilling. The collected data have to be transmitted to the surface in real time. Prior to transmit the data measured downhole to the surface, they are processed and translated into a binary code. Accordingly, the data will be represented as a series of zeroes and ones. The most common method for data transmission in boreholes is the so called mud pulse telemetry which sends the information through the drilling mud inside the drill string by means of coded pressure pulses. There are two types of devices available for downhole pressure pulses generation. The first type is the (positive or negative) pressure pulser which transmits the data by quasi-static variations of the pressure level inside the drill string. The second type is the (rotating or oscillating) mud siren which transmits the data by generating continuous pressure waves at specific frequencies. The main disadvantage of the mud pulse telemetry is its low data transmission rate which is about 10 bps. This data rate is very low compared to the measured amount of raw data. Therefore, the efficiency of the mud pulse telemetry must be improved, so that the data could be transmitted at higher rates. The present research work presents different developed and tested concepts for increasing the efficiency and the data transmission rate of the mud pulse telemetry. Both, the transmitter and the receiver end, were taken into consideration by developing the new concepts. Different hardware and software tools were used for performing the present research work. The available flow loop test facility and the experimental prototypes of the mud siren and positive pulser were used. The test facility was extended in order to enable the investigation of the new concepts. The available 3D numerical model (ANSYS CFX) was modified and extended in order to study the new concepts. At the transmitter end, a novel concept for a hybrid mud pulse telemetry system was developed and successfully tested. Here, two different types of mud pulse telemetry could be used in a combination, such as a mud siren and a pressure pulser. The developed concept was registered at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office for a patent in 2018. Two concepts for a multi-frequency mud siren were developed for simultaneous generation of two frequencies. In the first approach, two sets of stator/rotor were installed in a row connection, while they were installed in a parallel connection in the second approach. The two concepts were registered at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office for patents in 2015. An experimental multi-frequency generator was built and used for testing of several new ideas, such as transmitting the data using several carrier frequencies at the same time, transmitting the data with different wave forms (sine, sawtooth, triangle and rectangle), or transmitting the data using the chirp modulation. The innovative design of the experimental multi-frequency generator was registered at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office for patents in 2016. At the receiver end, two different methods for processing and analyzing the received multi-frequency signals using the Wavelet and Fourier analysis were drafted and tested. A novel concept for the use of a multi-sensor receiver was developed and successfully tested. The use of a multi-sensor receiver could strongly improve the detection of the received signals.:Table of Contents Declaration ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Abbreviations x List of Symbols xii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Modern Drilling Technology and Low Data Transmission Rate as a Limitation 5 2.1 Introduction to the modern drilling technology 5 2.1.1 Directional drilling technology 5 2.1.2 Steering technology 6 2.1.3 Measuring technology 8 2.1.4 Technology of data transmission in boreholes 9 2.2 Low data transmission rate as a problem with respect to the whole drilling process 13 CHAPTER 3 Fundamentals of Communication Technology 16 3.1 Modulation techniques for data transmission in baseband 16 3.2 Modulation techniques for data transmission in passband 17 3.3 Multiple frequency and chirp spread spectrum modulation techniques 19 3.4 Digital signal processing 21 3.4.1 Fourier transformation 21 3.4.2 Continuous wavelet transformation 23 3.4.3 Filtering 24 CHAPTER 4 State of the Art for Mud Pulse Telemetry Systems 26 4.1 Historical development of mud pulse telemetry including latest improvements applied for increasing its data transmission rate 26 4.2 Available types of mud pulse telemetry devices 30 4.2.1 Negative pulser 31 4.2.2 Positive pulser 32 4.2.3 Mud siren 32 4.2.4 Oscillating shear valve 33 4.3 Limitations of data transmission via mud pulse telemetry 34 4.3.1 Effect of noise sources in the mud channel on the transmission signal 34 4.3.2 Effect of attenuation in the mud channel on the transmission signal 36 4.3.3 Effect of reflections and their interference with the main transmission signal 37 4.3.4 Pass and stop bands 38 4.4.5 Minimum transmission time slot 38 CHAPTER 5 Novel Concepts and Tools for Increased Data Transmission Rates of Mud Pulse Telemetry 40 5.1 Transmitter end 41 5.1.1 Hybrid mud pulse telemetry (HMPT) 41 5.1.2 Multi-frequency generator 43 5.2 Receiver end 45 5.2.1 Investigation of the Wavelet analysis suitability for multi-frequency signal detection 45 5.2.2 Flexible placement of multi-sensor receiver 46 CHAPTER 6 Laboratory Test Facility and Used Hard and Soft Tools 49 6.1 Laboratory test facility for hydraulic data transmission in boreholes 49 6.2 Experimental prototypes of the pressure pulsers and mud siren 53 6.3 3D numerical simulation model for the test facility and mud siren 55 6.4 MATLAB software 58 CHAPTER 7 Hybrid Mud Pulse Telemetry (HMPT) System 59 7.1 Combination of mud siren and negative pressure pulser 60 7.2 Combination of mud siren and positive pressure pulser 63 7.3 Evaluating the laboratory investigations of the hybrid mud pulse telemetry (HMPT) system 66 CHAPTER 8 Mathematical and Numerical Investigation of the Concept of the Multi-Frequency Mud Siren 68 8.1 Preliminary considerations for the concept of the multi-frequency mud siren 69 8.2 Mathematical model investigation of different approaches for the multi-frequency mud siren concept 71 8.2.1 Multi-frequency mud siren with stators and rotors in a row 72 8.2.2 Multi-frequency mud siren with parallel connection of stators and rotors 74 8.3 Numerical model investigation of multi-frequency mud siren with two sets of stator/rotor in a row 77 8.3.1 Numerical simulations for data transmission with a multi-frequency mud siren using two carrier frequencies 79 8.3.2 Evaluation of the simulation results 81 8.3.3 Increasing the transmission reach of the mud siren for deep drilling operations 83 CHAPTER 9 Laboratory Investigations of Multi-Carrier Hydraulic Data Transmission Using an Experimental Multi-Frequency Generator 85 9.1 Laboratory multi-carrier frequency transmission tests 87 9.2 Investigation of the Wavelet analysis suitability for the detection of multi-frequency signal transmitted in boreholes 95 9.3 Initial investigations of hydraulic data transmission using chirp modulation and different pressure wave forms 100 9.3.1 Data transmission using chirp modulation (Chirp Spread Spectrum, CSS) 100 9.3.2 Data transmission using different wave forms 101 CHAPTER 10 Investigation of the Use of a Multi-Sensor Receiver for Improving the Hydraulic Data Transmission in Boreholes 104 10.1 Numerical model investigation of the use of a multi-sensor receiver 104 10.1.1 Data transmission using single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) 104 10.1.2 Data transmission using multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) 107 10.2 Laboratory investigations of the use of a multi-sensor receiver 108 10.3 Evaluating the use of a multi-sensor receiver for improving the hydraulic data transmission in boreholes 112 CHAPTER 11 Conclusion and Outlook 116 11.1 Conclusion 116 11.2 Outlook 120 References 122 List of Figures 129 List of Tables 136 List of Publications 137 List of Patents 138 Appendix- Chapter 7 139 Appendix- Chapter 8 141 Appendix- Chapter 9 142 Appendix- Chapter 10 146

Die wirtschaftlich vorteilhafte Gestaltung von Geothermiesystemen ist für die Energiewende von zentraler Bedeutung. Das Elektro-Impuls-Verfahren (EIV) bietet ein großes Potential für eine signifikante Reduktion des wirtschaftlichen Risikos beim Abteufen einer Bohrung im Hartgestein für tiefe Geothermie, da es einerseits die Bohrgeschwindigkeit erhöhen sowie andererseits die Standzeit des „Meißels“ erheblich verlängern kann. Es nutzt die zerstörende Wirkung elektrischer Entladungen. Der Hauptvorteil ist, dass nahezu kein mechanischer Verschleiß vorliegt. Der Abbrand an den Elektrodenspitzen durch die elektrischen Impulse ist vernachlässigbar gering. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, ob und unter welchen Voraussetzungen das neuartige auf dem EIV basierende Bohrsystem in der Tiefbohrtechnik und im speziellen zum Abteufen tiefer Geothermiebohrung eingesetzt werden kann. Die Untersuchung des Standes der Technik erbrachte, dass es bereits F&E-Projekte für den Einsatz des EIV in der Tiefbohrtechnik gibt. Keines der entwickelten Systeme konnte bisher zur Marktreife gebracht werden. Um diesen wichtigen Schritt mit dem in der Arbeit vorgestellten System zu gewährleisten, wurden alle normativen und regulativen Randbedingungen zusammengestellt, bewertet und auf deren Einhaltung in allen Entwicklungsschritten geachtet. Die im Labor mit dem EIV-Bohrsystem durchgeführten Versuche wurden hinsichtlich spezifischer Energie und Bohrlochqualität ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse mit Werten aus der Praxis verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass der benötigte Energiebedarf zum Lösen des Gesteins sowie die erreichte Bohrlochqualität vergleichbar mit herkömmlichen Bohrverfahren ist. Somit ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für den Einsatz in der Tiefbohrtechnik gegeben. Darüber hinaus wurde die Wirtschaftlichkeit an einer Beispielbohrung betrachtet. Die Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung zeigte, dass durch die Erhöhung der Standzeit und der damit einhergehenden Reduzierung der nicht-produktiven Zeit eine Kostenersparnis von bis zu 30 % möglich ist. Ein Feldversuch mit dem Laborprototyp in einer flachen Bohrung führte zu dem Ergebnis, dass es möglich ist, das EIV unter realen Bedingungen einzusetzen und einen Abtrag zu erzielen. Im Ergebnis des Praxisversuches und dessen Auswertung steht der Nachweis, dass die angestrebte Zielstellung erreicht wurde und das EIV wirtschaftlich eingesetzt werden kann.:Symbolverzeichnis VII Abkürzungsverzeichnis X Tabellenverzeichnis XI Abbildungsverzeichnis XII 1 Einleitung 1 2 Das Elektro-Impuls-Verfahren 4 2.1 Grundprinzip 4 2.1.1 Hochspannungsentladung 4 2.1.2 Funktionsweise des Elektro-Impuls-Verfahrens 6 2.1.3 Erzeugung der Hochspannungsimpulse 10 2.2 Stand der Technik 11 2.2.1 EIV zur Gesteinszerkleinerung 11 2.2.2 EIV in der Tiefbohrtechnik 15 2.2.3 Hochspannungsentladungen in anderen Anwendungsgebieten 23 3 Entwicklung eines EIV-Bohrsystems 28 3.1 Konzept und Aufbau des EIV-Bohrsystems 28 3.1.1 Gehäuse 29 3.1.2 Elektrode 30 3.1.3 Impulsspannungsgenerator 32 3.1.4 Gleichrichter, Transformator und Generator 33 3.1.5 Getriebe 36 3.1.6 Dichtungssystem 43 3.1.7 Antrieb für den Generator 48 3.2 Anforderungen an die Komponenten des EIV-Bohrsystems 54 3.2.1 Normen 54 3.2.2 Aufbau eines konventionellen Bohrstranges 55 3.2.3 Mechanische und physikalische Eigenschaften der Bohrgarnitur 59 3.2.4 Geometrische Eigenschaften der Bohrgarnitur 61 3.3 Beanspruchungen der Komponenten des EIV-Bohrsystems 63 4 EIV – Laborversuche 70 4.1 Versuchsstand Grundlagenversuche 70 4.1.1 Aufbau des Versuchsstandes und Versuchsdurchführung 70 4.1.2 Ergebnisse der Grundlagenversuche 71 4.2 Versuchsstand Hochdruckversuche 73 4.2.1 Aufbau des Versuchsstandes und Versuchsdurchführung 73 4.2.2 Ergebnisse der Hochdruckversuche 74 4.3 Versuchsstand Bohrlochmaßstab 76 4.3.1 Aufbau des Versuchsstandes und Versuchsdurchführung 76 4.3.2 Ergebnisse der Versuche im Bohrlochmaßstab 78 5 In-Situ-Versuch 79 5.1 Versuchsvorbereitung 79 5.2 Bohrplatz 81 5.3 Versuchsdurchführung 85 5.4 Ergebnisse 86 6 Vergleich mit anderen Bohrverfahren 90 6.1 Spezifische Energie 90 6.1.1 Definition spezifische Energie 90 6.1.2 Beispiele für die spezifische Energie 95 6.1.3 Spezifische Energie des Elektro-Impuls-Verfahrens 96 6.2 Beurteilung der Bohrlochqualität 98 6.2.1 Definition der Bohrlochqualität 98 6.2.2 Kaliberlog 104 6.2.3 Werte aus der Praxis 106 6.3 Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung 110 7 Zusammenfassung 116 8 Literaturverzeichnis 120 Anlagen 132

The aim of this master thesis is to summarize the overview about characteristics and properties of timber and about diagnostic methods used for timber structures prospecting. Experimental part is focused on comparison of drill resistance measurement using Rinntech RESISTOGRAPH for samples at different moisture levels. This paper also includes building survey of roof truss of Litomyšl‘s library and structural report of rafter.

近年，IoTに基づく「つながる工場」に関する技術開発が着目され，日本の次世代の製造業を支えるために，新しい研究開発が求められている．特に機械加工の現場では，異常検知や適応制御のために加工現象を精確かつリアルタイムにモニタできる技術が必要とされている．そこで，マシニングセンタなどの工作機械において，回転工具の加工中に多チャンネルで各種の物理量を切削点近傍にてモニタ可能な無線多機能ホルダを開発し，様々な工具，加工方法を対象にその有効性を示した． / Currently, a smart monitoring technology has been attracting particular attention in the factory automation fields regarding the Internet of things (IoT). Particularly in the machining site, the technology of monitoring the processing phenomenon in precision and real-time is required for abnormality detection or adaptive control. Then, we developed a novel tool holder equipped with a wireless communication function to monitor the tool temperature and vibrating accelerations near the cutting point during a tool rotating operation, and we showed effectiveness for various tools and processing method. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein spanloses und umformendes Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Durchgangslöchern mit einer lokalen Dichteerhöhung untersucht. Der Ansatz beruht auf dem Fließlochformen aus der Metalltechnik. Im Bereich der Holztechnik findet dieser Ansatz noch keine Anwendung. Im Umfang der Arbeit werden für den Prozess relevante Grundlagen erläutert sowie die Prozesseinflussfaktoren für das Verfahren aufgedeckt und angepasst. Es werden Berechnungsansätze u. a. für die Abschätzung der auftretenden Axialkraft und der vom Dorn wirkenden Kräfte auf den Werkstoff aufgestellt. Es erfolgen Untersuchungen in statischen Versuchen ohne rotierenden Dorn und dynamische Versuche mit rotierendem Dorn. Untersuchte Einflüsse sind z. B. die Axialkraft, der Spitzenwinkel, die Rauheit, der Dorndurchmesser, der Einfluss des verdrängten Volumens, die Temperatur, die Dorndrehzahl und die Prozesszeit. Die aufgedeckten Einflüsse werden sukzessiv nacheinander untersucht und positive Einflussgrößen für die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen übernommen. Ebenso werden ausgewählte Auswirkungen in der praktischen Anwendung aufgezeigt.:Bibliografische Beschreibung 3 Kurzzeichenverzeichnis 9 Anmerkungen zur Arbeit 15 1 Einführung 17 1.1 Einleitung 17 1.2 Ausgangssituation 18 1.3 Zielstellung 20 1.4 Lösungsweg 21 1.5 Abgrenzung der Arbeit 21 2 Holztechnologische Grundlagen 23 2.1 Aufbau und Anatomie 23 2.1.1 Makroskopischer Aufbau 23 2.1.2 Mikroskopischer Aufbau 25 2.1.3 Chemischer Aufbau 27 2.2 Technische Begrifflichkeiten 28 2.2.1 Anisotropie und Inhomogenität 28 2.2.2 Feuchte- und Wassergehalt 29 2.2.3 Quellen und Schwinden 30 2.2.4 Spaltfestigkeit 30 2.2.5 Nagelfestigkeit 31 2.2.6 Lochleibungsfestigkeit von Nagelverbindungen 31 2.2.7 Platten und Scheibenbeanspruchung 32 2.2.8 Druckfestigkeit und Verdichtung 33 2.2.9 Faser-Last-Winkel 33 2.2.10 Dichte 35 2.2.11 Holzhärte 37 2.2.12 Thermische Eigenschaften 41 2.2.13 Rheologische Eigenschaften 43 2.3 Furnierwerkstoffe 45 3 Stand der Technik 51 3.1 WVC in technischen Anwendungen 51 3.2 Verbindungen in der Holztechnik als WVC-Anwendung 52 3.3 Umformende Prozesse bei Holzwerkstoffen 56 3.4 Bohren bei Holzwerkstoffen 58 3.5 Fließlochformen 60 3.5.1 Fließlochformwerkzeug 60 3.5.2 Prozess des Thermofließlochformens 62 3.5.3 Wärmeübergang und Materialverhalten 64 3.5.4 Thermomechanisches Ausformfügen 65 4 Auswertungsmethodik und statistische Betrachtung 67 5 Fließlochformen in Holzwerkstoffe 71 5.1 Verfahrensansatz 71 5.2 Plattenmodelle 72 5.3 Dornmodell 78 5.4 Rechnerisches Modell 87 5.5 Dorndurchmesser 91 5.6 Vorbohrung 91 5.7 Dornzieldrehzahl 91 5.8 Einflussfaktoren auf den Fließlochformprozess 92 5.8.1 Werkzeug 93 5.8.2 Temperatur 93 5.8.3 Feuchtigkeit 94 5.8.4 Verdrängtes Volumen 95 5.8.5 Werkstoff 95 6 Versuchswerkstoff 97 6.1 Furnierwerkstoff 97 6.2 Dimension 98 6.3 Konditionierung 98 6.4 Feuchtegehalt 99 6.5 Rohdichte 100 7 Druckversuche 101 7.1 Vorbetrachtung 101 7.2 Durchführung 102 7.3 Ergebnisse 103 8 Statische Versuche 105 8.1 Vorbetrachtung 105 8.2 Durchführung 108 8.3 Auswertung 110 8.3.1 Spitzenwinkel 110 8.3.2 Rauheit 113 8.3.3 Durchmesser 113 8.3.4 Verdrängtes Volumen 114 8.3.5 Temperatur 116 8.3.6 Lochrückformung 118 8.3.7 Dichtebestimmung der Messreihen 119 8.3.8 Gewichtsdifferenz 120 8.3.9 Beidseitiges Eindringen 120 8.4 Mikroskopische Analyse 122 8.5 Modell und Versuch 124 8.6 Fazit 126 9 Dynamische Versuche 127 9.1 Ablauf 127 9.2 Vorversuche 127 9.3 Fließlochformautomat 129 9.4 Werkzeuge 131 9.5 Auswertung 132 9.5.1 Drehzahl 132 9.5.2 Axialkraft 133 9.5.3 Hubzahl 136 9.5.4 Prozesszeit 136 9.5.5 Abstand 137 9.5.6 Werkstoffeinfluss 139 9.5.7 Lochrückformung 141 9.5.8 Dichte 142 9.5.9 Gewichtsdifferenz 142 9.5.10 Maßhaltigkeitsuntersuchung 142 9.6 Mikroskopische Analyse 144 9.7 Modell und Versuch 147 10 Auswirkung auf die Praxis 149 10.1 Vorspannkraftabfall 149 10.2 Muffenauszugskraft 153 10.3 Fließlochformen in der Praxis 154 11 Fazit 157 12 Ausblick 161 13 Quellenverzeichnis 163 14 Abbildungsverzeichnis 169 15 Tabellenverzeichnis 175 Anlagen 177 / In the present work, a non-cutting and forming process for the production of through holes with a local density increase is investigated. The approach is based on flow drill technology from metal technology. This approach is not yet applied in the field of wood technology. In the scope of the work, fundamentals relevant to the process are explained, and process influencing factors for the process are uncovered and adjusted. Calculation approaches are used, e. g. for estimating the occurring axial force and the forces acting on the material from the mandrel. Static tests without rotating mandrel and dynamic tests with rotating mandrel are carried out. Influences investigated include axial force, point angle, roughness, mandrel diameter, influence of displaced volume, temperature, mandrel speed and process time. The revealed influences are successively investigated one by one and positive influence variables are adopted for the subsequent investigations. Likewise, selected effects in practical application are shown.:Bibliografische Beschreibung 3 Kurzzeichenverzeichnis 9 Anmerkungen zur Arbeit 15 1 Einführung 17 1.1 Einleitung 17 1.2 Ausgangssituation 18 1.3 Zielstellung 20 1.4 Lösungsweg 21 1.5 Abgrenzung der Arbeit 21 2 Holztechnologische Grundlagen 23 2.1 Aufbau und Anatomie 23 2.1.1 Makroskopischer Aufbau 23 2.1.2 Mikroskopischer Aufbau 25 2.1.3 Chemischer Aufbau 27 2.2 Technische Begrifflichkeiten 28 2.2.1 Anisotropie und Inhomogenität 28 2.2.2 Feuchte- und Wassergehalt 29 2.2.3 Quellen und Schwinden 30 2.2.4 Spaltfestigkeit 30 2.2.5 Nagelfestigkeit 31 2.2.6 Lochleibungsfestigkeit von Nagelverbindungen 31 2.2.7 Platten und Scheibenbeanspruchung 32 2.2.8 Druckfestigkeit und Verdichtung 33 2.2.9 Faser-Last-Winkel 33 2.2.10 Dichte 35 2.2.11 Holzhärte 37 2.2.12 Thermische Eigenschaften 41 2.2.13 Rheologische Eigenschaften 43 2.3 Furnierwerkstoffe 45 3 Stand der Technik 51 3.1 WVC in technischen Anwendungen 51 3.2 Verbindungen in der Holztechnik als WVC-Anwendung 52 3.3 Umformende Prozesse bei Holzwerkstoffen 56 3.4 Bohren bei Holzwerkstoffen 58 3.5 Fließlochformen 60 3.5.1 Fließlochformwerkzeug 60 3.5.2 Prozess des Thermofließlochformens 62 3.5.3 Wärmeübergang und Materialverhalten 64 3.5.4 Thermomechanisches Ausformfügen 65 4 Auswertungsmethodik und statistische Betrachtung 67 5 Fließlochformen in Holzwerkstoffe 71 5.1 Verfahrensansatz 71 5.2 Plattenmodelle 72 5.3 Dornmodell 78 5.4 Rechnerisches Modell 87 5.5 Dorndurchmesser 91 5.6 Vorbohrung 91 5.7 Dornzieldrehzahl 91 5.8 Einflussfaktoren auf den Fließlochformprozess 92 5.8.1 Werkzeug 93 5.8.2 Temperatur 93 5.8.3 Feuchtigkeit 94 5.8.4 Verdrängtes Volumen 95 5.8.5 Werkstoff 95 6 Versuchswerkstoff 97 6.1 Furnierwerkstoff 97 6.2 Dimension 98 6.3 Konditionierung 98 6.4 Feuchtegehalt 99 6.5 Rohdichte 100 7 Druckversuche 101 7.1 Vorbetrachtung 101 7.2 Durchführung 102 7.3 Ergebnisse 103 8 Statische Versuche 105 8.1 Vorbetrachtung 105 8.2 Durchführung 108 8.3 Auswertung 110 8.3.1 Spitzenwinkel 110 8.3.2 Rauheit 113 8.3.3 Durchmesser 113 8.3.4 Verdrängtes Volumen 114 8.3.5 Temperatur 116 8.3.6 Lochrückformung 118 8.3.7 Dichtebestimmung der Messreihen 119 8.3.8 Gewichtsdifferenz 120 8.3.9 Beidseitiges Eindringen 120 8.4 Mikroskopische Analyse 122 8.5 Modell und Versuch 124 8.6 Fazit 126 9 Dynamische Versuche 127 9.1 Ablauf 127 9.2 Vorversuche 127 9.3 Fließlochformautomat 129 9.4 Werkzeuge 131 9.5 Auswertung 132 9.5.1 Drehzahl 132 9.5.2 Axialkraft 133 9.5.3 Hubzahl 136 9.5.4 Prozesszeit 136 9.5.5 Abstand 137 9.5.6 Werkstoffeinfluss 139 9.5.7 Lochrückformung 141 9.5.8 Dichte 142 9.5.9 Gewichtsdifferenz 142 9.5.10 Maßhaltigkeitsuntersuchung 142 9.6 Mikroskopische Analyse 144 9.7 Modell und Versuch 147 10 Auswirkung auf die Praxis 149 10.1 Vorspannkraftabfall 149 10.2 Muffenauszugskraft 153 10.3 Fließlochformen in der Praxis 154 11 Fazit 157 12 Ausblick 161 13 Quellenverzeichnis 163 14 Abbildungsverzeichnis 169 15 Tabellenverzeichnis 175 Anlagen 177

Considering the ever-growing global demand for raw materials and the complexity of the geological deposits that are still to be found, high-quality extensive mineralogical information is required. Mineral exploration remains a risk-prone process, with empirical approaches prevailing over data-driven strategy. Amongst the many ways to innovate, hyperspectral imaging sensors for drill-core mineral mapping are one of the disruptive technologies. This potential could be multiplied by implementing machine learning. This dissertation introduces a workflow that allows the use of supervised learning to map minerals by means of ancillary data commonly acquired during exploration campaigns (i.e., mineralogy, geochemistry and core photography). The fusion of hyperspectral with such ancillary data allows not only to upscale to complete boreholes information acquired locally, but also to enhance the spatial resolution of the mineral maps. Thus, the proposed approaches provide digitally archived objective maps that serve as vectors for exploration and support geologists in their decision making.:List of Figures xviii List of Tables xix List of Acronyms xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Mineral resources and the need for innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Imaging spectroscopy ....................... 6 1.2.2 Spectroscopy of minerals ..................... 8 1.2.3 Mineral mapping.......................... 12 1.2.4 Mineral mapping in exploration ................. 15 1.2.5 Drill-core mineral mapping.................... 16 1.3 Machine learning .............................. 19 1.3.1 Supervised learning for drill-core hyperspectral data . . . . . 20 1.4 Motivation and approach ......................... 22 2 Hyperspectral mineral mapping using supervised learning and mineralogical data 25 Preface ....................................... 25 Abstract....................................... 26 2.1 Introduction ................................. 27 2.2 Data acquisition............................... 30 2.2.1 Hyperspectral data......................... 30 2.2.2 High-resolution mineralogica ldata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3 Proposed system architecture ....................... 33 2.3.1 Re-sampling and co-registration ................. 33 2.3.2 Classification ............................ 35 2.4 Experimental results ............................ 36 2.4.1 Data description .......................... 36 2.4.2 Experimental setup......................... 37 2.4.3 Quantitative and qualitative assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.5 Discussion.................................. 40 2.6 Conclusion.................................. 42 3 Geochemical and hyperspectral data integration 45 Preface ....................................... 45 Abstract....................................... 46 3.1 Introduction ................................. 47 3.2 Basis for the integration of geochemical and hyperspectral data . . . 50 3.3 Proposed approach ............................. 51 3.3.1 Geochemical data labeling..................... 51 3.3.2 Superpixel segmentation ..................... 53 3.3.3 Classification ............................ 53 3.4 Experimental results ............................ 54 3.4.1 Data description .......................... 54 3.4.2 Data acquisition........................... 55 3.4.3 Experimental setup......................... 55 3.4.4 Assessment of the geochemical data labeling . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.4.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.5 Discussion.................................. 61 3.6 Conclusion.................................. 63 4 Improved spatial resolution for mineral mapping 65 Preface ....................................... 65 Abstract....................................... 66 4.1 Introduction ................................. 67 4.2 Methods: Resolution Enhancement for Mineral Mapping . . . . . . . 69 4.2.1 Hyperspectral Resolution Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.2 Mineral Mapping.......................... 71 4.2.3 Supervised Classification ..................... 71 4.3 Case Study.................................. 72 4.3.1 Data Acquisition .......................... 72 4.3.2 Resolution Enhancement Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.3 Evaluation of the Resolution Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.4 Results .................................... 76 4.4.1 Mineral Mapping.......................... 76 4.4.2 Supervised Classification ..................... 77 4.4.3 Validation .............................. 80 4.5 Discussion.................................. 82 4.6 Conclusions ................................. 84 5 Bibliography 92

The Communicative Approach to Second Language Teaching in Current Textbooks of Czech for Foreigners Jarmila Valková Abstract The general part of the thesis reviews the background, current understanding and key principles of the Communicative Approach to second language teaching with regard to their foundation in the Direct Oral Method. The objective, usual teaching techniques and textbook components of Communicative Language Teaching are compared to the ones used in the Grammar-Translation Method to show the essential difference between the direct and indirect language approaches to language acquisition and their implications for the character of textbook components. The research part of the thesis examines selected textbooks of Czech as a second language which are supposed to epitomise the following tendencies in the area of contemporary writing of textbooks of Czech for foreigners: a) consistent use of the strategies and textbook components based on the Grammar- Translation Method, b) eclectic application of Grammar-Translation strategies and components together with certain features of the Communicative Approach, c) coherent implementation of the Communicative Approach with related techniques and textbook components. Existence of the above mentioned tendencies in current textbooks of Czech as a second...

This thesis work was conducted at Luleå University of Technology in collaboration with Sandvik Rock Tools. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of carbon content on the wear performance in carburized steel in the dry contact interface of threaded connections between drill rods. In order to investigate this, samples of drill rod steel were carburized to three different carbon concentrations and shot peened to replicate the production process of a drill rod. The samples were wear tested by utilizing a twin-disc wear tester with one disc rotating at 100 RPM and the other at 3000 RPM to mimic the operating conditions in the threaded connection between drill rods. The results was evaluated by wear rate, surface topography, hardness as well as optical analysis by light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that an increased surface carbon content provide a decrease in wear rate and an increase in hardness in the surface layer that undergo microstructural changes due to the frictional heat and contact pressure during wear testing. The primary wear mechanisms were identified as plastic deformation, adhesive scratching and material removal through delamination.