This ethnographic study explores treatment practices and staff-resident interaction at a detention home for young men, drawing on video recorded conversations and interviews. It investigates ideological dilemmas inherent in the institutional setting and how these produce complex subject positions to uptake, negotiate or refuse. Study I explores a core treatment dilemma: coercion vs. freedom, involving the dual institutional goal of coercing residents into norm abiding behavior and of producing individuals who behave "properly" out of their own free will. It focuses on staff members’ talk about token economy, illuminating rhetorical resources deployed to avoid the troubled subject position of a disciplinarian. Study II investigates disciplinary humor, illuminating how humor is used both to impose and disrupt social order. It shows how staff members and youths skillfully deploy humor in negotiating local hierarchies related to authority, generation, and age. Humor was also found to be a useful way of navigating ideological dilemmas. Study III explores behavior modification practices, focusing on how selfassessment practices can be conceptualized as responsibilization that emphasizes self-regulation. It documents the participants’ engagement in strategic deployment of specific subject position relations, “young boy”-caregiver rather than delinquent-disciplinarian. In brief, the thesis shows that subject positions are essentially co-constructed, and how positions related to age are highly relevant in this institutional setting. Paradoxical aspects of subject positions provide discursive resources that can be deployed to navigate ideological dilemmas such as that of coercion vs. freedom, but also to handle issues of authenticity. / Denna etnografiska studie undersöker behandlingspraktiker och interaktion mellan personal och ungdomar på ett särskilt ungdomshem för unga män. Materialet består framförallt av videoinspelad interaktion och intervjuer. I studien utforskas ideologiska dilemman samt hur dessa producerar komplexa subjektspositioner att uppta, förhandla om eller neka. Studie I undersöker ett huvuddilemma: tvång vs. frihet, vilket involverar de dubbla institutionella målen att tvinga ungdomarna till önskvärt beteende och att producera individer som beter sig ”korrekt” av egen fri vilja. Fokus ligger på personalens tal om teckenekonomi och studien synliggör retoriska resurser som används för att undvika positionen ”disciplinär personal”. Studie II utforskar disciplinerande humor och synliggör hur humor används både för att skapa och omskapa den sociala ordningen. Studien visar hur personal och ungdomar skickligt använder humor i förhandlingar om lokala hierarkier relaterade till auktoritet, generation och ålder. Humor var också ett sätt att navigera ideologiska dilemman. Studie III undersöker beteendemodifieringspraktiker, med fokus på hur självutvärdering kan förstås som responsibilisering med fokus på själv-reglering. Studien dokumenterar deltagarnas strategiska användning av specifika subjektspositionsrelationer, ”liten pojke”-vårdare snarare än ungdomsbrottsling-disciplinär personal. Sammantaget visar avhandlingen att subjektspositioner i grunden är samkonstruerade och att positioner rörande ålder är ytterst relevanta i denna kontext. Paradoxala aspekter av subjektspositioner bidrar med diskursiva resurser vilka kan användas för att hantera ideologiska dilemman och för att hantera frågor rörande autenticitet.

Bakgrund: Lag om psykiatrisk tvångsvård innebär att sjukvården har rätt att ta bort självbestämmanderätten från en individ om denne lider av en allvarlig psykisk störning. Restriktioner och tvångsåtgärder som tvångsmedicinering, avskiljning och fastspänning kan förekomma. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa hur patienter upplever tvångsåtgärder inom psykiatrisk vård. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie baserad på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Antonovskys Känsla av sammahang har använts som teoretisk referensram. Resultat: Det framkom att patienter generellt upplevde tvångsåtgärderna som negativa. Åtgärderna väckte en rad olika känslor hos patienterna såsom obehag, rädsla och förlorad autonomi, även återuppväckta minnen förknippade med våldtäkt och andra trauman. Det var många patienter som hade svårt att förstå varför dessa åtgärder utfördes, vilket visade sig som brister i kommunikationen mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Patienterna uttryckte önskan om att få utnyttja sin medbestämmanderätt, själva påverka tvångsåtgärderna och eftersökte en närmare relation till vårdpersonalen. Även om tvångsåtgärderna i största utsträckning var en negativ upplevelse så fanns det patienter som förstod att det var för deras eget bästa liksom för andra patienters och personals säkerhet. Slutsats: Patienterna rapporterade att de ville bli informerade, förstådda och bemötta som medmänniskor med respekt och inte behöva känna sig ensamma och övergivna. Tvångsåtgärder och lidande kan lindras genom att personal utvecklar sitt aktiva lyssnande och kunskap genom att ge adekvat information. Klinisk betydelse: Ökad förståelse för patienter som utsatts för tvångsåtgärder kan ge sjuksköterskor möjligheten att stärka patientens känsla av sammanhang vid tvångsåtgärder genom ökad begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Nyckelord: KASAM, tvångsåtgärder, patient upplevelse, psykiatrisk vård & litteraturstudie / Background: The Compulsory Psychiatric Care Act means that healthcare is entitled to remove the autonomy of an individual if he or she suffers from a serious mental disorder. Coercive measures may occur, such as forced medication, isolation and physical restraint. Aim: The aim is to illustrate how patients experience coercive measures in psychiatric care. Method: A literary review based on 12 scientific articles with qualitative approach. Antonovskys Sense of coherence has been used as a theoretical framework. Result: The results show that patients experienced coercive measures as negative. The measures provoked feelings in patients, such as discomfort, fear and loss of autonomy. There were patients who had trouble understanding why these measures were performed, which showed flaws in communication between patient and nurse. The patients expressed the desire to use their right to co-decide, to influence the measures and sought a closer relationship to the caregivers. Although the coercive measures were found to be a highly unpleasant experience, there were patients who understood that it was in their best interests. Conclusion: The patients reported that they wanted to be informed, listened to and treated with respect, and not have to feel alone and abandoned. Coercive measures and the associated suffering could be alleviated by active listening from the staff and the skills to provide adequate information. Clinical Implications: Increased understanding of patients subjected to coercive measures can give nurses the opportunity to strengthen the patients’ sense of coherence when exposed to coercive measures, by increasing their comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness.  Keywords: SOC, coercive measures, patient experience, psychiatric care & literature review

Numerical simulations of liquid flow in a micro-channel between two horizontal plates are performed. The channel is infinite in streamwise and spanwise directions and its height is taken as m, which falls within the dimension ranges of microchannels. The Navier-Stokes equations with the addition of Brinkman number (Br) to the energy equation are used as the governing equations and spectral methods based approach is applied to obtain the required accuracy to handle liquid flow in the microchannel. It is known for microchannels that Br combines the effects of conduction and viscous dissipation in liquids and is also a way of comparing the importance of latter relative to former. The present study aims to simulate the unusual behavior of decreasing of Nu with increasing Re in the laminar regime of microchannels and to show that Br can be introduced to explain this unexpected behavior. Consequently, it is seen at the end of the results that secondary effect of the Br is observed for the single-phase convective heat transfer. Therefore, a laminar flow of a liquid in a microchannel shows different characteristics compared to a similar flow in a macrochannel. To observe the differences, three different cases are run over each of a range of Reynolds numbers: one with no axial conduction assumption that corresponds to a case similar to macrochannel flow, another case with axial conduction included in the energy equation to simulate one of the main differences and lastly a case with the inclusion of Br number in the governing equations. A similar study is made for natural convection with the same numerical set-up for the same three cases. Formation of Rayleigh-Benard cells are observed for the critical numbers widely accepted in the literature. The results are compared with each other to see the effects of axial conduction and Br inclusion, in addition to Ra for natural convection.

A forced landing for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is required if there is an emergency on board that requires the aircraft to land immediately. Piloted aircraft in the same scenario have a human on board that is able to engage in the complex decision making process involved in the choice of a suitable landing location. If UAVs are to ever fly routinely in civilian airspace, then it is argued that the problem of finding a safe landing location for a forced landing is an important unresolved problem that must be addressed. This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the feasibility of using machine vision techniques to locate candidate landing sites for an autonomous UAV forced landing. The approach taken involves the segmentation of the image into areas that are large enough and free of obstacles; classification of the surface types of these areas; incorporating slope information from readily available digital terrain databases; and finally fusing these maps together using a high level set of simple linguistic fuzzy rules to create a final candidate landing site map. All techniques were evaluated on actual flight data collected from a Cessna 172 flying in South East Queensland. It was shown that the use of existing segmentation approaches from the literature did not provide the outputs required for this problem in the airborne images encountered in the gathered dataset. A simple method was then developed and tested that provided suitably sized landing areas that were free of obstacles and large enough to land. The advantage of this novel approach was that these areas could be extracted from the image directly without solving the difficult task of segmenting the entire image into the individual homogenous objects. A number of neural network classification approaches were tested with the surface types of candidate landing site regions extracted from the aerial images. A number of novel techniques were developed through experimentation with the classifiers that greatly improved upon the classification accuracy of the standard approaches considered. These novel techniques included: automatic generation of suitable output subclasses based on generic output classes of the classifier; an optimisation process for generating the best set of input features for the classifier based on an automated analysis of the feature space; the use of a multi-stage classification approach; and the generation of confidence measures based on the outputs of the neural network classifiers. The final classification result of the system performs significantly better than a human test pilot's classification interpretation of the dataset samples. In summary, the algorithms were able to locate candidate landing site areas that were free of obstacles 92.3 ±2.6% (99% confidence in the result) of the time, with free obstacle candidate landing site areas that were large enough to land in missed only 5.3 ±2.2% (99% confidence in the result) of the time. The neural network classification networks developed were able to classify the surface type of the candidate landing site areas to an accuracy of 93.9 ±3.7% (99% confidence in the result) for areas labelled as Very Certain. The overall surface type classification accuracy for the system (includes all candidate landing sites) was 91.95 ±4.2% (99% confidence in the result). These results were considered to be an excellent result as a human test pilot subject was only able to classify the same data set to an accuracy of 77.24 %. The thesis concludes that the techniques developed showed considerable promise and could be used immediately to enhance the safety of UAV operations. Recommendations include the testing of algorithms over a wider range of datasets and improvements to the surface type classification approach that incorporates contextual information in the image to further improve the classification accuracy.

This thesis examines international feminist activism from the late nineteenth century to the present. In particular it focuses on the campaigns against forms of sexual slavery including child marriage. It examines the male sex right as a major cause of sexual exploitation and it investigates claims that similarities between trafficking children into the institutions of marriage and prostitution reflect the power of heteropatriarchy in governing the social model of heterosexuality and the ensuing subordination of women and girls. It argues that challenging sexual exploitation is difficult because of the social acceptance of men’s right of sexual access to women and girls. / This thesis examines the ways in which the ideologies of cultural relativism and sexual libertarianism protect the concept of ‘conjugal rights’ in systems of traditional marriage. It introduces the theory of sexual relativism in order to explain how cultural relativism works in relation to child marriage. Sexual relativism as a corollary of cultural relativism is used as a feminist tool of analysis in order to make the male sex right visible and politically accountable. / Lesbian historiography is introduced in order to document the role of lesbian experience in the lives and networks of these international activists. The inclusion of lesbian existence in this thesis is a unique approach intended to restore historical accuracy to the lives of women who have been involved in international campaigns against forms of sexual exploitation that include child marriage, child prostitution, incest, and other harmful cultural practices. I discuss how lesbians and spinsters, as unhusbanded women, experienced freedom from domestic duties including child care and the sexual servicing of men. Their ensuing independence enabled them to become involved in political work and by forming networks they were able to discuss and formulate their ideas. I explore the relationship between the personal and political in the examination of these women’s lives. In particular I examine the lesbian existence within the political and friendship networks of interwar feminists such as Eleanor Rathbone, Constance Antonina (Nina) Boyle, Alison Neilans, Cicely Hamilton, Katharine Furse and Margaret Haig. The radical feminist approach to this inquiry is intended to contribute to filling gaps in the knowledge base of feminist history and to broaden the transdisciplinary approach to international scholarship.

Técnicas não-intrusivas de medição de vazão constituem uma necessidade crescente em diversas aplicações. Atualmente, diversos estudos têm sido realizados com o objetivo de desenvolver técnicas de medição não-intrusivas que possam suprir as deficiências das técnicas existentes. Este trabalho visa desenvolver um medidor de vazão baseado no princípio de convecção forçada (termal) não-intrusivo inteligente. O medidor utiliza dois transdutores RTD comerciais do tipo PT100, um aquecido, que é responsável pela medição da velocidade de escoamento, e o outro utilizado como referência de set-point de temperatura do sensor aquecido. Uma Rede Neural é responsável por corrigir os erros de medição do instrumento. Para a avaliação do medidor construído, foi desenvolvida uma bancada de realização de ensaios, possibilitando a variação da vazão e temperatura na seção de teste. Com o intuito de prover a bancada de uma referência para comparação, foi instalado também um medidor do tipo Venturi normalizado segundo a ABNT. / Non-intrusive techniques of flow measurement are very useful in several applications. Nowadays, several studies have been conducted to develop non-intrusive measuring techniques that can overcome the shortcomings of the existing ones. This work aims to design an intelligent non-intrusive flow meter device based on the forced heat convection principle (thermal). This device uses two commercial RTD transducers (PT100), one is used as reference of temperature set-point, and the other is responsible for the flow measurement. A neural network is responsible for correcting the errors in relation to the calibration standard. To evaluate the intelligent flow meter, test bench was built. In order to provide another flow meter to compare the results, an ABNT Venturi type flow meter was installed in the test bench.

BakgrundVD-yrket sägs ha blivit en allt mer utsatt position. I spåren av denna utveckling kan det te sig rimligt att nytillträdda VD:ar vill ge sig själva en god start på den aktuella tjänsten. Inom akademins värld anses en VD-förändring vara den situation där resultatmanipulering genom Big Bath är främst förekommande. Vi frågar oss dock om detta är en produkt av tidigare forskning selektionsmekanism och om Big Bath påverkas mer av andra faktorer. SyfteStudiens syfte är att undersöka Big Bath från en bredare tidshorisont som inte isolerar enskilda händelser. På så sätt vi vill undersöka om VD-förändringar är den situation som starkast påverkar Big Bath. MetodGenom användning av en longitudinell panelstudie med en deduktiv ansats har studien undersökt hur resultatmanipulering och Big Bath påverkas av olika faktorer däribland VD-byten. Urvalet består av bolag från NASDAQ OMX Stockholm Large Cap under åren 2006-2017. SlutsatsResultatet visar att VD-byten inte har någon signifikant påverkan på varken resultatmanipulering eller Big Bath. I studien fann vi dock indikationer på att negativa resultat påverkar förekomsten av både resultatmanipulering och Big Bath. / BackgroundThe CEO-profession is said to be more precarious than ever before. Given this development one can assume that newly appointed CEO’s are interested in securing a good start at the beginning of their appointment. In the academic world a CEO turnover is considered to be the primary situation were earnings management in the form of Big Bath occurs. We ask ourselves if this is a product of previous selection bias and if Big Bath in true is affected by other factors. PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine Big Bath from a long-term perspective that does not isolate specific events. Through this approach we want to investigate whether CEO-turnovers is the main contributing factor behind Big Bath. MethodBy using a longitudinal panel study with a deductive approach the study have investigated how earnings management and Big Bath are affected by different factors such as CEO-turnovers. The sample consists of companies from NASDAQ OMX Stockholm Large Cap in between the time period of 2006-2017.ConclusionThe result states that CEO-turnovers have no significant effect on either earnings management or Big Bath. However through the study we find indications that negative results affects both earnings management and Big Bath.

Presented graduation theses dissertate about forced labour camp in České Budějovice in years 1948 -1950. Women´s camp was established at first, it operated from 15 December 1948 to 15 February 1950. Men´s camp was established on 1 September 1949 and its liquidation took place on 15 February 1950 too. Because the literature directly about this camps do not exist, the author, during her research, results from repository saved in Archive of security elements in Prague and in State district paper office in České Budějovice. On the basis of these resources is written how everyday life of the inmates ran on. Their lives were given by the prearranged rules. The main object of these institution was reeducation of individuals and to lead them to the high assignment. The essay contains concrete information how the edifying activity proceeded in České Budějovice. It deals with the companies that the inmates worked for and it analyses the inmates´ rights and duties during the power cycle. The conclusion is due to the statement of Jaroslav Vojtěch, who slipped through several forced labour camp. His testimony told us to what degree the rules and commands on the paper were put in practice.

Architecture, Style and Identity in the Late Horizon: Pueblo Viejo-Pucará Site, Lurín ValleyThe ethnic identification of the inhabitants of a Late Horizon Settlement in the Lurin Valley meets a series of challenges generated by two factors: a) the feasibility of a forced relocation of specialized workforce, and b) the intensification of long-distance exchange. Facing the coexistence of diverse ceramic styles and technological traditions, domestic architecture and funerary treatment become the only evidence that can help us build a bridge between material culture and ethnohistoric information. Pueblo Viejo-Pucara, with its 10 hectares of build architecture, seems to have been one of the most important urban centers in the Lurin Valley, second only to Pachacamac. The site, located between 400 and 600 meters above sea level in a loma ecozone on the left bank of the river, could have been the main habitation center of the Caringa of Huarochiri, one of the Caringa moieties of the unu of Luren. Several lines of evidence suggest that the site was built and inhabited by highland dwellers relocated as mitmaquna: a) the characteristic distribution of architecture-groups a top intermediate-size hills, b) the location of the site within a zone of winter pastures still used by herders from Santo Domingo de los Olleros, c) the masonry style, alien to coastal patterns while close to the Huarochiri architectural tradition, d) the modular organization of domestic spaces, e) funerary treatment, and f) the presence of a strong highland component in the ceramic repertoire. Archaeological evidence indicates that tending of camelid herds and the military control of the valley were two of the main concerns of the inhabitants of Pueblo Viejo-Pucara. The discovery of prestige items —among them Spondylus princeps shells, copper, gold, silver and lead ornaments, and fine Inca polychrome and Chimu-Inca pottery (among other regional elite styles)— within domestic spaces and associated burials, indicates that the site residents enjoyed a privileged position within the political structure of the Tahuantinsuyu. / La definición de la identidad étnica de los habitantes de un asentamiento en el Periodo Horizonte Tardío tropieza con una serie de dificultades que se desprenden tanto de la movilización forzada de mano de obra especializada fuera del lugar de su origen, como de la intensificación de intercambios a larga distancia, organizados por la administración imperial. En el contexto de la coexistencia de variados estilos y tradiciones tecnológicas, la arquitectura doméstica y los comportamientos funerarios cuentan entre las únicas evidencias materiales confiables para confrontar la cultura material con las informaciones etnohistóricas. Con sus 10 hectáreas de área construida, sin contar el sistema de andenería ni los sitios satélites, Pueblo Viejo-Pucará, asentamiento urbano del Periodo Horizonte Tardío ubicado en la zona de lomas arbóreas (400-600 metros sobre el nivel del mar) en la margen izquierda del río Lurín, parece haber sido el segundo asentamiento en importancia después de Pachacamac, luego de la ocupación de este valle por los incas. Es probable que se trate del asentamiento principal de los caringa de Huarochiri, una de las dos parcialidades de la mitad Caringa en el unu de Luren. La característica distribución de núcleos de arquitectura en las cimas intermedias y la localización del sitio en la zona de pasturas utilizada hasta hoy por los pastores serranos de Santo Domingo de los Olleros, la mampostería de piedra en las modalidades desconocidas en la costa central, pero difundidas en las alturas de Huarochirí, la organización modular de espacios domésticos, los comportamientos funerarios y la presencia del componente serrano en el repertorio de estilos de cerámica indican que el asentamiento fue construido y habitado por los pobladores serranos desplazados como mitimaquna. Las evidencias sugieren también que el cuidado de rebaños de camélidos y el control militar del valle contaban entre los deberes de los habitantes de Pueblo Viejo-Pucará. Hallazgos de conchas de Spondylus princeps, cobre y sus aleaciones, plata, oro, plomo (estos últimos en cantidades reducidas), de cerámica fina de estilo Inca polícromo, Chimú-Inca entre otros (Puerto Viejo, Ychsma), todos ellos en contextos domésticos o funerarios directamente asociados a los recintos de vivienda, demuestran que los pobladores tuvieron una posición particularmente privilegiada en la estructura política del Tahuantinsuyu.

Extensive evidence of atrocities committed against black workers on white-owned farms has consistently been uncovered by progressive organisations working in the rural areas in South Africa. The evidence suggests the need for a thorough and systematic investigation of the nature and extent of violence on the farms, as well as a more systematic exposure of the findings. For the most part, the personality of rural South Africa remains a mystery to urban dwellers. The Black Sash and its rural project, the Transvaal Rural Action Committee (TRAC), approached the Project for the Study of Violence to undertake this research and this report was first presented at the Project's seminar programme at the University of the Witwatersrand. Its findings have provoked strong responses from the farming sector. Kobus Kleyhans, the Deputy Director, General Services of the South African Agricultural Union (SAAU), was quoted in The Star as saying, ‘According to my observations, the situation (on the farms) is quite different. I reject these findings with contempt; they are nothing near the real situation... I will not deny, that some farmers do not treat their workers as they should, but this sort of information is not representative’. (The Star; October 1990) In reply, it should be emphasised that firstly, while this study was conducted only in the South Eastern Transvaal, the case studies in this report are not isolated incidents but were selected out of a large range of similar occurrences in the area. Secondly, rural advice offices in the Western and Northern Transvaal, have reported similar cases of violent abuse of labourers on white owned farms in their areas. Although the specific contours of the communities in these regions have not been investigated, some of the case studies directly corroborate the findings of this report. The timing of this report is opportune as it coincides with President De Klerk’s announcement that the Land Acts of 1913 and 1936 are to be abolished. These Acts have been pivotal in forging and determining the violent and exploitative relations on the land. The announcement is therefore welcomed as a significant step towards creating the conditions for changing the balance of power on the land. At the same time, this report serves as a warning against the belief that the scrapping of the Land Acts will put an end to the varying forms of violence on the farms. Just as repealing these laws will not necessarily ensure equitable redistribution of the land in South Africa, so too do they not necessarily signal a move towards more equitable labour relations on white farms. This report makes this clear in three ways. Firstly, the racist attitudes and convictions of many white farmers is shown to underpin much of the violence on the farms. These attitudes will prevail well after the scrapping of the Acts. A reversal of these attitudes will only take place after a lengthy educative process undertaken by groups such as the local churches, the South African Agricultural Union, the Rural Foundation etc. Secondly, it is the very fear of white farmers and their increasingly vulnerable position, that has contributed to a growing pattern of abusive behaviour against farmworkers. The strength of the opposition of hundreds of white farmers to the scrapping of the Land Acts was demonstrated in their march on the union buildings just after the announcement was made. Thirdly, the networks that have contributed - directly and indirectly - to the violence on the farms, such as the courts and police, are still firmly entrenched in the rural areas. For these reasons, a campaign against against farmworker abuse is more pertinent than ever before. We are calling for several steps to be taken. / Revised Edition