In this study, the topic of men’s violence against women has been highlighted. Men’s violence against women is a societal problem that occurs in various social groups, ages and cultures. The study conducts semi-structured interviews with six social workers to examine their experiences working with abused women with foreign backgrounds. The collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis method based on: the normalization process, empowerment and break-up process. The study showed that some of the main factors that made it difficult for women were children, emotional ties, financial and housing dependencies. This study also confirmed previous studies which showed that women with a foreign background are particularly vulnerable and thus find it more difficult to break up a relationship due to societal norms, language difficulties, social networks and because of their ignorance of society. This study also shows that the interviewed social workers found that motivation and support given to violated women in various processes made the break-up process easier for these women. However, the social workers encountered some difficulties working with women with a foreign background, such as communication difficulties.

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur intervjudeltagare verksamma inom för studien relevanta organisationer och myndigheter resonerade angående barriärer för polisanmälan som kvinnor kan uppleva vid våld i nära relation. Vidare var syftet att diskutera hur intervjudeltagarna såg på sin roll att öka anmälningsbenägenheten genom att underlätta för kvinnorna att överkomma dessa barriärer. Teorin utgick från normalisering, victim blaming och sekundär viktimisering samt det ideala offret. Metoden som användes var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Uppsatsens resultat visade att deltagarna var medvetna om dessa barriärer och att de hade utvecklat förhållningssätt och strategier för att bemöta dessa, exempelvis genom att avnormalisera våldet. Vidare konstaterades att även om ingen av intervjudeltagarna ansåg att bidra till ökad anmälningsbenägenhet var deras huvuduppgift kan deras bemötande av barriärerna indirekt öka denna. / The aim of the study was to examine how the interviewees from different organizations and authorities relevant to our study reasoned on the barriers women might experience when it comes to reporting intimate partner abuse to the police. The aim was also to examine how the interviewees viewed their role in increasing the propensity to report by encouraging the women to overcome these barriers. Our theory was based on the theories of the normalization process, victim blaming and secondary victimization and the ideal victim. The method used was qualitative, semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the interviewees were aware of these barriers and that they had developed different approaches and strategies to meet these barriers, for example by de-normalizing the violence. Another finding was that although none of the interviewees regarded increasing the women’s propensity to report as their first priority, their work in helping the women to overcome the barriers indirectly can contribute to increase the propensity to report to the police.

Tidigare forskning om våld i nära relation berör främst mäns våld mot kvinnor. Det finns en kunskapslucka om förekomsten av och kunskapen om mäns våldsutsatthet. Majoriteten av studier om våld mot män omfattas av kvantitativa studier. Den här studien syftar till att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, undersöka hur våldet mot män i heterosexuella relationer tar sig uttryck och hur mannens uppbrottsprocesser kan se ut, för att jämföra det med den kunskap som finns tillgänglig om kvinnors våldsutsatthet. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vilken hjälp och stöd som finns att tillgå. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används innefattar teorier om våld, normaliseringsprocessen, uppbrottsprocessen, norm- och genusteorier. Urvalet innefattar fem våldsutsatta män som tidigare erfarit våld i heterosexuell relation. Studiens resultat tyder på att samtliga former av våld förekommer i de relationer där män utsätts för våld. Deras uppbrottsprocesser överensstämmer väl med teorier om kvinnors uppbrottsprocesser, vilket antyder att männen upplever samma svårigheter att lämna relationen. Ett utmärkande drag för våldsutsatta män kan kopplas till normer och förväntningar på könsroller, samt att det bidrar till ökade skam- och skuldkänslor. Mörkertalet av våldsutsatta män kan därmed förklaras genom att män inte söker hjälp och stöd på grund av skam, lågt förtroende för rättsväsendet eller okunskap om vart de kan vända sig. De konsekvenser som framkommer till följd av våldet överensstämmer väl med forskningen om kvinnor, där konsekvenserna tenderar att bli långvariga. Genom att normalisera mannen som våldsutövare försvåras möjligheten för våldsutsatta män att få rätt hjälp att hantera eller komma ur den destruktiva relationen. / Previous research on intimate partner violence mainly concerns mens violence against women. There is a knowledge gap about the occurrence and knowledge of mens experience violence, the majority of studies are quantitative studies. This study aims to, through qualitative interviews, examine how the violence against men in heterosexual relationships takes form and how the processes of breakup can be compared with the knowledge available about womens violence, and investigate the available support. The theoretical perspectives include theories of violence, the normalization- and breakup processes, norm- and gender theories. The sample includes five mens experience on intimate partner violence in heterosexual relationships. The results indicate that all forms of violence occur to men subjected to intimate partner violence. The processes of breakup resembles the theories of womens processes, which indicates that men experience the same difficulties in leaving the relationship. A distinctive characteristic of men who are victims of intimate partner violence can be linked to the norms and expectations of gender roles and that contributes to increased shame and guilt feelings. The number of men exposed to violence can thus be explained by the fact that men do not seek help and support because of shame, low confidence in the legal system or lack of knowledge about where they can turn to for help. The consequences that result from the abuse are similar to research on women, where the consequences tend to be prolonged. By normalizing the man as the perpetrator, makes it difficult to get the right help and leave the destructive relationship.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how social workers experience and understand threats and violence aimed towards them in their profession as well as what factors increase and decrease their motivation to report threats and violence from clients in order to conspire to a better work environment for social workers.   Method: The empirical material of this study was collected through semi-structured interviews  with six social workers within child protective service in Sweden.   Theory: The theories used to analyze the empirical material has been Berger and Luckmanns theory about social construction and Lundgrens theory about the normalization process.   Results: The results showed that all six social workers had experienced threats or violence from clients at some point. Our results also indicate that social workers normalize threats and violence from their clients. The normalization may be a result of the mentality that threats and violence is a part of the job which is present among social workers. Another finding was that the social workers propensity to report threats or violence depended on the relationship to the client. If they had a long and good relationship the propensity to report decreased.

Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett samhällsproblem och kränker våldsutsatta kvinnors frihet. Kvinnliga offer är överrepresenterade i statiskt som berörvåld i nära relation. Med en kvalitativ ansats har vi haft som syfte att undersöka professionellas syn på varför kvinnor stannar kvar i våldsammaheterosexuella parrelationer och vad som möjliggör för ett uppbrott. Med ett målinriktat urval har sex professionella socialarbetare strategiskt valts ut för att besvara vårt syfte med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Denna studie tar stöd av teorierna, normaliseringsprocessen och uppbrottsprocessen. För att analysera det empiriska materialet har en tematisk analysmetod använts. Resultatet har brutits ner i följande trehuvudteman: rädsla, normaliseringsprocessen samt stöd. Följande subteman är barn, ekonomi, kärlek, kultur, isolering, internalisering, samhällets resurser och kunskap. Studien visade på kvarhållande faktorer, dessa var rädsla och en direkt följd av normaliseringsprocessen. Rädslan kvinnorna upplever kan härledas till barn, ekonomi, kärlek samt kultur. Enligt professionella upplever flera kvinnor en rädsla kring vad som kan hända barnen vid en eventuell separation och hur de ska klara sig ekonomiskt utan mannens finansiering. Rädslan kan även förväxlas med kärlek och en delkvinnor är styrda av kulturella normer, vilket skapar en rädsla för att lämna. Normaliseringsprocessen visade sig även vara ett återkommande tema som synliggör hur gränserna för vad som uppfattas vara normalt förskjuts och att våldet normaliseras för kvinnorna. De faktorer som visade sig möjliggöraför ett uppbrott från våldspräglade relationer var stöd i form av samhällets resurser, barn samt kunskap. Med hjälp av samhällets resurser kan kvinnor få hjälp med ekonomi, skydd samt skyddad identitet, vilket kan vara avgörande faktorer för att kunna lämna. Även kunskap kring kvinnans rättigheter och vilket stöd som finns tillgängligt är viktiga faktorer som möjliggjorde för ett uppbrott. / Men's violence against women is a societal problem that violates the freedom of women who are victims of violence. Female victims are overrepresented in statistics concerning violence in intimate relationships. With a qualitative approach, this study aims to examine professionals' perspectives on why women stay in abusive heterosexual relationships and what enables them to break free. Through purposeful sampling, six professional social workers have been strategically selected to address ouraim through semi-structured interviews. This study draws on the theories ofthe normalization process and the process of leaving an abusive relationship.A thematic analysis method has been employed to analyze the empirical material. The results have been categorized into three main themes: fear, the normalization process, and support. The following sub-themes include children, finances, love, culture, isolation, internalization, love, societal resources, and knowledge. According to the professionals, the most prominent factors keeping women in abusive relationships were fear and, as a direct consequence, the normalization process. The fear experienced by the women could be attributed to concerns about the children, financial dependence, and cultural norms. Several women were afraid of the potential consequences for their children in the event of a separation and how they would manage financially without the partner's support. The normalization process emerged as a recurring theme, highlighting how the boundaries of what is perceived as normal shift, and the violence becomes normalized for women. The factors enabling a break from violent relationships included support in the form of societal resources and knowledge. Through societal resources, women can receive assistance with finances, protection, and secure identity, which can be crucial factors in leaving. Awareness of women's rights and the available support also played significant roles in enabling a break.

With the unplanned rapid switch to Working from Home (WFH) arrangement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, organisations and their employees were forced to adapt their processes and practices with a huge dependence on digital technologies. When such work reorganization is adopted, all everyday activities including social interactions with colleagues must therefore be taken into account. Existing literature indicates that social interaction with colleagues in the traditional workplace is considered a fundamental feature of employees’ social life and as it shapes their experience of work. Considering that lack of social interaction can lead to social isolation and other negative consequences which in turn affects the whole organization negatively. Currently, little is known about how remote workers engage and maintain social interactions with their colleagues via technology platforms when working remotely. This master’s thesis  study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge  on remote working by highlighting remote workers’  experiences around digital social interaction with colleagues when working from home(WFH).  An interpretivist approach utilizing qualitative research was employed by the author of this master’s study. Data was collected using participant observation and semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of remote workers who started and are currently working remotely as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study explored how participants of the study engage in social interactions with their colleagues via technology and how such interactions are embedded in their working lives. The empirical data generated from interviews and observations was subsequently subjected to a thematic analysis for interpretation. Five themes emerged from the thematic analysis method; these themes which constituted the empirical findings of this master’s thesis were then analyzed in connection to the research questions and discussed with the literature review as well as with the four constructs of the Normalization Process Theory(NPT) adopted in this master’s thesis. The results of this study show that social interaction via technology takes place before and after meetings and via chat functions as well. The findings of the study also highlight that most participants do not experience issues in relation to digital social interactions as reported in the previous literature. However, participants reported some negative factors that hinder their social interaction when WFH such as increased workload, overwhelming online social events and reduced support for the new team members. The contribution of this master’s thesis study is to highlight that different perceptions and feelings of how work arrangement has changed via technology exists while working remotely. It is suggested that organizations willing to implement the new work models(Hybrid work or WFH) need to be aware of the existence of these differences and act based on the insights provided by this master’s thesis study. Keywords: Remote Working, Working from home, digital Social interaction, Social support, Social isolation, ICT,  Normalization Process Theory

Studien har syftat till att belysa kvinnojourers arbete med migrerande kvinnor i anknytningsrelation och deras utmaningar i arbetet. Tidigare forskning har framhållit att det brister i forskning om migrerande kvinnor och hur kvinnojourer arbetar med berörda kvinnor i anknytningsrelation. Studien grundar sig i kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta respondenter från olika kvinnojourer i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det finns utmaningar i kvinnojourers arbete med migrerande kvinnor. Utveckling och förbättring är nödvändigt av bland annat myndigheter i form av basal samhällsinformation, kunskap om vart kvinnor ska vända sig och vilka rättigheter de har. I enlighet med tidigare forskning och teorier appliceras intersektionella perspektivet i deras arbete, då migrerande kvinnor har andra behov gentemot vad en svenskfödd kvinna har. Genusordningen påvisar mäns maktövertag över kvinnor utifrån kön och normaliseringen redogör att kvinnor normaliserar våldet. Det finns befintliga lagar som skyddar migrerande kvinnor, men i själva verket är det sällan dessa lagar tillämpas. Vi som forskare tolkar att respondenterna upplever utmaningar i deras arbete, särskilt när det gäller tvåårsregeln. Kvinnojourer är delaktiga i migrerande kvinnors liv och hjälper utifrån befintliga resurser och möjligheter, men i själva verket ligger inte allt i kvinnojourers händer vilket försvårar deras arbete med migrerande kvinnor. / The purpose of this study is to enlighten women's shelters work with migrant women in an attachment relationship and their challenges. Previous research shows a lack of research on migrant women and women’s shelters work with women in attachment relationships. The study is based on qualitative interviews with eight respondents from various women’s shelters in Sweden. The results show challenges in women’s shelters work with migrant women. Development and improvement is necessary by authorities based on giving basic social information, knowledge of where women can seek help and knowing her rights. In accordance with previous research and theories, intersectional perspective is applied in women’s shelters work, as migrant women have different needs compared to what a Swedish-born woman has. The gender order demonstrates men's dominance over women based on sex and the theory of normalization explains that women normalize violence. There are existing laws that protect migrant women, but in reality, these laws are rarely enforced. We interpret that the respondents experience challenges in their work, especially regarding the two-year rule. Women's shelters are involved in migrant women's lives and help them based on their resources and opportunities, but in reality, not everything is in the hands of women's shelters, which makes their work with migrant women difficult.

Syftet är att med hjälp av en litteraturöversikt öka kunskapen kring hur våldsutsatta kvinnors hälsa och livssituation påverkas av mäns våld. Metoden som använts till uppsatsen är en litteraturöversikt där 20 vetenskapliga artiklar valts ut efter relevans sett till uppsatsens syfte. Materialet har sedan noggrant kategoriserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. De teman som återfinns i uppsatsen är begränsningar i kvinnors livssituation, social hälsa, psykisk hälsa, fysisk hälsa samt vårdbesök relaterat till hälsa och livssituation. Resultatet indikerar att mäns våld mot kvinnor medför förödande konsekvenser på kvinnors hälsa. Konsekvenser på den psykiska hälsan som redovisas i resultatet är bland annat, posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, ångest, depression samt ett flertal andra återkommande känslor. Vidare påverkas den sociala hälsan negativt då kvinnor som utsätts för partnervåld ofta isoleras på grund av männens kontroll, vilket leder till ett minskat socialt nätverk. Direkta skador och nedsättningar på kroppen är fysiska effekter av våld som visat sig vara vanligt förekommande. Det finns för våldsutsatta kvinnor ett stort behov av vård men det kan också vara en svår process för många att gå igenom. Normaliseringsprocessen är en teori som förklarar kvinnors förändrade verklighetsbilder. Vi har nått ökad kunskap kring kvinnors våldsutsatthet med hjälp av normaliseringsprocessen och den insamlade empirin. I analysen tydliggörs hur kvinnor går från att erhålla egen kontroll över sina liv, till att förlora den på grund av männens makt. / The aim is to use a literature review to increase knowledge about how the health and life situation of women exposed to violence are affected by men's violence. The method used for the essay is a literature review where 20 scientific articles have been selected according to relevance in terms of the purpose of the essay, the material has then been carefully categorized by using a thematic analysis. The themes found in the essay are limitations in women’s life situation, social health, mental health, physical health and care visits related to health and life situation. The results indicate that men’s violence against women has devastating consequences for women’s health. Consequences on the mental health that are shown in the results are for instance post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and several other recurring emotions. Furthermore, social health is negatively affected as women who are exposed to partner violence are often isolated due to men’s control, which leads to a reduced social network. Direct injuries and impairments to the body are physical effects of violence that have been shown to be common. There is a great need of care for abused women, but it can also be a difficult process for many to go through. The normalization process is a theory that explains women’s changing images of reality. We have achieved increased knowledge about women’s exposure to violence with help of the normalization process and the collected empirical evidence. The analysis clarifies how women go from having their own control over their lives, to losing it due to men’s power.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att sammanställa forskning kring våldsutsatta kvinnors erfarenheter av vilka faktorer som påverkat deras beslut i att stanna eller lämna en våldsam relation, samt vad som har ökat deras förutsättningar att lämna relationen. Detta besvarades med forskningsfrågorna: “Vilka faktorer påverkar att en kvinna stannar kvar i eller lämnar en relation där det förekommer våld?” och “Vad ökar förutsättningarna för att lämna en relation där det förekommer våld?”. De vetenskapliga artiklar som användes till resultatet baserades på kvalitativa studier som intervjuat kvinnor som har erfarenhet av att utsättas för partnervåld och som antingen har valt att stanna i eller lämna relationen. En innehållsanalys användes för att analysera resultatet. De teorier som användes var intersektionalitet och normaliseringsprocessen, för att få en ökad förståelse för hur dessa teorier förklarar processen gällande förutsättningarna för ett uppbrott. Resultatet visade att beslutet att stanna i eller lämna relationen påverkas av bland annat kvinnornas tillgång till stöd, om de har barn och vilka känslor de har inför situationen. De faktorer som resultatet visade ökade förutsättningarna för att lämna är kvinnans ekonomiska förutsättningar att försörja sig själv och landets lagar och normer. Den slutsatsen som drogs var att det är högst individuellt vad som påverkar om en kvinna väljer att stanna i eller lämna relationen, men att ökade förutsättningar att lämna inte garanterar att kvinnan väljer att genomföra uppbrottet, då andra faktorer kan spela in. / The purpose of this essay was to compile research on abused women's experiences of which factors influenced their decision to stay or leave a violent relationship, as well as what they think has increased their chances of leaving the relationship. This was answered with the research questions: "Which factors influence whether a woman stays in or leaves a relationship where there is violence?" and "What increases the conditions for leaving a relationship where there is violence?". The scientific articles used for the results were based on qualitative studies that interviewed women who have experienced partner violence and who have either chosen to stay in or leave the relationship. A literature analysis was used to analyze the results. The theories that have been used are intersectionality and the normalization process, to gain an increased understanding of how these theories affect the process to leave the abusive relationship. The results showed that the decision to stay in or leave the relationship is influenced by, among other things, access to support, their children and what feelings they have about the situation. The results showed that conditions like the woman's financial conditions and the country's laws and norms increased the chance of leaving. The conclusion drawn is that it is highly individual what affects a woman to stay or leave the relationship, but that conditions that increase her opportunity to leave does not necessarily guarantee that the woman chooses to carry out the breakup, since other factors can play a part in her decision.

Objective: The promotion of self-management support for people with LTCs is a health policy priority across the UK (LTCAS 2008; DoH 2012). Self-management support is designed to change and improve care for people with LTCs, who form an increasing proportion of the population requiring healthcare and treatment. For health organisations models of care, which support self-management, require greater emphasis on person-focused rather than disease-focused manifestations of health and represents a new model of care delivery requiring changes in practice. Current research demonstrates that health policies are increasingly complex, involve multiple organisations and often fail to translate into effective practice (Noyles et al. 2014). The deficit between what works and what happens in practice is referred to as the “implementation deficit” (Pressman and Wildasky 1984) and traditionally it has been difficult to breakaway from the idea that the policy process is best viewed from the top-down (Barett and Fudge 1981). However, there remains a need to understand the processes of implementation, which takes account of the variation, the multiple layers and interactions which takes place between policy-maker and -implementer as policy becomes practice (Hupe 2011). Implementation of self-management is a contemporary focus in UK health policy and this thesis explains what processes are used to implement self-management policy for people with LTCs into everyday practice in one health board. Methods: A case study approach was used to investigate the policy process with data collected using thirty-one semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and regional and local policy-implementers plus eight hours of observation of national and regional policy meetings. To provide context to the implementation process data also included thirteen policy documents. Data analysis used the retrospective application of NPT as a theoretical framework with which to explore the implementation processes. NPT is an emerging theory that is being promoted as a means of understanding implementation, embedding and integration of new ideas in healthcare (McEvoy et al. 2014). The application of NPT focuses on four mechanisms, termed work (May and Finch 2009: 547), which promote incorporation of new ideas in practice. These areas of work are coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring (Mair et al. 2012). Findings: The findings suggest that there are a number of important influences operating behind or as part of the policy implementation process. These included the need for a shared understanding, getting stakeholders involved to drive forward policy, work promoting collaboration and participation was the most detailed and important in the process of policy implementation; the course of policy was affected by factors which facilitated or inhibited stakeholders acceptance of self-management; and NPT fosters key analytical insights. Conclusion: Understanding the process of policy implementation in healthcare and how practice changes as a result of policy is subject to a wide range of influences. What emerges are five key recommendations relating to understanding policy implementation. (1) understanding the concept of self-management is important in promoting policy implementation. This understanding benefits from dialogue between policy-makers and -implementers. (2) stakeholder involvement supports implementation particularly the role of clinical leadership and leadership through existing networks but also value in establishing new organisational structures to create a receptive context. (3) develop participation and collaboration through use of the patient voice which helped simplify the policy message and motivate change. (4) other resources help policy implementation and where these are evident then policy is implemented and where they are absent then implementation is not embedded. Lack of evidence was a particular area of constraint. (5) NPT has shown that social context is important, and provides for this. But in addition there is evidence that historical perspectives and previous experience are also important influence on receptivity to implementation. This research contributes to the development of theory and practice in the area of implementation science. The exploration of the policy implementation has revealed the action and work which policy-makers and -implementers are engaged in while implementing policy. It has tested the utility of NPT in a real-life setting using all four mechanisms.