Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Jarochinski Silva.pdf: 1549804 bytes, checksum: 24f6ac20dedabda61d4c14a00bbc31fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Portugal is a country marked by emigration flows. However, with the end of the Colonial Empire, the re-democratization and its entry into the European Community, Portugal has started to receive immigrants, mainly from its former colonies, in search of better opportunities in a country that showed favorable circumstances for said immigrants to settle and improve their lives. In the 1990s, besides the immigrants from former colonies, groups from other locations started to arrive, especially people from Eastern Europe and Asia. In light of this, the topic of migration started to definitively receive attention in the political scene, and Portugal produced a great quantity of norms for regulation of this issue in the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Portugal´s belonging to the European Union, however, brought as a consequence the need of the incorporation of community rules to deal with immigration, be it by people from other Member-states of the EU, be it by people from third states, which started to be called third-country nationals. The latter are, notably, when in irregular situation, victims of a migration logic mainly focused on repulsion, which generates either barriers or the criminalization of the act of migrating. Steaming from this, the present work develops an analysis of the legislative production in the issue of migration in Portugal, highlighting the connection of said legislative production with the history of the migratory flows that marked the country, up to the moment in which state´s regulation begins to be replaced by community rules. The construction of integration in Europe, the incorporation of the migration issue into other topics of the European Union and the most relevant legislative production in this area are also analyzed, especially in terms of their content and production which will be debated. Furthermore, the work posits the specificity of the migratory framework of Portugal in the midst of a comparison with the scenarios of other countries in Southern Europe, which were branded as the Southern European Model of Immigration. The work also discusses striking aspects for migration, as the use of culture for exclusion, the view that immigration is a factor of insecurity, and the media s discourse on immigration and migrants. Thus, by means of the comparative methodology between the Portuguese and European realities, the work assesses the change brought about the Europeization of migratory norms in Portugal, aiming to demonstrate that this shift did not mean an improvement in regulation, given that it does not considered either the specific national context or the interests and external ties of the country, does not offer more efficient means of control, and is based in a standardization that thinks migration with a focus on security and exclusion / Portugal é um país marcado pelo predomínio de levas emigratórias. Entretanto, com o fim do Império Colonial, com a redemocratização e com a entrada na Comunidade Europeia, passou a receber levas de imigrantes, notadamente das ex-colônias, em busca de melhores oportunidades nesse país que demonstrava oportunidades para que esses migrantes se estabelecessem e melhorassem de vida. Nos anos 1990, além dos imigrantes das ex-colônias, começaram a chegar grupos de outras localidades, com destaque para pessoas vindas do Leste Europeu e da Ásia. A partir dessa nova realidade, a temática da migração destaca-se em definitivo no cenário político, fazendo com que no final do século XX e começo do XXI, aquele país produzisse uma grande quantidade de normas para a regulação da matéria. Mas, o fato de pertencer à União Europeia trouxe como consequência a necessidade de incorporação das regras comunitárias para tratar as imigrações, seja das pessoas advindas dos países-membros da União, seja de terceiros, que passaram a receber a denominação extracomunitários. Estes últimos são, notadamente, quando irregulares, vítimas de uma lógica migratória dominante de repulsa, o que gera barreiras ou criminalização do ato de migrar. A partir desse contexto, o trabalho desenvolve uma análise da produção de Portugal em matéria migratória, salientando a conexão desta com a história dos fluxos que marcaram o país, chegando até o momento em que a regulação estatal começa a ser substituída pela produção comunitária. Também se analisa a construção da integração na Europa, a incorporação da temática migratória aos temas da União e as suas produções mais destacadas, as quais serão debatidas em termos de conteúdo e produção. Além disso, verifica a especificidade do quadro migratório por meio de uma comparação com o cenário dos países do sul europeu, os quais foram designados como Modelo Sul da Europa. Além disso, discute aspectos impactantes para as migrações, como o uso da cultura para fins de exclusão, a visão da imigração como um fator de insegurança e o discurso midiático sobre as imigrações e os migrantes. Portanto, por meio da metodologia comparativa entre a realidade portuguesa e a europeia, o trabalho avalia a mudança provocada pela europeização das normas migratórias, em Portugal, a fim de demonstrar que tal guinada não significou a melhoria na regulação, pois não atenta para o contexto específico nacional, nem para os interesses e vinculações externas do país, não oferece meios mais eficientes de controle e se baseia numa generalização que pensa a migração focada sobre o aspecto de segurança e exclusão

A década de oitenta, no Brasil, foi marcada por crises sucessivas da dívida externa, problemas inflacionários e baixas taxas de crescimento. Neste cenário, surgem idéias favoráveis à abertura da economia e em especial quanto ao Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE), como forma se superar a restrição externa e possibilitar a retomada do crescimento econômico. Entretanto, também existiam justificativas de cunho mais microeconômico. Acreditava-se que as Empresas Nacionais (EN) sofreriam um choque de competitividade ao disputarem mercados com produtos importados de melhor qualidade e principalmente com o ingresso de Empresas Multinacionais (EMN) mais modernas e eficientes. Conseqüentemente, as EN iriam aumentar sua produtividade através do chamado efeito de transbordamento. As EMN, por serem muito eficientes, detentoras e desenvolvedoras de altas tecnologias de produção e técnicas de gestão modernas acabariam causando, de alguma forma, externalidades positivas às EN. Este fato teria como conseqüência o aumento da produtividade das EN. Neste contexto, o Brasil toma diversas medidas que favorecem o ingresso do IDE e a partir de meados da década de noventa passa a receber uma enorme quantidade deste capital, atingindo seu ápice no ano 2000. Entretanto, no início desta década o fluxo do IDE no Mundo e no Brasil apresentaram forte queda. Em 2003, o IDE retomou uma trajetória crescente mundial e o Brasil tem se destacado novamente na recepção deste tipo de capital. Este trabalho analisa os esforços de mensuração dos efeitos de transbordamentos do IDE sobre a produtividade das EN no Brasil. A análise toma por base as interpretações teóricas e empíricas sobre o tema no mundo e no Brasil. A despeito da identificação de alguns efeitos de transbordamentos positivos, ressaltam-se que as medidas tomadas em favor do IDE preocuparam-se basicamente em atraí-lo ao país. Neste sentido, fazemos uma discussão de proposições de políticas públicas e ações institucionais para potencializar as externalidades positivas do IDE sobre as EN no Brasil. / The eighteen decade, in Brazil, was marked by successive external debits crisis, inflationary problems and low rates of growth. In this scenario, thoughts favorable to openness of the economy emerge, in especial related to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), as a way of overcome the external restriction and make possible the return of the economic growth. However, there were justifications more related to microeconomics matters. It used to believe that Nationals Enterprises (NE) would suffer a competitive shock by fight for market-share with imported products of better quality and mainly with the ingress of Multinationals Enterprises (ME), more modern and efficient. Consequently, the NE would increase their productivity through the spillover effects. The ME, as a consequence of being very efficiencies, owner and developer of high of production technologies and modern manager techniques, would cause by some how positive externalities to the NE. This fact would result in the increase of productivity of the NE. In this context, Brazil took several steps to facilitate the ingress of FDI and since middles of the nineties decades started to receive a huge amount of the capital, heating its top in the year 2000. Nevertheless, at the beginning of this decade the flux of FDI in the World and in Brazil had a strong drop. In 2003, the FDI retook a growing trajectory worldly and Brazil has been outstanding again in the reception of this type of capital. This work analyses the efforts of measurement of the spillover effects of FDI in the productivities of NE in Brazil. The analysis takes in account the theoretical and empirical interpretations about the theme in the world and in Brazil. In spite of the identification of some positives spillover effects, we highlight that the measures took in favor to the FDI were basically worried in attract it to the country. In this sense, we discuss propositions of public politics and institutional actions to potentize FDI’s positives externalities over the NE in Brazil.

La politique commune d'immigration et d'asile de l'UE possède comme objectif l'harmonisation des politiques nationales des Etats membres. Toutefois, suite aux nombreux aménagements imposés par ces derniers, elle bute toujours sur les diverses modalités d'application de la gestion commune des frontières et les différents droits attribués aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Un tel contexte de diversité a un impact sur le statut de ces derniers en ce que la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux apparaît secondaire au regard des inquiétudes des Etats membres de conserver leur maîtrise dans le domaine de l'entrée, du séjour et de la sortie des étrangers sur leur territoire. Pou1tant, il est à souligner qu'il ne s'agit que des premiers jalons de la politique migratoire commune de l'UE. Malgré leur manque d'efficacité dû aux clauses optionnelles et dérogatoires, les premières normes européennes adoptées forment indéniablement une base à approfondir en la matière pour les Etats membres. Aujourd'hui, en prenant davantage en compte de la situation vulnérable des ressortissants de pays tiers dans l'Union européenne, les nouveaux textes législatifs, adoptés conformément à la procédure de codécision, ainsi que les décisions prises par la Cour de justice qui, voyant sa compétence étendue en matière migratoire, vient interpréter des clauses ambiguës, procurent un brin d'optimisme aux ressortissants de pays tiers. Finalement, il reste certes certains points à approfondir et certains aspects à améliorer, mais ces nouveaux changements constituent une preuve importante de la volonté de l'UE de trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts étatiques et ceux des ressortissants de pays tiers. / The EU's common policy on immigration and asylum aims to harmonise the national policies of its Member States. Nonetheless, following numerous adjustments imposed by the Member States, this common policy still stumbles on the diverse modalities of application in the joint borders management and the different rights attributed to the third country nationals. Such context of diversity bas an impact on the status of the third country nationals in the way that the protection of theirs fundamental rights appears secondary to the Member States concerns to maintain their control in the area of the entry, stay and exit of the strangers on their territory. However, it should be pointed that this is only the first milestone of the EU's common migratory policy. Despite their lack of efficacy due to optional and derogatory clauses, the first adopted European norms form undeniably a basis for the Member States to further deepen in this field. Nowadays, taking more into account the vulnerable situation of the third-country nationals in the EU, the new legislative texts, adopted according to the codecision procedure, as well as the decisions taken by the Court of justice which, seeing its jurisdiction extended in the migratory field, has interpreted some ambiguous clauses, give a strand of optimism to third-country nationals. Finally, there are certainly still some issues to deepen and some aspects to improve but these new changes constitute an important proof of the willingness of the EU to establish a balance between State interests and those of third-country nationals.

A década de oitenta, no Brasil, foi marcada por crises sucessivas da dívida externa, problemas inflacionários e baixas taxas de crescimento. Neste cenário, surgem idéias favoráveis à abertura da economia e em especial quanto ao Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE), como forma se superar a restrição externa e possibilitar a retomada do crescimento econômico. Entretanto, também existiam justificativas de cunho mais microeconômico. Acreditava-se que as Empresas Nacionais (EN) sofreriam um choque de competitividade ao disputarem mercados com produtos importados de melhor qualidade e principalmente com o ingresso de Empresas Multinacionais (EMN) mais modernas e eficientes. Conseqüentemente, as EN iriam aumentar sua produtividade através do chamado efeito de transbordamento. As EMN, por serem muito eficientes, detentoras e desenvolvedoras de altas tecnologias de produção e técnicas de gestão modernas acabariam causando, de alguma forma, externalidades positivas às EN. Este fato teria como conseqüência o aumento da produtividade das EN. Neste contexto, o Brasil toma diversas medidas que favorecem o ingresso do IDE e a partir de meados da década de noventa passa a receber uma enorme quantidade deste capital, atingindo seu ápice no ano 2000. Entretanto, no início desta década o fluxo do IDE no Mundo e no Brasil apresentaram forte queda. Em 2003, o IDE retomou uma trajetória crescente mundial e o Brasil tem se destacado novamente na recepção deste tipo de capital. Este trabalho analisa os esforços de mensuração dos efeitos de transbordamentos do IDE sobre a produtividade das EN no Brasil. A análise toma por base as interpretações teóricas e empíricas sobre o tema no mundo e no Brasil. A despeito da identificação de alguns efeitos de transbordamentos positivos, ressaltam-se que as medidas tomadas em favor do IDE preocuparam-se basicamente em atraí-lo ao país. Neste sentido, fazemos uma discussão de proposições de políticas públicas e ações institucionais para potencializar as externalidades positivas do IDE sobre as EN no Brasil. / The eighteen decade, in Brazil, was marked by successive external debits crisis, inflationary problems and low rates of growth. In this scenario, thoughts favorable to openness of the economy emerge, in especial related to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), as a way of overcome the external restriction and make possible the return of the economic growth. However, there were justifications more related to microeconomics matters. It used to believe that Nationals Enterprises (NE) would suffer a competitive shock by fight for market-share with imported products of better quality and mainly with the ingress of Multinationals Enterprises (ME), more modern and efficient. Consequently, the NE would increase their productivity through the spillover effects. The ME, as a consequence of being very efficiencies, owner and developer of high of production technologies and modern manager techniques, would cause by some how positive externalities to the NE. This fact would result in the increase of productivity of the NE. In this context, Brazil took several steps to facilitate the ingress of FDI and since middles of the nineties decades started to receive a huge amount of the capital, heating its top in the year 2000. Nevertheless, at the beginning of this decade the flux of FDI in the World and in Brazil had a strong drop. In 2003, the FDI retook a growing trajectory worldly and Brazil has been outstanding again in the reception of this type of capital. This work analyses the efforts of measurement of the spillover effects of FDI in the productivities of NE in Brazil. The analysis takes in account the theoretical and empirical interpretations about the theme in the world and in Brazil. In spite of the identification of some positives spillover effects, we highlight that the measures took in favor to the FDI were basically worried in attract it to the country. In this sense, we discuss propositions of public politics and institutional actions to potentize FDI’s positives externalities over the NE in Brazil.

A década de oitenta, no Brasil, foi marcada por crises sucessivas da dívida externa, problemas inflacionários e baixas taxas de crescimento. Neste cenário, surgem idéias favoráveis à abertura da economia e em especial quanto ao Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE), como forma se superar a restrição externa e possibilitar a retomada do crescimento econômico. Entretanto, também existiam justificativas de cunho mais microeconômico. Acreditava-se que as Empresas Nacionais (EN) sofreriam um choque de competitividade ao disputarem mercados com produtos importados de melhor qualidade e principalmente com o ingresso de Empresas Multinacionais (EMN) mais modernas e eficientes. Conseqüentemente, as EN iriam aumentar sua produtividade através do chamado efeito de transbordamento. As EMN, por serem muito eficientes, detentoras e desenvolvedoras de altas tecnologias de produção e técnicas de gestão modernas acabariam causando, de alguma forma, externalidades positivas às EN. Este fato teria como conseqüência o aumento da produtividade das EN. Neste contexto, o Brasil toma diversas medidas que favorecem o ingresso do IDE e a partir de meados da década de noventa passa a receber uma enorme quantidade deste capital, atingindo seu ápice no ano 2000. Entretanto, no início desta década o fluxo do IDE no Mundo e no Brasil apresentaram forte queda. Em 2003, o IDE retomou uma trajetória crescente mundial e o Brasil tem se destacado novamente na recepção deste tipo de capital. Este trabalho analisa os esforços de mensuração dos efeitos de transbordamentos do IDE sobre a produtividade das EN no Brasil. A análise toma por base as interpretações teóricas e empíricas sobre o tema no mundo e no Brasil. A despeito da identificação de alguns efeitos de transbordamentos positivos, ressaltam-se que as medidas tomadas em favor do IDE preocuparam-se basicamente em atraí-lo ao país. Neste sentido, fazemos uma discussão de proposições de políticas públicas e ações institucionais para potencializar as externalidades positivas do IDE sobre as EN no Brasil. / The eighteen decade, in Brazil, was marked by successive external debits crisis, inflationary problems and low rates of growth. In this scenario, thoughts favorable to openness of the economy emerge, in especial related to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), as a way of overcome the external restriction and make possible the return of the economic growth. However, there were justifications more related to microeconomics matters. It used to believe that Nationals Enterprises (NE) would suffer a competitive shock by fight for market-share with imported products of better quality and mainly with the ingress of Multinationals Enterprises (ME), more modern and efficient. Consequently, the NE would increase their productivity through the spillover effects. The ME, as a consequence of being very efficiencies, owner and developer of high of production technologies and modern manager techniques, would cause by some how positive externalities to the NE. This fact would result in the increase of productivity of the NE. In this context, Brazil took several steps to facilitate the ingress of FDI and since middles of the nineties decades started to receive a huge amount of the capital, heating its top in the year 2000. Nevertheless, at the beginning of this decade the flux of FDI in the World and in Brazil had a strong drop. In 2003, the FDI retook a growing trajectory worldly and Brazil has been outstanding again in the reception of this type of capital. This work analyses the efforts of measurement of the spillover effects of FDI in the productivities of NE in Brazil. The analysis takes in account the theoretical and empirical interpretations about the theme in the world and in Brazil. In spite of the identification of some positives spillover effects, we highlight that the measures took in favor to the FDI were basically worried in attract it to the country. In this sense, we discuss propositions of public politics and institutional actions to potentize FDI’s positives externalities over the NE in Brazil.

This thesis deals with the employment of foreign nationals in the Czech Republic, namely in Prague. The aim is to analyze the process of employing foreign nationals to point out the shortcomings of applied process and suggest measures to improve the current situation. Analysis of the process of employing foreign nationals is based on publicly available information sources and uses the results of a survey among foreign nationals and interviews with consultants in the field.

Background Immigrants often encounter barriers in the health system that may affect their health care outcomes. In order to better cater to the needs of immigrants, many health care institutions have increased their efforts in recent years to provide services which are more sensitive to the needs of an increasingly diverse population. Little is known about whether these efforts are successful. This study examines difference in outcomes of tertiary prevention between immigrants and the autochthonous population in Germany over the period of 2006–2014. Methods The analysis is based on a 10% random sample of routine data on completed tertiary preventive treatments in Germany during 2006–2014. Four different indicators of treatment effectiveness were compared between patients with a nationality from Germany, Portugal/Spain/Italy/Greece, Turkey and Former Yugoslavia using logistic regression adjusted for demographic/socioeconomic factors. Interaction terms for year were modeled to examine group differences over time. Results Depending on the outcome, Turkish and Former Yugoslavian nationals had an 23%-69% higher chance of a poor treatment effectiveness than Germans (OR = 1.23 [95%-CI = 1.15,1.32] and OR = 1.69 [95%-CI = 1.55,1.83], respectively). Fewer differences were observed between nationals from Portugal/Spain/Italy/Greece and Germans. Disparities did not significantly differ between the years in which services were utilized. Conclusion Measures implemented by health care institutions did not reduce existing health care disparities between immigrants and the majority population in Germany. One potential reason is that existing approaches are unsystematic and often not properly evaluated. More targeted strategies and a thorough evaluation is needed in order to improve health care for immigrants sustainably.

in English. Eddy Bruno Esien, Dissertation Thesis The purpose of this dissertation seeks to find out how young third country immigrants` transition from welfare to all types of work take place in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic and how is the role of their employment services in work-related activation programs implementation to smoothing this process. The thesis consists of an Introduction and sixteen included articles. The dissertation is based on a qualitative cross-national comparative fewer case study approach, in which both primary and secondary data were collected for analysis. The main research question was: How does young third country immigrants` transition from welfare to all types of work take place in Austria, Finland, and the Czech Republic and what is the role of their employment services in work-related activation programmes implementation to smoothing this process? In more detail research questions included: (a) the roles of the governments, public and private employment service agencies in the implementation of work-related activation program to enable young third country immigrant's transition from welfare to all types of work in Austria, Finland and the Czech Republic; (b) the relationships between the public and private employment service agencies and the Governments in...

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La tesi propone una ricognizione dei principali contributi sulla riflessione sviluppatasi attorno al nesso tra cittadinanza attiva, partecipazione e volontariato delle persone di origine straniera.  Il quadro teorico di riferimento integra il paradigma della sociologia relazionale e quello dell’approccio delle capabilities - i quali sono stati usati in un’ottica di complementarietà - nell’idea di unire la dimensione sociale, partecipativa e relazionale della cittadinanza alla richiesta di quest’ultima di essere continuamente sostenuta affinché possa configurarsi in termini di cittadinanza competente. L’analisi è stata condotta con metodologia qualitativa e, nello specifico, attraverso la realizzazione due studi di caso afferenti a esperienze di attivazione di persone di origine straniera all’interno di realtà di volontariato organizzato, nell’intento di identificare gli elementi facilitanti e ostacolanti la messa in atto di pratiche di cittadinanza attiva. I risultati più significativi riguardano: a) l’esigenza di approfondire la presenza di impliciti culturali stanti la diversa semantizzazione della pratica del volontariato delle persone di origine straniera, affinché la promozione di azioni di cittadinanza attiva trovi senso e spazio all’interno di una cornice di riferimento condivisa, b) l’importanza di policy integrate e condivise che riconoscano il ruolo chiave della società di accoglienza nel processo di integrazione. / The present study focuses on the nexus between active citizenship, social participation and Third Country Nationals volunteering in non-ethnic organizations. The theoretical framework integrates the paradigm of relational sociology and the capability approach with the specific aim to integrate the social, participatory and relational dimension of citizenship with its request to be continuously supported by the different actors of the civil society, so that it can configure itself as a competent citizenship. The analysis is done by conducting two case studies focusing on the experience of engagement of Third Country Nationals in non-ethnic voluntary organization, in order to identify factors and conditions promoting or hindering the implementation of active citizenship practices. Main results concern: a) the importance to take into consideration the diverse concepts of and attitude towards volunteering and the implicit cultural understandings of volunteering which affect the way in which volunteering is practiced and understood within society and b) the key role of the receiving society into the integration process of migrant.