Les récepteurs nucléaires sont des facteurs de transcription qui exercent leur fonction via le contrôle de la transcription de leurs gènes cibles, une régulation qui est dépendante de cofacteurs associés. Les complexes transcriptionnels ainsi formés dialogueront avec l’environnement chromatinien (méthylation de l’ADN, remodelage des nucléosomes, modifications post-traductionnelles des histones) afin de promouvoir la répression ou l’activation transcriptionnelle des cibles géniques de ces récepteurs. Ce projet a identifié une interaction entre la lysine déméthylase LSD1 et le récepteur nucléaire orphelin ERRα dans des cellules humaines de cancers du sein. LSD1 protège ERRα d’une dégradation protéasomale de manière indépendante de son activité catalytique. Par ailleurs, LSD1 déméthyle H3K9 et H3K4 in vivo, mais est incapable in vitro de déméthyler H3K9. La présence de ERRα révèle cette activité de LSD1 sur H3K9, suggérant que le complexe ERRα -LSD1 agit comme un régulateur positif de la transcription. En ce sens, ERRα et LSD1 régulent un nombre important de gènes communs identifiés par RNAseq. Ainsi, 10 gènes activés ont été sélectionnés et le recrutement de ERRα et LSD1 a été examiné sur ces cibles géniques. En association avec les résultats obtenus in vitro, nous avons observé in vivo qu’en absence de ERRα ou LSD1, les gènes activés par ces deux partenaires présentent une augmentation de la marque répressive H3K9me2 sans affecter H3K4me2 au niveau du site d’initiation de la transcription. En conclusion, LSD1 interagit avec ERRα et inhibe sa dégradation, conduisant à une coopération transcriptionnelle de ces protéines. Pour la première fois, un rôle direct de ERRα sur l’environnement chromatinien a été identifié via l’activité de LSD1 sur des marques répressives d’histones. / Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that cooperate with chromatin associated factors to promote their activities. These transcriptional complexes are able to modulate the chromatin landscape to repress or promote transcription. Interestingly, there is an intricate cross-talk between these complexes and the chromatin environment that can influence each other to coordinate gene expression led by nuclear receptors. Post-translational modifications of histones regulate in part, DNA accessibility and the activities of nuclear receptors. One of these histone modifiers is LSD1, which is known to demethylate lysines 4 (H3K4) and 9 (H3K9) on histone 3. This manuscript focuses on the discovered LSD1-ERRα complex in human cancer cell lines. LSD1 interacts with ERRα, hence, modulates ERRα protein stability via a demethylation independent manner. Moreover, LSD1 is able to demethylate H3K4me2 in vitro but not H3K9me2. Interestingly, we observed that ERRα is able to switch LSD1 activity toward H3K9me2 to promote gene transcription without any additional cofactor in vitro. To confirm this effect in vivo, a transcriptomic analysis on mammary cancer cells was performed and highlights common target genes between ERRα and LSD1. We selected 10 genes activated by both and verified ERRα and LSD1 recruitment on these targets. Moreover, upon knock-down of ERRα or LSD1, the transcriptional start sites of activated genes -bound and regulated by both proteins- are enriched in the repressive mark H3K9me2. Altogether, these results describe a positive regulation of ERRα by LSD1 which in turn, drives the demethylase activity on H3K9me2 to promote transcription. Finally, these data highlight a direct function of ERRα on chromatin landscape.

Receptores ativados da proliferação de peroxissomos (PPAR) são receptores nucleares que regulam o metabolismo de gordura e glicose, adipogênese e polarização de macrófagos, e são os mediadores da ação de uma grande classe de fármacos usada no tratamento de diabetes tipo 2, as tiazolidinadionas (TZD). Enquanto as TZDs reduzem a glicose do sangue e aumentam efetivamente a sensibilidade à insulina, elas podem também apresentar efeitos colaterais como aumento do risco de complicações cardiovasculares, ganho de peso, retenção de fluido e toxicidade hepática. Por causa disso, novos fármacos que possuem respostas mais favoráveis devem ser desenvolvidos, e o mecanismo de ativação do PPAR por ligantes vem sendo intensamente examinado. Para entender a relação entre a ligação de agonistas ao PPAR e a ativação transcricional, pretendíamos primeiramente obter cristais de PPAR-LBD (domínio de ligação ao ligante) humano na forma apo. Porém, surpreendentemente, a análise do sítio de ligação ao ligante revelou a presença de três pequenas moléculas, identificadas como ácidos nonanoicos e octanoicos. Este trabalho reporta a análise da estrutura cristalográfica do PPAR LBD complexado simultaneamente com três ácidos graxos de cadeia média (AGCM), provindos de bactérias (organismo de expressão), localizados no sítio de ligação ao ligante. A análise estrutural e funcional sugere que os AGCM são agonistas parciais que estabilizam a conformação do LBD do PPAR por mecanismo independente da hélice 12. / PPARs (peroxisome proliferator activated receptors) are nuclear receptors that regulate glucose and fat metabolism, adipogenesis and macrophage polarization and mediate actions of a major class of drugs that are used to treat type 2 diabetes, the thiazolidinediones. While TZDs reduce blood glucose and improve insulin sensitivity effectively, they can also exhibit deleterious side effects such as increased cardiovascular risk, weight gain, fluid retention and liver toxicity. Because it is desirable to develop new PPAR drugs with more favorable spectrums of response, mechanisms of PPAR ligand activation have come under intense scrutiny. To understand relationships between PPAR ligand binding and transcriptional activation, we sought to obtain apo human PPAR-LBD (ligand binding domain) crystals that diffract to high resolution. More surprisingly, close analysis of the ligand binding pocket revealed the presence of three small molecules, identified as nonanoic acid and octanoic acid. Here, we report the X-ray structural analysis of the PPAR LBD complexed with three bacterial (expression organism) medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that simultaneously occupy the buried ligand binding pocket (LBP). Structural and functional analysis suggests that MCFAs are partial agonists that stabilize PPAR LBD conformation, through a helix 12 independent mechanism.

L’intestin joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique. Les entérocytes sont des cellules polarisées qui permettent les échanges entre la lumière intestinale (membrane apicale) et le compartiment lymphatique et sanguin (membrane baso-latérale). Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés au contrôle par les entérocytes de deux processus liés au métabolisme des lipides et du cholestérol : l’excrétion trans-intestinale de cholestérol (TICE) et l’absorption des lipides alimentaires.Très récemment, il a été montré que l’intestin contribue à 20-30% de l’excrétion fécale du cholestérol chez la souris. Ce mécanisme, appelé TICE, implique le passage direct du cholestérol provenant de la circulation sanguine à travers les entérocytes vers les fèces. De par son caractère modulable par des substances pharmacologiques comme l’ézétimibe et les statines, le TICE représente une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour corriger les dyslipidémies athérogènes du diabétique. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires gouvernant le transport rétrograde du cholestérol (du pôle baso-latéral au pôle apical) dans l’entérocyte lors du TICE, sont complètement inconnus. Dans une première étude, nous avons mis en évidence la lignée entérocytaire humaine Caco-2/TC7 comme un modèle d’étude des processus trans-entérocytaires liés au TICE. Nous avons d’abord montré que suite à l’incubation avec du plasma humain dans le compartiment baso-latéral et des micelles lipidiques dans le compartiment apical, les cellules Caco-2/TC7 miment des caractéristiques du TICE in vivo. De plus, grâce à ce modèle in vitro, nous avons pu identifier les microtubules comme acteurs nécessaires au transport rétrograde du cholestérol dans l’entérocyte. Dans une seconde étude, nous nous sommes intéressés au contrôle par le récepteur nucléaire Rev-erbα de la production des chylomicrons (CM) par les entérocytes. En effet, bien qu’essentiellement vue comme la conséquence d’une clairance retardée, des données émergentes présentent la surproduction de CM par l’intestin comme un contributeur majeur de la dyslipidémie chez l’insulino-résistant. Il existe une balance, au sein de l’entérocyte, entre l’utilisation des lipides absorbés pour un stockage transitoire sous forme de gouttelettes lipidiques (GL) cytosoliques ou pour l’assemblage de lipoprotéines riches en triglycérides (LRT). Le récepteur nucléaire Rev-erbα est un répresseur transcriptionnel impliqué dans le métabolisme énergétique et le rythme circadien. Rev-erbα contrôle particulièrement le métabolisme lipidique au niveau du foie et le catabolisme des LRT. Pour cette seconde étude, une lignée Caco-2/TC7 invalidée pour Rev-erbα (sh Rev-erbα) a donc été développée par infection lentivirale et différenciée sur insert. Les résultats indiquent que suite à l’incubation avec des micelles lipidiques dans le compartiment apical, les cellules Caco-2/TC7 sh Rev-erbα sécrètent plus de LRT dans le milieu baso-latéral et stockent moins de lipides sous la forme de GL cytosoliques. De plus, la lignée Caco-2/TC7 sh Rev-erbα présente une activité lipophagique plus importante et l’inhibition de l’autophagie par la bafilomycine dans cette lignée restaure la sécrétion baso-latérale de LRT et le stockage intracellulaire de GL aux mêmes niveaux que ceux de la lignée sh control. Cette seconde étude montre donc que l’invalidation de Rev-erbα dans l’entérocyte entraîne une augmentation de la mobilisation des lipides des GL via le processus de la lipophagie résultant en une augmentation de la sécrétion de LRT. Notre hypothèse est que Rev-erbα joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de la balance GL/LRT et donc de la triglycéridémie post-prandiale.Les deux études présentées dans cette thèse permettent une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes liés au contrôle du métabolisme lipidique par l’intestin et mettent ainsi en avant l’intestin comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour corriger les dyslipidémies du diabétique. / The intestine plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis. Enterocytes, which constitute the main cellular type of intestinal epithelium (> 90%), are polarized cells allowing exchanges between intestinal lumen (apical membrane) and lymph/blood compartment (basolateral membrane). In this thesis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism control by enterocytes was studied and particularly, trans intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) and dietary lipid absorption.Recently, it has been estimated that intestine contributes 20-30% of fecal neutral sterol excretion in chow-fed mice. This pathway called TICE involves the direct luminal secretion of plasma-derived cholesterol by enterocytes. Moreover, TICE can be pharmacologically modulated, for instance by ezetimibe and statins and so, represents a new therapeutic target in order to prevent atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. However, at present, the molecular mechanisms behind the trans-enterocytic process of TICE are still unknown, especially the steps sustaining cholesterol entry, trafficking and efflux in enterocytes. In the first study of this thesis, we highlighted the human enterocytic Caco-2/TC7 cell line as a suitable model to study the enterocyte-related processes of TICE. We have first shown that upon basolateral incubation with human plasma and apical incubation with lipid micelles, differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cells mimic some of the in vivo TICE features. Moreover, using this model, we have identified a key role of the microtubule network in the process.In the second study of this thesis, chylomicron secretion by enterocytes and its control by the nuclear receptor Rev-erbα were investigated. Indeed, although chylomicron remnant accumulation has been associated to a delayed clearance by the liver, some recent studies show that chylomicron overproduction by the intestine is a major contributor to dyslipidemia in insulin resistant patients. Dietary lipid absorption results from a balance between transient storage in enterocytes as cytosolic lipid droplets (LD) and secretion as triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). The nuclear receptor Rev-erbα is a transcriptional repressor involved in the energy metabolism and the circadian rhythm. Particularly, Rev-erbα controls lipid metabolism in the liver and thus the catabolism of TRL. The aim of this second study was to investigate the role of Rev-erbα in intestinal lipid metabolism and particularly in TRL secretion. To study that, Caco-2/TC7 cells infected with lentivirus encoding or not a shRNA targeting Rev-erbα (sh Rev-erbα) were grown on transwells. Compared to sh control, sh Rev-erbα Caco-2/TC7 cells secrete higher amounts of micelle-derived LRT in the basolateral medium and exhibit lower quantity of neutral lipids stored as cytosolic LD, whereas the apical uptake is not different. Activation of lipophagy in sh Rev-erbα compared to sh control cells was evidenced by a higher autophagic flux and an increased colocalization of the autophagy marker LC3 with LD. Finally, autophagy inhibition with bafilomycin in sh Rev-erbα cells restores lipid secretion to the same level as in sh control cells. This second study show that Rev-erbα knock-down in enterocytes leads to a higher lipophagy-mediated remobilization of intracellular lipids and an increased TRL secretion. Our hypothesis is that Rev-erbα may be a molecular gear in the control of chylomicron secretion and a major regulator of post-prandial triglyceridemia.In conclusion, these two studies allow to better understand lipid metabolism control by the intestine: the first one by identifying the contribution of the microtubule network in enterocytes for trans-enterocytic retrograde cholesterol transport; the second one by highlighting the nuclear receptor Rev-erbα as a regulator of TRL secretion by enterocytes. These two studies point out the intestine as a potential therapeutic target to treat dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients.

A manipulação de materiais em escala nanométrica representa uma das fronteiras em nanociência e nanotecnologia, devido à possibilidade de controle de propriedades específicas do material. No caso de materiais biológicos, em particular, a manipulação e imobilização na forma de filmes ou camadas ultrafinas é crucial para seu emprego em dispositivos biotecnológicos. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se o estudo de detecção de diferentes hormônios tireoidianos (HTs) e análogos a partir da imobilização da região LBD do receptor de hormônio tireoidiano humano TRTRβ1 em um eletrodo interdigitado, para o desenvolvimento de um biossensor capacitivo. Este sistema consiste em um arranjo estrutural na forma de filme fino capaz de distinguir a interação específica receptor-ligante de outras interações possivelmente interferentes, visando a quantificação dos níveis de HTs. Para isto, a técnica de SAMs (Self-Assembled Monolayers) foi empregada, por permitir um alto controle da espessura e ordenamento molecular dos filmes, assim como a preservação das atividades das biomoléculas. Análises espectroscópicas e morfológicas foram realizadas para o estudo de adsorção das biomoléculas no filme. As interações específicas receptor-ligante foram avaliadas por meio de respostas elétricas (impedância) do biossensor contendo o TRβ1-LBD imobilizado em um filme orgânico ultrafino, e também por SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). Os resultados mostraram a capacidade dos eletrodos contendo TRTRβ1-LBD de detectar e diferenciar entre diferentes HTs em concentrações da ordem de nanomolar, compatível com níveis fisiológicos, evidenciando o grande potencial de aplicação para este sistema no diagnóstico e tratamento de disfunções tireoidianas. / Manipulation of materials at the nanoscale represents one of the frontiers in nanoscience and nanotechnology, mainly due to the possibility of specific controlling, improved properties, not observed if conventional bulk processing is applied. For biomolecules, in particular, processing via immobilization in the form of nanostructured films has allowed their use in biotechnological applications and devices. In this master dissertation, we aimed at investigating the immobilization of the LBD domain of human thyroid hormone receptor TRTRβ1 on interdigitated electrodes, to be used as capacitive biosensors for thyroid hormones (THs) and analogues detection. The nuclear receptors were immobilized via SAMs (Self-Assembled Monolayers), since this technique allows a high control of molecular order and thickness of the films, as well as the preservation of biological activities. Spectroscopic and morphological analyses were performed to investigate the adsorption of biomolecules on the nanostructured film. The interactions between receptor - ligand were also evaluated by means of electrical response (impedance) and SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). The bioelectrodes containing immobilized TRTRβ1 were capable of detecting and distinguishing among different HTs, including T3, T4, TRIAC and GC-1 at concentrations down to nanomolar, compatible with physiological levels. The latter results point to the possibility of applications of the bioelectrodes in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunctions.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in all physiological activities. Disruption in NR function (e.g. mutations) can lead to a variety of diseases; making these receptors important targets for drug discovery. The ability to bind a broad range of 'drug-like' molecules also make these receptors attractive candidates for protein engineering, such that they can be engineered to bind novel small molecule ligands, for several applications. One application is the creation of potential molecular switches, tools that can be used for controlling gene expression. Gaining knowledge of specific molecular interactions that occur between a receptor and its ligand is of interest, as they contribute towards the activation or repression of target genes. The focus of this work has been to investigate the structural and functional relationships between the human vitamin D receptor (hVDR) and its ligands. To date, mutational assessments of the hVDR have focused on alanine scanning and residues typically lining the ligand binding pocket (LBP)that are involved in direct interactions with the ligand. A comprehensive analysis of the tolerance of these residues in the binding and activation of the receptor by its ligands has not been performed. Furthermore, residues not in contact with the ligand or that do not line the LBP may also play an important role in determining the activation profiles observed for NRs, and therefore need to be explored further. In order to engineer and use the hVDR in chemical complementation, a genetic selection system in which the survival of yeast is linked to the activation of a NR by an agonist, the hVDR gene was isolated from cDNA. To gain insight into how chemical and physical changes within the ligand binding domain (LBD) affect receptor-ligand interactions, libraries of hVDR variants exploring the role and tolerance of hVDR residues were created. To develop a comprehensive mutational analysis while also engineering the hVDR to bind a novel small molecule ligand, a rational and a random mutagenic approach were used to create the libraries. A variant, hVDRC410Y, that displayed enhanced activity with lithocholic acid (LCA), a known hVDR ligand, and novel activation with cholecalciferol (chole), a precursor of the hVDR's natural ligand known not to activate the wild-type hVDR, was discovered. The presence of a tyrosine at the C410 position resulting in novel activation profiles with both LCA and chole, and the fact that this residue does not line the hVDR's LBP led to interest in determining whether a physical or chemical property of the residue was responsible for the observed activity. When residue C410 was further assessed for its tolerance to varying amino acids, the results indicated that bulkiness at this end of the pocket is important for activation with these ligands. Both LCA and chole have reduced molecular volumes compared to the natural ligand, 1alpha, 25(OH)2D3. As a result, increased bulkiness at the C410 position may contribute additional molecular interactions between the receptor and ligands. Results obtained throughout this work suggest that the end of the hVDR's LBP consisting of two ligand anchoring residues, H305 and H397, and residue C410 tolerates structural variations, as numerous variants with mutations at these positions displayed enhanced activity. The receptor contains two tyrosines, Y143 and Y147, which were targeted for mutagenesis in one of the rationally designed libraries, located at the exact opposite end of the pocket. In an effort to gain further insight into the role of these residues at the other end of the LBP, mutagenesis assessing the tolerance of tyrosines 143 and 147 was performed. Overall, most changes at these positions proved to be detrimental to the function of the receptor supporting the hypothesis that this end of the LBP is less tolerant of structural changes, compared to the opposite end consisting of residues H305, H397 and C410. Overall, a better understanding of the structural and functional relationships between the human vitamin D receptor (hVDR) and its ligands was achieved. The effects of residue C410 on specificity and activation with the different ligands studied were unforeseen, as this residue does not line the receptor's ligand binding pocket (LBP). However, they serve as an example of the significant impact distant residues can have on receptor activation and also emphasize the important role physical properties of residues, such as volume, can play for specific ends of the LBP compared to chemical properties.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are modular ligand-activated transcription factors that control a broad range of physiological processes by regulating the expression of essential genes involved in cell physiology, differentiation, and metabolism. These receptors are implicated in a number of diseases and due to their profound role in development and disease progression and their modularity, much emphasis is being put forth into nuclear receptor based drug discovery and engineering these receptors to bind novel small molecules Chemical Complementation (CC) is a yeast three-hybrid genetic selection system that was developed to aid in the discovery of these engineered receptors by linking the survival of a yeast cell to a small molecules ability to activate the receptor. Due to several advantages, to include faster growth times and higher transformation efficiencies, we have attempted to extend chemical complementation from yeast to E. coli. The bacterial chemical complementation system (BCC) was designed, based on a bacterial two hybrid system, to parallel yeast CC system. However, bacterial chemical complementation did not produce ligand dependent activation due to heterologous protein expression. In a second project designed to further NR based protein engineering and drug discovery, CC was used to evaluate a library of charge reversal variants rationally designed to gain a better understanding of nuclear receptor function and structure and to produce orthogonal ligand receptor pairs. A library of retinoic acid receptor (RARα) variants were developed based on five residues in the binding pocket known to stabilize the natural negatively charged ligand, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). We altered the binding selectivity of the receptor to bind positively charged retinoid ligands. We were able to engineer two triple variants capable of activating with the positively charged retinoid but not the natural atRA ligand, however they do not activate as well as RARα wild-type does with atRA. In a third project we characterized covalently linked tamoxifen and histone deacetylase inhibitor based dual inhibiting compounds as breast cancer therapeutics. Several dual inhibiting compounds were found to decrease the proliferation of ER positive breast cancer cells better than tamoxifen alone, the HDACi alone, or noncovalently linked HDACi and tamoxifen.

Les éléments LINE-1 (L1) sont les seuls éléments transposables autonomes et actifs, constituant 20% de notre ADN. Ils prolifèrent via un intermédiaire ARN dans un processus appelé rétrotransposition. Les L1s encodent deux protéines, ORF1p et ORF2p, qui s’associent avec l’ARN du L1 pour former une particule ribonucléoprotéique (RNP), constituant l’intermédiaire fonctionnel de la rétrotransposition. Les L1s « sautent » activement dans les cellules germinales, les cellules souches embryonnaires et dans l’embryon précoce, conduisant occasionnellement à des maladies génétiques. Ils sont également exprimés et mobiles dans un certain nombre de cancers. Les sites d’intégration des L1s sont généralement considérés comme aléatoires, les déterminants moléculaires de leur insertion demeurant mal connus. Afin d’éclaircir ce processus, nous avons d’abord exploré les propriétés biochimiques des RNPs du L1, en mesurant leur activité transcriptase inverse in vitro sur une collection variée de substrats d’ADN. Nous avons observé que des substrats, qui diffèrent par leur séquence ou leur structure, ne sont pas tous utilisés efficacement par les RNPs du L1 pour amorcer la transcription inverse. Notre travail suggère que la spécificité et la flexibilité de l’initiation de la transcription inverse du L1 participe aux choix du site d’insertion. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché des partenaires cellulaires de la RNP du L1 qui pourraient contribuer à la rétrotransposition et/ou la réguler, par des cribles double-hybride chez la levure. Nous avons découvert que la protéine ORF2p interagit avec un groupe de récepteurs nucléaires. Ces derniers possèdent un domaine de liaison à l’ADN qui reconnaît des séquences d’ADN spécifiques réparties dans le génome, et un domaine de liaison du ligand, qui permet d’activer la transcription des gènes cibles. Nos données suggèrent que ces facteurs participent à la rétrotransposition des L1s, possiblement en ciblant leurs RNPs dans certaines régions du génome. Dans leur ensemble, nos travaux ont contribué à améliorer notre compréhension de la relation entre éléments transposables et génome hôte, et de leur impact sur la plasticité du génome humain. / LINE-1 (L1) elements are mobile genetic elements, comprising up to 20% of the contemporary human genome, in which they are the only autonomously active element. They replicate through an RNA intermediate in a process named retrotransposition. Replication-competent L1 copies code for two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, that associate in cis with their own RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the functional intermediate of retrotransposition. L1s « jump » actively in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and in the early embryo, leading occasionally to genetic diseases. These elements are also expressed and mobile in a number of cancers. L1 insertion sites are generally considered as random. The molecular determinants of L1 insertion, as well as many steps of the retrotransposition cycle, remain uncertain. To get further insight in the molecular mechanisms of L1 retrotransposition, we first explored the biochemical properties of the L1 RNP, by measuring their reverse transcriptase activity in vitro on various DNA substrates. Using this approach, we observed that L1 RNPs do not equally extend DNA substrates, which differ in sequence or structure, to initiate cDNA synthesis. Our work suggests that the specificity and flexibility of L1 reverse transcription priming contribute to the choice of target sites. In a second approach, we performed yeast two-hybrid screens in order to discover cellular partners of the L1 RNP, which could contribute and/or regulate retrotransposition, We found that ORF2p interacts with a group of nuclear receptors. These proteins contain a DNA binding domain, which recognizes specific DNA sequences spread in the genome, and a ligand binding domain, driving transcriptional regulation of target genes. Our data suggest that these factors participate to L1 retrotransposition, potentially by tethering L1 RNPs to specific genomic regions. Altogether, this work has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between mobile genetic elements and their host genome, and their impact on human genome plasticity.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-09-04T17:42:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Lima Souza Vilar Estudo da interaão de fisalina F....pdf: 1393743 bytes, checksum: 1dd12e24922cdabadb9ab093b671a667 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-04T17:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Lima Souza Vilar Estudo da interaão de fisalina F....pdf: 1393743 bytes, checksum: 1dd12e24922cdabadb9ab093b671a667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / As fisalinas são seco-esteróides isolados de espécies do gênero Physalis que apresentam diversas atividades biológicas. Em estudos in vitro e em modelos de doenças mediadas pelo sistema imune, foi demonstrado que a fisalina F possui potente atividade imunossupressora, independente da ativação do receptor de glicocorticóide. Neste trabalho foi avaliado se a ação deste esteróide está relacionada à ativação do receptor de vitamina D (VDR), que é um fator de transcrição ativado pela vitamina D3. Inicialmente foi realizado um ensaio de translocação do VDR utilizando células COS-7 transfectadas com plasmídeo codificante para a proteína de fusão YFP-VDR, formada pelo VDR associado à proteína fluorescente amarela. As células transfectadas foram tratadas com 100 ηM da fisalina F e também da fisalina D, que não possui atividade imunossupressora, dexametasona e vitamina D3. Observou-se por microscopia de fluorescência o mesmo padrão de translocação do VDR do citoplasma para o núcleo em células tratadas com a fisalina F e com a vitamina D3, mas não com dexametasona ou fisalina D. Para comprovar a atividade do VDR como fator de transcrição sob ação da fisalina F, células COS-7 foram transfectadas com pTA-LUC (plasmídeo controle) ou pVDR-LUC que codifica a proteína luciferase sob o controle de elementos responsivos ao VDR. Após a transfecção, as células foram incubadas com os mesmos estímulos e na mesma concentração do ensaio de translocação ou apenas com veículo. As atividades da luciferase nos grupos tratados com fisalina F e vitamina D3 foram semelhantes e também superiores às do grupo tratado com veículo, fisalina D e dexametasona. Foi realizada a expressão do VDR em Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta utilizando o plasmídeo HS_VDR_EC1-pQE-T7, o qual codifica o VDR associado a uma cauda de 6 histidinas. Nas condições testadas, a proteína expressada encontrava-se em corpos de inclusão. Esta proteína purificada poderá ser utilizada em futuros estudos de interação entre VDR e fisalinas. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que a fisalina F interage com o VDR e que as atividades destas fisalinas podem ser atribuídas, ao menos em parte, à ativação deste receptor nuclear. / Physalins are secosteroids isolated from species of the genus Physalis endowed with several biological activities. Studies in vitro and in models of immune-mediated diseases have shown that physalin F has potent immunosuppressive activity independent of the glucocorticoid receptor. in this study we evaluated whether the action of this steroid is related to activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is a transcription factor activated by vitamin D3. Initially we evaluated the translocation of the VDR using COS-7 cells transfected with plasmid encoding a fusion protein YFP-VDR formed by VDR associated with yellow fluorescent protein. The transfected cells were treated with 100 ηM of physalins F and D, dexamethasone, and vitamin D3. We observed by fluorescence microscopy the translocation of VDR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in cells treated with physalin F and with vitamin D3, but not with dexamethasone or physalin D. To prove the transcription factor activity of VDR under the action of physalin F, COS-7 cells were transfected with PTA-LUC (plasmid control) or pVDR-LUC that encodes the protein luciferase under de control of VDR responsive elements. After transfection, cells were incubated with vehicle or physalins F and D, dexamethasone and vitamin D3 at the same concentration of translocation test. The luciferase activity of cells treated with vitamin D3 and physalin F were similar, and higher than group treated with vehicle, dexamethasone or physalin D. The VDR expression was done in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta. For this, we used the plasmid PQE-HS_VDR_EC1-T7, which encodes the VDR protein associated with a tail of 6 histidines. Under the conditions tested, the expressed protein was in inclusion bodies. This purified protein can be used in future studies of interaction between VDR and physalins. Our results suggest that physalin F interacts with the VDR and the activities of this physalin can be attributed at least in part to activation of this nuclear receptor.

A manipulação de materiais em escala nanométrica representa uma das fronteiras em nanociência e nanotecnologia, devido à possibilidade de controle de propriedades específicas do material. No caso de materiais biológicos, em particular, a manipulação e imobilização na forma de filmes ou camadas ultrafinas é crucial para seu emprego em dispositivos biotecnológicos. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se o estudo de detecção de diferentes hormônios tireoidianos (HTs) e análogos a partir da imobilização da região LBD do receptor de hormônio tireoidiano humano TRTRβ1 em um eletrodo interdigitado, para o desenvolvimento de um biossensor capacitivo. Este sistema consiste em um arranjo estrutural na forma de filme fino capaz de distinguir a interação específica receptor-ligante de outras interações possivelmente interferentes, visando a quantificação dos níveis de HTs. Para isto, a técnica de SAMs (Self-Assembled Monolayers) foi empregada, por permitir um alto controle da espessura e ordenamento molecular dos filmes, assim como a preservação das atividades das biomoléculas. Análises espectroscópicas e morfológicas foram realizadas para o estudo de adsorção das biomoléculas no filme. As interações específicas receptor-ligante foram avaliadas por meio de respostas elétricas (impedância) do biossensor contendo o TRβ1-LBD imobilizado em um filme orgânico ultrafino, e também por SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). Os resultados mostraram a capacidade dos eletrodos contendo TRTRβ1-LBD de detectar e diferenciar entre diferentes HTs em concentrações da ordem de nanomolar, compatível com níveis fisiológicos, evidenciando o grande potencial de aplicação para este sistema no diagnóstico e tratamento de disfunções tireoidianas. / Manipulation of materials at the nanoscale represents one of the frontiers in nanoscience and nanotechnology, mainly due to the possibility of specific controlling, improved properties, not observed if conventional bulk processing is applied. For biomolecules, in particular, processing via immobilization in the form of nanostructured films has allowed their use in biotechnological applications and devices. In this master dissertation, we aimed at investigating the immobilization of the LBD domain of human thyroid hormone receptor TRTRβ1 on interdigitated electrodes, to be used as capacitive biosensors for thyroid hormones (THs) and analogues detection. The nuclear receptors were immobilized via SAMs (Self-Assembled Monolayers), since this technique allows a high control of molecular order and thickness of the films, as well as the preservation of biological activities. Spectroscopic and morphological analyses were performed to investigate the adsorption of biomolecules on the nanostructured film. The interactions between receptor - ligand were also evaluated by means of electrical response (impedance) and SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). The bioelectrodes containing immobilized TRTRβ1 were capable of detecting and distinguishing among different HTs, including T3, T4, TRIAC and GC-1 at concentrations down to nanomolar, compatible with physiological levels. The latter results point to the possibility of applications of the bioelectrodes in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunctions.

Receptores ativados da proliferação de peroxissomos (PPAR) são receptores nucleares que regulam o metabolismo de gordura e glicose, adipogênese e polarização de macrófagos, e são os mediadores da ação de uma grande classe de fármacos usada no tratamento de diabetes tipo 2, as tiazolidinadionas (TZD). Enquanto as TZDs reduzem a glicose do sangue e aumentam efetivamente a sensibilidade à insulina, elas podem também apresentar efeitos colaterais como aumento do risco de complicações cardiovasculares, ganho de peso, retenção de fluido e toxicidade hepática. Por causa disso, novos fármacos que possuem respostas mais favoráveis devem ser desenvolvidos, e o mecanismo de ativação do PPAR por ligantes vem sendo intensamente examinado. Para entender a relação entre a ligação de agonistas ao PPAR e a ativação transcricional, pretendíamos primeiramente obter cristais de PPAR-LBD (domínio de ligação ao ligante) humano na forma apo. Porém, surpreendentemente, a análise do sítio de ligação ao ligante revelou a presença de três pequenas moléculas, identificadas como ácidos nonanoicos e octanoicos. Este trabalho reporta a análise da estrutura cristalográfica do PPAR LBD complexado simultaneamente com três ácidos graxos de cadeia média (AGCM), provindos de bactérias (organismo de expressão), localizados no sítio de ligação ao ligante. A análise estrutural e funcional sugere que os AGCM são agonistas parciais que estabilizam a conformação do LBD do PPAR por mecanismo independente da hélice 12. / PPARs (peroxisome proliferator activated receptors) are nuclear receptors that regulate glucose and fat metabolism, adipogenesis and macrophage polarization and mediate actions of a major class of drugs that are used to treat type 2 diabetes, the thiazolidinediones. While TZDs reduce blood glucose and improve insulin sensitivity effectively, they can also exhibit deleterious side effects such as increased cardiovascular risk, weight gain, fluid retention and liver toxicity. Because it is desirable to develop new PPAR drugs with more favorable spectrums of response, mechanisms of PPAR ligand activation have come under intense scrutiny. To understand relationships between PPAR ligand binding and transcriptional activation, we sought to obtain apo human PPAR-LBD (ligand binding domain) crystals that diffract to high resolution. More surprisingly, close analysis of the ligand binding pocket revealed the presence of three small molecules, identified as nonanoic acid and octanoic acid. Here, we report the X-ray structural analysis of the PPAR LBD complexed with three bacterial (expression organism) medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that simultaneously occupy the buried ligand binding pocket (LBP). Structural and functional analysis suggests that MCFAs are partial agonists that stabilize PPAR LBD conformation, through a helix 12 independent mechanism.