This dissertation explores conceptual, normative, and institutional dimensions of the emergency problematic and defends judicial participation in emergency governance. I develop my arguments on the basis of Posner and Vermeule’s discussion in their book Terror in the Balance. I reject their institutional account of emergency governance captured in their deference thesis by showing its incompatibility with fundamental liberal democratic commitments. As I argue, Posner and Vermeule’s call for across-the-board judicial deference to the executive during emergencies is unwarranted in a number of cases, most notably those involving conflicts of constitutional rights. I also reject Posner and Vermeule’s account of emergency policymaking captured in their tradeoff thesis by showing that it does not provide a suitable criterion by means of which the legitimacy of emergency policies could be determined. My arguments against the tradeoff and deference theses are based in part on my critique of Posner and Vermeule’s conception of emergency situations. In fleshing out my conception of emergency, I present and defend a methodological approach to studying the emergency problematic and offer an extensive discussion of exceptionality associated with emergencies. My conclusion is that it is necessary to take in account liberal democratic commitments in the process of emergency policymaking and that judicial review of the executive during periods of emergency is conducive to legitimate emergency governance. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Some national security crises pose serious challenges to western liberal democracies. On the one hand, because such crises threaten individual lives and the welfare of the political community, there is a strong case in favor of demanding that the government do everything in its power to quash such threats by any means necessary. On the other hand, a number of constitutional commitments seem to prevent liberal democracies from using some means in addressing national security crises. In particular, emergency measures such as coercive interrogation and indefinite detention seem to undermine a number of values and commitments that are fundamental to liberal democratic regimes. In addition, there is a controversy surrounding the role of the judiciary during emergencies. Should judges review executive action to ensure its legitimacy during emergencies or should the executive be the final authority on the legitimacy of its policies? My dissertation develops answers to these questions. I begin by exploring conceptual issues surrounding emergencies. On the basis of this exploration, I provide an account of the role of fundamental liberal democratic commitments in the project of emergency governance and argue in favor of judicial participation in governing liberal democratic communities during periods of emergency.

The aim of this work is to answer the question of whether the judge's remuneration represent a constitutional guarantee of judicial independence and thus whether they can have a real impact on the judges' decisions. In view of this, the thesis will first deal with the definition of the term "judicial independence" and its possible categorizations. Subsequently, the diploma thesis will focus on Czech legal regulation of judicial remuneration and documentation from important international institutions. The focus of this thesis will be devoted to the analysis of Act No. 236/1995 Sb., o platu a dalších náležitostech spojených s výkonem funkce představitelů státní moci a některých státních orgánů a soudců a poslanců Evropského parlamentu, ve znění pozdějších předpisů (about salary and other elements associated with the performance of State representatives, bodies, judges and members of the European Parliament duties). Specifically looking at case law from the Constitutional Court on the issue of judge's remuneration, in particular with regard to the method of calculating judges' salaries and restrictive interventions in the judiciary, including the removal of additional salaries, the freezing of salaries and changes in the statistical index. The aim of this chapter will be to find out, in particular,...

Submitted by Leoná Rodrigues (leonarodrigues@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-30T21:21:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agentes Infiltrados - Rafael Wolff.pdf: 258104 bytes, checksum: a262a84dc2898a284b55b9150a7fafbe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito (bfd@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-12T15:19:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Agentes Infiltrados - Rafael Wolff.pdf: 258104 bytes, checksum: a262a84dc2898a284b55b9150a7fafbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T15:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agentes Infiltrados - Rafael Wolff.pdf: 258104 bytes, checksum: a262a84dc2898a284b55b9150a7fafbe (MD5) / Trata-se de dissertação que versa sobre a atividade criativa do juiz no preenchimento das lacunas presentes nas Leis 9.034/96 e 11.343/06, no tocante ao instituto da infiltração de agentes. Como é cediço, a infiltração de agentes é um meio especial de investigação que permite dimensionar e identificar os componentes de organizações criminosas, de sorte a possibilitar sua desarticulação, o que encontra suporte constitucional e moral nos efeitos danosos acarretados na sociedade por crimes como tráfico de entorpecentes e de seres humanos, seja para trabalhos forçados, exploração sexual ou mesmo doação de órgãos. O suprimento das referidas lacunas pelo magistrado, por sua vez, é corroborada pela análise histórica e filosófica da questão, que comprovam a impossibilidade da lei tudo prever, bem como pela ética judicial, representada pelo dever de fundamentação que garante a imparcialidade e a equidistância dos magistrados, o que resta reafirmado pela expressa previsão do artigo 3º do Código de Processo Penal. Assim, é plenamente viável a adoção da Lei 9.296/96 para suprir as lacunas legais, de sorte a tornar o dispositivo plenamente aplicável, ao menos sob a ótica jurídica, já que a implementação do instituto exige fortes investimentos em treinamento e remuneração de pessoal, bem como em equipamentos. / This dissertation focuses on creative activity of the judge in filling the gaps about the undercover agents presented in the Laws 9.034/96 and 11.343/06. The undercover operation is a special form of investigation that enables us to measure and identify the components of criminal organizations and allows its dismantling. This institute finds constitutional and moral suport on the harmful effects of organized crime in our society, such as trafficking in narcotics and human beings, either for forced labor, sexual exploitation or even organ donation. The filling of these gaps by the magistrate, in turn, is supported both by historical and philosophical analysis, which confirms that it´s not possible for the law predict every situation of life, and by judicial ethics, represented by the obligation of reasoning, that ensures fairness and impartiality of judges, as well as by the express provision of Article 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Thus, it is entirely feasible the adoption of the Law 9.296/96 to fill gaps in the law, so as to make the undercover operations fully applicable in Brazil, at least from the juridical point of view, since the implementation of the institute requires heavy investment in training and salaries, as well as equipment.

Thesis (LL.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Northeastern University, 2008. / Title from title page (viewed March 26, 2009). Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Political Science. Includes bibliographical references (p. 541-552).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Political Science, December 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in the Internet.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-27T13:58:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 25593399 bytes, checksum: d93a65373fec2aca9996f64ec2dc1ec3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 25593399 bytes, checksum: d93a65373fec2aca9996f64ec2dc1ec3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / The growing range of stabling Human Rights, since appear to be contemporary demand inseparable to the evolution of democratic societies, prevents the state to take a shy profile and involves the assumption of responsibilities by the powers that be, including the judiciary itself, despite its character essentially inert. Faced thus a certain passivity of the legislative and executive branches for the development of instruments of defense and protection of these prerogatives and on the structuring of public policy and regulatory guarantees aimed at its implementation, it is conjectured about the causes and consequences of expanding the profile of judicial activity in order to examine whether the rapprochement between the judicial creation of law and human rights, brokered by the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction, if electing, as the central figure of this action the Supreme Court. Thus, it remains to ask to what extent the expansion of the profile of this type of jurisdiction and its respective haughtiness leads to greater effectiveness of the Human Rights circumstances imagined by the use of a hermeneutic result of principled openness and ontological relationship between them and the fundamental rights protectable by the state. The analysis is guided by the literature review and critical perspective, both brought together by a descriptivist posture. / A crescente amplitude de resguardo de Direitos Humanos, uma vez que parecem constituir exigência contemporânea indissociável à evolução das sociedades democráticas, impede que o Estado assuma um perfil tímido e implica na assunção de responsabilidades pelos poderes instituídos, inclusive ao próprio Judiciário, apesar do seu caráter eminentemente inerte. Diante, assim, de certa passividade dos Poderes Legislativo e Executivo quanto ao desenvolvimento de instrumentos de defesa e proteção dessas prerrogativas, bem como acerca da estruturação de políticas públicas e regulamentação de garantias voltadas a sua implementação, conjectura-se sobre as causas e consequências da ampliação do perfil da atividade jurisdicional a fim de analisar-se a aproximação entre a criação judicial do direito e os Direitos do Homem, intermediado pelo exercício da jurisdição constitucional, elegendo-se, como figura central desta atuação o Supremo Tribunal Federal. Assim, resta questionar até que ponto a ampliação do perfil dessa modalidade de jurisdição e sua respectiva altivez conduz a uma maior efetividade dos Direitos Humanos, circunstância imaginada pela utilização de uma hermenêutica decorrente da abertura principiológica e da relação ontológica entre estes e os direitos fundamentais tuteláveis pelo Estado. A análise pauta-se pela revisão bibliográfica e pela perspectiva crítica, ambas reunidas por uma postura descritivista.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Fonseca de Barros Neto.pdf: 1053548 bytes, checksum: 61c89acec90f0b2aee9546e7c0931046 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-19 / The objective of this dissertation is to analyse the judicial reorganization, conceived from the civil procedure law perspective. This proposed perspective is justified by the finding that reorganization can only take place through procedure law. The richness of the specialty of the proceedings related to reorganization decurrent from the complexity and specificity of the substantive law in scene makes this study even more relevant. In fact, intricate questions arise out of the practical concretion of reorganization, whose solution is found in the light of civil procedure law. Therefore, proceedings shall be studied in connection with the substantive law to which it has been drawn, as procedure law shall not be conceived as an end in itself. Baring this premise in mind, this paper firstly analyses the jurisdictional structure of restructuring, focusing on competence, the judicial trustee and the participation of the Public Prosecution Office. Subsequently, the study concentrates on the identification of the parties, specially regarding their legitimacy. Then the requirements for reorganization admission will be tackled in parallel with issues related to the merits. Thereupon, the present dissertation addresses the reorganization proceedings, step by step, from the statement of claim to the final judicial pronouncement which either grants reorganization or, dismissing debtor's plea, decrees the bankruptcy of the debtor. Furthermore, this paper examines the special proceedings applicable to minor business companies, as well as the credits verification and the proceedings emerging from the performance or the non-performance of the approved reorganization plan. Hence, this dissertation embraces the features concerning the practical concretion of companies' reorganization, through the analysis of the unique reorganization proceedings / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a recuperação judicial, a partir do direito processual civil. A perspectiva processual a que se propõe é justificada pela constatação de que somente pelo processo se realiza a recuperação judicial. A riqueza da especialidade do processo destinado à recuperação judicial decorrente da complexidade e especificidade do direito material em jogo faz ainda mais relevante o presente estudo. Afinal, na concretização prática da recuperação judicial, surgem intricadas questões, cuja solução é encontrada à luz do direito processual civil. Evidentemente, o processo é estudado diante do direito material para o qual é desenhado, não se vislumbrando como um fim em si mesmo. Nesse escopo, inicialmente é analisada a estrutura jurisdicional, com foco na competência, no administrador judicial e na participação do Ministério Público. Na sequência, passa-se à identificação das partes, com ênfase na legitimidade. Segue-se o apontamento dos requisitos de admissibilidade, em confronto com as questões de mérito. Chega-se, então, à análise do procedimento da recuperação judicial, passo a passo, desde a petição inicial até a sentença que concede o instituto ou, rejeitando o pedido, decreta a falência do devedor. Também cuida o estudo do procedimento especial destinado às empresas menores, bem como da verificação dos créditos e dos procedimentos decorrentes do cumprimento e do descumprimento do plano aprovado. Pretende o trabalho, portanto, cuidar dos aspectos relativos à concretização da recuperação empresarial, por meio da análise do peculiar processo de recuperação judicial

Submitted by Felipe de Mendonça Lopes (felipe_lopes25@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-14T22:24:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Final.pdf: 1919518 bytes, checksum: 7268ca7969cd2221eddc7a1b4919fee6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Katia Menezes de Souza (katia.menezes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-15T14:46:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Final.pdf: 1919518 bytes, checksum: 7268ca7969cd2221eddc7a1b4919fee6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-15T18:36:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Final.pdf: 1919518 bytes, checksum: 7268ca7969cd2221eddc7a1b4919fee6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T18:36:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Final.pdf: 1919518 bytes, checksum: 7268ca7969cd2221eddc7a1b4919fee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / What do judges want? Although apparently a straightforward question, the motivations that underly judge’s decisions have been a persistent topic of debate in the literature. The discussion arises from the fact that judges, especially those in superior courts, are usually insulated from the ordinary incentives that other agents face. Most enjoy life tenure, their salaries cannot be decreased, and have no performance bonus. Hence, an assumption of economic self-interest would hardly provide useful insights into judicial preferences. In the three essays that form this thesis, I contribute to the judicial behavior literature by providing empirical evidence of at least three different vectors that govern judicial decision-making. In the first essay, I show that judges respond to transparency and scrutiny. The main idea is to explore how a shift in transparency – since 2002 the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) broadcasts its deliberations live on television – may alter behavior. Here, I employ a research design seldom used in the judicial behavior literature – Differences-in-Differences – to test how STF judges have responded to increased transparency. The main finding is that STF justices, when given free television time, act to maximize their individual exposure. They achieve that by writing longer votes and by engaging in more discussions with their peers. In the second essay, I show that political preferences matter. Here, in delving into the judicial activism literature, I test whether activism is related to politics in two ways. First, whether judges appointed by left-wing presidents are more (or less) likely to engage in activist voting than those appointed by right-wing presidents. Second, if judges appointed by presidents of either end of the political spectrum are sensitive to political context, that is, if they respond to the presence of their appointing party in the Executive. In doing so, I propose a new measure of judicial activism, which conditions votes to strike on the Prosecutor-General’s brief. The main result is that activism – both in the traditional and new measures – is associated with ideology measured by presidential appointment. Also, in the new measure, judges are sensitive to political context – they are less likely to engage in activist voting when their appointing party is incumbent in the Federal Executive. Lastly, career matters. Justices that are former politicians are less likely to be activist. Finally, in the third essay, I investigate the determinants of judicial dissent in the Brazilian Supreme Court. Particularly, I disentangle two features of judicial behavior that are known to affect the decision to dissent: ideological heterogeneity and dissent aversion. To do so, I explore the fact that voting in this Court is sequential, that there is a predetermined voting order that varies in nearly every case, to identify where dissent aversion will manifest. The main point is that after a majority has been formed, the justices who vote in sequence know that their votes cannot change the outcome of the case. Hence, they may deviate from their preferred votes and join the majority to avoid the costs of dissenting. Here, I find strong evidence of dissent aversion in the Brazilian Supreme Court. Judges who vote after the pivotal judge are significantly less likely to dissent. The evidence for ideology, however, does not survive all robustness checks. / O que os juízes querem? Embora uma pergunta aparentemente simples, as motivações subjacentes às decisões dos juízes têm sido um tópico persistente de debate na literatura. A discussão surge do fato de que os juízes, especialmente aqueles em cortes superiores, normalmente são isolados dos incentivos que outros agentes enfrentam. A maioria tem cargo vitalício, seus salários não podem ser reduzidos e não têm bônus por desempenho. Desta forma, uma suposição de auto interesse econômico dificilmente forneceria conclusões úteis sobre preferências judiciais. Nos três ensaios que formam esta tese, eu contribuo para a literatura de comportamento judicial, fornecendo evidências empíricas de ao menos três vetores diferentes que regem a tomada de decisões por juízes. No primeiro ensaio, mostro que os juízes respondem à transparência e ao escrutínio. A ideia principal é explorar como uma mudança na transparência - desde 2002, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) transmite suas deliberações ao vivo pela televisão - pode alterar o comportamento. Neste trabalho, emprego um método raramente utilizado na literatura de comportamento judicial - Diferenças-em-Diferenças - para testar como juízes do STF respondem a uma maior transparência. A principal conclusão é que ministros do STF agem para maximizar sua exposição individual quando lhes é dado tempo gratuito de televisão. Para isso, escrevem votos mais longos e interagem mais frequentemente com seus pares. No segundo ensaio, mostro que preferências políticas são relevantes. Aqui, ao investigar a literatura do ativismo judicial, testo se o ativismo está correlacionado com preferências políticas de duas maneiras. Primeiro, se juízes nomeados por presidentes de esquerda são mais (ou menos) propensos a votar de modo ativista do que aqueles nomeados por presidentes de direita. Segundo, se juízes indicados por presidentes de ambos os extremos do espectro político são sensíveis ao contexto político, isto é, se respondem à presença, no Executivo, do partido que os indicou. Aqui, proponho uma nova medida de ativismo judicial, que condiciona votos pela inconstitucionalidade das leis ao parecer do Procurador Geral da República. O principal resultado é que ativismo - tanto na medida tradicional quanto na nova que proponho - é associado à ideologia política medida pela indicação presidencial. Além disso, na nova medida, juízes são sensíveis ao contexto político - são menos propensos a votar de modo ativista se o incumbente no Executivo Federal foi o responsável por sua indicação à corte. Por fim, a carreira anterior também é importante. Juízes que foram políticos são menos propensos a serem ativistas. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, investigo os determinantes da divergência judicial no STF. Em particular, distingo duas características do comportamento dos juízes que reconhecidamente afetam a decisão de divergir: heterogeneidade ideológica e aversão à divergência. Com este objetivo, exploro o fato de que a votação nesta Corte é sequencial, ou seja, que há uma ordem de votação pré-estabelecida que varia em quase todos os casos, para identificar onde a aversão à divergência deve se manifestar. O ponto principal é que depois que a maioria foi formada, os juízes que votam na sequência sabem que seus votos não mudarão o resultado do caso. Logo, eles podem se desviar de seus votos preferidos e se unir à maioria para evitar os custos de divergir. Aqui, encontro fortes evidências de aversão à divergência no Supremo Tribunal Federal. Juízes que votam após o juiz pivotal são significativamente menos propensos a divergir. Evidências a favor da heterogeneidade ideológica, no entanto, não sobrevivem aos testes de robustez.

O presente estudo propõe que a atual compreensão sobre interpretação judicial influencia no modo de ver a tutela dos direitos. Para isso, parte-se do entendimento de que trabalhar com o direito não é trabalhar com um objeto pronto antes da interpretação, mas com indeterminação. Isso conduz à conclusão de que a interpretação jurídica é um caminho que se percorre por meio de escolhas. Com o reconhecimento de que interpretar envolve escolher, realça-se o papel da justificação das decisões judiciais como ponto fundamental da atividade jurisdicional. Dado que a finalidade do processo civil é a tutela dos direitos, a justificação da decisão abre espaço para a tutela dos direitos em duas perspectivas. De um lado, considerando-se que no processo a interpretação tem o fim de decidir um caso, estrutura-se o discurso da motivação voltado à obtenção de uma decisão justa para as partes, o que corresponde a um meio de colaborar para a tutela dos direitos numa perspectiva particular. De outro, considerando-se que por meio da resolução do caso reduz-se a sua indeterminabilidade, estrutura-se o discurso do precedente voltado à tutela dos direitos numa perspectiva geral por duas frentes: promove-se um tratamento isonômico das pessoas e cria-se um ambiente mais seguro para o desenvolvimento da vida social. / This study proposes that the current understanding of judicial interpretation influences the way we understant the protection of rights. In order to achieve this conclusion, we start from the understanding that dealing with the law does not means to deal with a given object finished before the interpretation process, but with indeterminacy. This leads to the conclusion that legal interpretation is a path that runs by making choices. With the recognition that interpretation involves choosing, it is emphasized the role of the justification of judicial decisions as a key point of judicial activity. Given that the purpose of civil proceedings is the protection of rights, the justification of the decision opens the way for the protection of rights in two perspectives. On the one hand, considering that in the judicial process the interpretation happens for the function of dispute resolutions, it is possible to oganize a discourse of the judicial reason giving aiming to achieve a fair decision for the parties, which corresponds to a means to colaborate for the protection of rights in a particular perspective. On the other hand, considering that through the resolution of the case the indeterminacy of the law is reduced, it is possible to organize a discourse of the judicial precedent aiming to achieve the protection of rights in a broad perspective by two fronts: promoting a isonomic treatment of people and creating a safer enviroment for the development of social life.