Sectional ownership has introduced several new concepts of property that differ significantly from prevailing as well as common-law concepts of property. The right of extension with regards to sectional titles is one such concept. The right entails a subtraction from the dominium of sectional owners and is widely regarded as a limited real right. It is submitted that the right cannot be categorised into any common-law category. The right is a statutory limited real right sui generis that has its own characteristics with regards to the way it is established, transferred, alienated, burdened or lapses. The right should also be recognised as constitutional property. The study concludes with an investigation into selected aspects relating to the right as an estate asset and points to problems relating to the valuation of the right for purposes of estate, capital gains and donation tax. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This research study deals mainly with the educator professionalisation in the post democratic South Africa, paying attention to the role of a professional council in promoting educator professionalism. The status and image of teaching in this country seem to have been viewed From the racial and cultural differences of communities previously. The democratic dispensation brought an end to this unfair racial and cultural discrimination in the education system through the establishment of a non-racial professional council for educators (i.e. SACE). The research aims are to determine: - The characteristics of a professions and those needed for educator professionalism; and - the role of the a professional council in promoting educator professionalisation. In order to attain the above-mentioned research aims, a literature review and an empirical investigation were undertaken. The literature study was used to clarify concepts such as occupation, semi-profession, profession, professionalisation and professional status. Secondly, characteristics or common features associated with traditional models of professions (ie. accounting, law and medicine) were discussed from a theoretical point of view. Lastly, the literature study highlighted the establishment of professional councils for educators in other parts of the world, including South Africa. The different forms of legislation and policy documents applicable in education were discussed. In order to determine the extent to which teaching adheres to or fulfils the characteristics associated with a profession, teaching was tested against these characteristics. The history of the establishment of SACE was briefly discussed and the objectives or role of this organisation in educator professionalisation concluded this chapter. The empirical research was conducted by using the questionnaire as a measuring instrument. The advantages and disadvantages of the questionnaire as measuring instrument were highlighted. The target population comprises of 239 educators from a total population of 2070 educators in Lejweleputswa and Northern Free State Education Districts -Free State Province. The data collected in the investigation was processed through the SAS computer package to establish frequencies and percentages of responses mean scores ranking, t-test procedures and the effect sizes. The results were then presented tables, analysed and interpreted in accordance with the literature study. The literature study revealed that like all other occupations, teaching aspires to attain recognition and status as a profession. It was also revealed that teaching partially satisfy characteristics associated with professions. The empirical study revealed that the employment of un- or under qualified educators is still prevalent in South African schools. In the last chapter, Chapter 5, conclusions from the literature review and empirical investigation were drawn. The recommendations with regard to the role of SACE in educator professionalisation were provided. Finally based on the research, future research studies in SACE and educator professionalism were recommended. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta Patrik Koželuha Abstract: Teleological interpretation and the case law of Czech courts The purpose of my thesis is to analyze teleological interpretation from both the theoretical and the practical point of view. Since the use of teleological interpretation by Czech courts has increased in the last two decades, the reason for my research is to present recent legal discussions related to the teleological interpretation. The thesis also examines the arguments which support or criticise such method of interpretation and compares them to contemporary judicial decisions. The thesis is composed of two main chapters; each of them explores the teleological interpretation from a different perspective. The first part is a theoretical part which summarizes acquired knowledge of legal theory concerning teleological interpretation. The second part deals with detailed analysis of selected judicial decisions. The aim of the thesis is to provide a reader with a comparison between theoretical and practical approach to the teleological interpretation. The opening subchapters of the theoretical part explicate what the statutory interpretation is. It also attempts to outline the limits of interpretation. Subsequently, the study presents and characterises the main methods of...

Statutory licenses with reference to the broadcasting of sports events This thesis is focused on the topic of statutory licenses with reference to the broadcasting of sports events. As mentioned right at the beginning of the thesis, the statutory licenses belong together with the free use and compulsory licenses to the extra-contractual institutes. They enable any third person, while meeting statutory requirements, the use of a copyright work or a subject-matter of related rights without a consent of the rightholder. The main reason why they were introduced into the international, European and national legal systems, was especially the endeavour to achieve a fair balance of rights and interests between different categories of rightholders and users of protected subject-matters. The crucial document on the European level in the field of treatment of exceptions and limitations to the rights is the Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society which provides a comprehensive list of one mandatory and twenty facultative exceptions and limitations, as well as the so-called three-step test. This Directive is closely discussed throughout the whole thesis. Nevertheless, the...

- Position of the general meeting of a limited liability company This diploma thesis concentrates on the general meeting of a limited liability company and its position within the organizational structure of the company. The goal of the diploma thesis is to provide a basic overwiev of selected institutes and analyse the relationship between the general meeting and other company bodies. This most often concerns the statutory body and possibly also the supervisory board, as a whole, or their individual members. Individual chapters are chosen as to enable to illustrate the mutual arrangement of relationships on them. The thesis is divided into two basic parts. The first part considers how the general meeting can impact on other company bodies, or their members. That's why the first chapter deals with election and dismissal of a statutory representative, or a member of the supervisory board. It for example describes the concrete process, or the possibilities, which the general meeting has in this connection. The second chapter considers the contract of execution of office, which together with the regulation of rewarding of the body members has to be compulsorily approved by the general meeting itself, the reward, which can be granted by an internal regulation approved by the general meeting and other...

After the transition from apartheid to democracy, the South African government embarked on designing policies and laws to address social problems and protect vulnerable groups in communities. Orphaned children are regarded as being vulnerable. The Children’s Act No. 38 of 2005 (as amended) is a legal document set to address issues related to vulnerable children and to ensure that their best interests are met. In terms of Section 150 of the said Act, orphaned children could be identified as children in need of care and protection if they are without visible means of support. However, this section of the Act is open to various interpretations and expectations. Social Workers at the Department of Social Development are currently under pressure to recommend to presiding officers of the Children’s Court that an orphaned child be legally placed in the foster care of the relative. However, presiding officers often question such recommendations because in their opinion the child does not present as a child in need of care and protection and as a result the recommendation made is rejected. This response lowers work morale because it displays disregard for the professional integrity of Social Workers and also increases their already high caseloads. This research study explored the perspectives of Social Workers regarding the legal placement of children in the foster care of relatives. Purposive sampling was used to recruit research participants, 30 foster care Social Work based at Department of Social Development in the Johannesburg Metro Region. A qualitative research design was adopted. Data was gathered using personal interviews and focus groups. A semi-structured interview schedule was utilized to guide the structure of the personal interviews and focus groups. Data gathered was analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings has provided insight into what intervention strategies are deemed to be in the best interests of vulnerable orphaned children from the perspective of social workers and possible recommendations for policy changes.

O presente trabalho questiona o papel da legislação na realização judicial do direito. Para responder a essa questão, empreende-se uma tese conceitual sobre a dinâmica jurídica, que pretende superar a tradicional dicotomia entre a legislação e a função judicial concebida pela doutrina clássica da separação dos poderes. De acordo com a argumentação desenvolvida aqui, o judiciário julga não somente fatos dos casos, mas também as próprias escolhas legislativas, de modo que já não é possível defender que a função judicial consiste em mera declaração da lei nos casos particulares ou ainda em subsunção lógica das lides que lhe são submetidas às normas previamente postas pelo processo legislativo. Assim, a realização judicial do direito não pode ser anteriormente determinada, uma vez que não está condicionada pelo conteúdo legislado. Contudo, os conteúdos da lei transmitem algum sentido para os cidadãos e, por isso, criam expectativas. Confirmar ou não essas expectativas é uma questão relacionada com a justificação e a legitimidade dos Estados racionais modernos, que estabelecem com os cidadãos uma relação de dominação legal-racional. Desse modo, a questão do papel da legislação (direito positivo passado) na realização do direito atual é posta em termos de legitimidade. Se, de um lado, constatamos que não é possível pretender controlar a discricionariedade judicial dentro dos próprios limites do direito, de outro lado defendemos que é legítimo pretender submeter o direito positivo à crítica e ao controle democrático. Isso porque interessa a todos os cidadãos que as decisões judiciais possam ser justificadas de modo razoável, graças a uma argumentação cuja força e a pertinência se reconheçam amplamente na sociedade. A partir dessa perspectiva, propomos um redimensionamento do argumento legal na prática jurídica e passamos a analisar as diversas implicações da questão central posta neste trabalho na realização judicial do direito. / This work questions the function of statutory law in the judicial realization of law. To answer this question, we undertake a conceptual thesis on legal dynamics, which aims to overcome the traditional dichotomy between the statutory law and the judicial function designed by the classical doctrine of separation of powers. According to the arguments put forward here, judges judge not only the facts of the cases, but also the legislative choices, so that it is no longer possible to argue that judicial function is a mere declaration of the statutory law in individual cases. Thus, the judicial realization of law cannot be previously determined, since it is not strictly conditioned by the legislated content. However, the statutory law content communicates meanings to citizens and therefore it creates expectations. To confirm or not to confirm these expectations is something related to justification and legitimacy of modern rational States, which hold a legal-rational domination relationship with citizens. Thus, the question of the function of statutory law is put here in terms of legitimacy. On the one hand, we find that we cannot intend to control judicial discretion within the proper limits of the law, on the other hand we argue that it is suitable to intend to submit the positive law to public critics and democratic control. All citizens seem to expect that judicial decisions can be justified in a reasonable manner, thanks to arguments whose strength and relevance are widely accepted in society. From this perspective, we propose a redefinition of the use of legal argument in legal practice and then we start to examine the various implications of the central question posed in this work in the judicial realization of the law.

En ny lagförändring medförde att revisionsplikten avskaffades, vilket kom att beröra bådebolag och intressenter, såsom revisionsbolag, banker och myndigheter. Den borgerligaalliansen lämnade ett vallöfte år 2006 om avskaffad revisionsplikt och den 1 november år2010 blev revisionen frivillig för ungefär 250 000 småbolag. De krav som ställs för attbolag skall vara skyldiga att ha revisor är att de har mer än tre anställda, omsättningenskall vara mer än 3 miljoner kronor och balansomslutningen skall vara mer än 1,5miljoner kronor. Minst två av dessa krav måste vara uppfyllda.Revisionspliktens avskaffande är en fördel för de små bolagen, då det handlar omkostnadsbesparingar, men det kan också innebära en nackdel. När ett bolag väljer attavskaffa revisorn innebär det att Skatteverket kommer att ha mer kontroll och bolagetkanske inte anses vara lika förtroendefullt som när de anlitar en revisor. Det kan uppståoro då frågan om fler skatte- och bokföringsbrott uppkommer hos intressenterna. Vissasmå bolag kommer välja att ha kvar revisorn oavsett lagförändringen, då det är enkvalitetsstämpel och säkerhet när revisorn granskar och ger råd till bolaget.Studiens problemformulering lyder: Hur påverkas intressenternas förtroende för demindre bolag som väljer att inte använda revisor efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten?Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om intressenternas förtroende för bolagen harpåverkats efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten. Ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt haranvänts i uppsatsen, där intervjuer har genomförts för att få en helhetsbild frånrespondenterna. Tidigare forskning har sammankopplats med intervjuerna för att kunnaanalysera svaren.Vår slutsats är att förtroendet inte kommer att bli sämre om bolagen har en långsiktigrelation med sin bank. Räkenskaper som är granskade av en revisor ellerredovisningskonsult kommer att ge en högre kvalitetsstämpel och förtroende. Detkommer däremot vara svårt att upptäcka ekobrott i bolag som döljer kvitton för revisorn.Banker och Skatteverket kommer att kunna kontrollera bolag mer, om det visar sig attekobrotten har ökat, vilket också leder till högre krav. Vi tror att många bolag kommer attha kvar revisorn för att det ger en trygghet och fördel vid krediter och affärer. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

O presente trabalho questiona o papel da legislação na realização judicial do direito. Para responder a essa questão, empreende-se uma tese conceitual sobre a dinâmica jurídica, que pretende superar a tradicional dicotomia entre a legislação e a função judicial concebida pela doutrina clássica da separação dos poderes. De acordo com a argumentação desenvolvida aqui, o judiciário julga não somente fatos dos casos, mas também as próprias escolhas legislativas, de modo que já não é possível defender que a função judicial consiste em mera declaração da lei nos casos particulares ou ainda em subsunção lógica das lides que lhe são submetidas às normas previamente postas pelo processo legislativo. Assim, a realização judicial do direito não pode ser anteriormente determinada, uma vez que não está condicionada pelo conteúdo legislado. Contudo, os conteúdos da lei transmitem algum sentido para os cidadãos e, por isso, criam expectativas. Confirmar ou não essas expectativas é uma questão relacionada com a justificação e a legitimidade dos Estados racionais modernos, que estabelecem com os cidadãos uma relação de dominação legal-racional. Desse modo, a questão do papel da legislação (direito positivo passado) na realização do direito atual é posta em termos de legitimidade. Se, de um lado, constatamos que não é possível pretender controlar a discricionariedade judicial dentro dos próprios limites do direito, de outro lado defendemos que é legítimo pretender submeter o direito positivo à crítica e ao controle democrático. Isso porque interessa a todos os cidadãos que as decisões judiciais possam ser justificadas de modo razoável, graças a uma argumentação cuja força e a pertinência se reconheçam amplamente na sociedade. A partir dessa perspectiva, propomos um redimensionamento do argumento legal na prática jurídica e passamos a analisar as diversas implicações da questão central posta neste trabalho na realização judicial do direito. / This work questions the function of statutory law in the judicial realization of law. To answer this question, we undertake a conceptual thesis on legal dynamics, which aims to overcome the traditional dichotomy between the statutory law and the judicial function designed by the classical doctrine of separation of powers. According to the arguments put forward here, judges judge not only the facts of the cases, but also the legislative choices, so that it is no longer possible to argue that judicial function is a mere declaration of the statutory law in individual cases. Thus, the judicial realization of law cannot be previously determined, since it is not strictly conditioned by the legislated content. However, the statutory law content communicates meanings to citizens and therefore it creates expectations. To confirm or not to confirm these expectations is something related to justification and legitimacy of modern rational States, which hold a legal-rational domination relationship with citizens. Thus, the question of the function of statutory law is put here in terms of legitimacy. On the one hand, we find that we cannot intend to control judicial discretion within the proper limits of the law, on the other hand we argue that it is suitable to intend to submit the positive law to public critics and democratic control. All citizens seem to expect that judicial decisions can be justified in a reasonable manner, thanks to arguments whose strength and relevance are widely accepted in society. From this perspective, we propose a redefinition of the use of legal argument in legal practice and then we start to examine the various implications of the central question posed in this work in the judicial realization of the law.

Abstract In New Zealand's compulsory education sector quality assurance is undertaken by the Education Review Office (ERO). When a school is found to be less effective than is acceptable through the triennial review process, ERO may return to review that school within six or twelve months. This Supplementary Review is identified to the Ministry of Education (MOE) which has several levels of intervention at its disposal which can be employed singularly or in concert to improve the school. Despite the support and interventions funded and/or managed by MOE, some schools have consecutive Supplementary Reviews and some remain under Statutory Intervention for several years. Commonalities among these schools that repeatedly or consistently present as 'at risk' may indicate a need for greater or different support or intervention. Self managing schools, while effective for many schools, may not be a workable and sustainable proposition for others. This may well be particularly true for those schools identified as 'at risk'. This paper considers ERO's process to identify schools 'at risk' and subsequent interventions employed by MOE to support the Principal and Board of Trustees in addressing improvements required within the school. Statistics and document analysis were used to extract data from documents with findings presented as a series of tables. It seeks a match between what is identified by ERO and the Statutory Intervention engaged by MOE. It explores the commonalities of schools under Statutory Intervention and on Supplementary Review. Practice in other countries is also considered in an effort to understand and contextualise the ideas and beliefs that support these approaches. While there is evidence ERO identifies teacher and Principal performance as major areas of concern, lead issues for Statutory Interventions in the same schools focus on the performance of the Board of Trustees as those with the responsibility of governing the school. The focus on governance to improve school performance is not working for some schools, more or different support may be necessary to effect positive change. The balance between capacity building, incentives and accountability for all involved in schools with Statutory Interventions, appears necessary for those with the capacity to improve.