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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caracterização molecular de astrovírus em amostras fecais de crianças com gastroenterite em São Paulo, Brasil. / Molecular characterization of astrovirus in stool samples from children with gastroenteritis in São Paulo, Brazil.

Resque, Hugo Reis 14 February 2008 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar astrovírus em amostras fecais coletadas de crianças com e sem diarréia, em São Paulo, Brasil, e divididas em dois grupos, EPM e HU, de acordo com a origem. A detecção foi realizada utilizando-se RT-PCR, com primers específicos. Os resultados para as amostras EPM mostram que 66/234 (28,2%) foram positivas para astrovírus. Para as amostras HU, 18/187 (9,6%) foram positivas. A genotipagem foi realizada com a técnica de nested/RT-PCR. De 66 amostras positivas (EPM), 19 (28,7%) foram caracterizadas como HAstV-1, 4 (6,0%) como HAstV-2, 2 (3,0%) como HAstV-3, 1 (1,5%) como HAstV-5 e 3 (4,5%) como HAstV-8. Das 18 positivas do HU, 1 (5,5%) amostra foi caracterizada como HAstV-1, 7 (38,8%) como HAstV-2 e 1 (5,5%) como HAstV-8. As amostras genotipadas em ambos os grupos foram submetidas ao seqüenciamento de nucleotídeos para confirmação dos resultados. Detecção e genotipagem de astrovírus em casos de diarréias pediátricas são técnicas são importantes e descrevem como esse vírus está circulando em São Paulo, Brasil. / The purpose of this study was to characterize astrovirus in faecal samples collected from children with and without diarrhea in São Paulo city, Brazil, and grouped into two distinct groups, EPM and HU. Detection was carried out using RT-PCR with specific primers. Results for EPM set showed that 66/234 (28,2%) were positive. In the HU set of samples, 18/187 (9,6%) were positive for astrovirus. Genotyping was carried out with nested/RT-PCR. Out of 66 astrovirus positive EPM samples, 19 (28,7%) were characterized as HAstV-1, 4 (6,0%) as HAstV-2, 2 (3,0%) as HAstV-3, 1 (1,5%) as HAstV-5 and 3 (4,5%) as HAstV-8. Among 18 astrovirus positive HU samples, 1 (5,5%) was characterized as HAstV-1, 7 (38,8%) as HAstV-2 and 1 (5,5%) as HAstV-8. Genotyped samples were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Detection and genotyping of astrovirus in pediatric diarrhea are important and describes how this virus is circulating in São Paulo, Brazil.
2

Caracterização molecular de astrovírus em amostras fecais de crianças com gastroenterite em São Paulo, Brasil. / Molecular characterization of astrovirus in stool samples from children with gastroenteritis in São Paulo, Brazil.

Hugo Reis Resque 14 February 2008 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar astrovírus em amostras fecais coletadas de crianças com e sem diarréia, em São Paulo, Brasil, e divididas em dois grupos, EPM e HU, de acordo com a origem. A detecção foi realizada utilizando-se RT-PCR, com primers específicos. Os resultados para as amostras EPM mostram que 66/234 (28,2%) foram positivas para astrovírus. Para as amostras HU, 18/187 (9,6%) foram positivas. A genotipagem foi realizada com a técnica de nested/RT-PCR. De 66 amostras positivas (EPM), 19 (28,7%) foram caracterizadas como HAstV-1, 4 (6,0%) como HAstV-2, 2 (3,0%) como HAstV-3, 1 (1,5%) como HAstV-5 e 3 (4,5%) como HAstV-8. Das 18 positivas do HU, 1 (5,5%) amostra foi caracterizada como HAstV-1, 7 (38,8%) como HAstV-2 e 1 (5,5%) como HAstV-8. As amostras genotipadas em ambos os grupos foram submetidas ao seqüenciamento de nucleotídeos para confirmação dos resultados. Detecção e genotipagem de astrovírus em casos de diarréias pediátricas são técnicas são importantes e descrevem como esse vírus está circulando em São Paulo, Brasil. / The purpose of this study was to characterize astrovirus in faecal samples collected from children with and without diarrhea in São Paulo city, Brazil, and grouped into two distinct groups, EPM and HU. Detection was carried out using RT-PCR with specific primers. Results for EPM set showed that 66/234 (28,2%) were positive. In the HU set of samples, 18/187 (9,6%) were positive for astrovirus. Genotyping was carried out with nested/RT-PCR. Out of 66 astrovirus positive EPM samples, 19 (28,7%) were characterized as HAstV-1, 4 (6,0%) as HAstV-2, 2 (3,0%) as HAstV-3, 1 (1,5%) as HAstV-5 and 3 (4,5%) as HAstV-8. Among 18 astrovirus positive HU samples, 1 (5,5%) was characterized as HAstV-1, 7 (38,8%) as HAstV-2 and 1 (5,5%) as HAstV-8. Genotyped samples were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Detection and genotyping of astrovirus in pediatric diarrhea are important and describes how this virus is circulating in São Paulo, Brazil.
3

Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms of piRNA Pathway from Small Signals in Big Data: A Dissertation

Wang, Wei 01 October 2015 (has links)
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNA) are a group of 23–35 nucleotide (nt) short RNAs that protect animal gonads from transposon activities. In Drosophila germ line, piRNAs can be categorized into two different categories— primary and secondary piRNAs— based on their origins. Primary piRNAs, generated from transcripts of specific genomic regions called piRNA clusters, which are enriched in transposon fragments that are unlikely to retain transposition activity. The transcription and maturation of primary piRNAs from those cluster transcripts are poorly understood. After being produced, a group of primary piRNAs associates Piwi proteins and directs them to repress transposons at the transcriptional level in the nucleus. Other than their direct role in repressing transposons, primary piRNAs can also initiate the production of secondary piRNA. piRNAs with such function are loaded in a second PIWI protein named Aubergine (Aub). Similar to Piwi, Aub is guided by piRNAs to identify its targets through base-pairing. Differently, Aub functions in the cytoplasm by cleaving transposon mRNAs. The 5' cleavage products are not degraded but loaded into the third PIWI protein Argonaute3 (Ago3). It is believed that an unidentified nuclease trims the 3' ends of those cleavage products to 23–29 nt, becoming mature piRNAs remained in Ago3. Such piRNAs whose 5' ends are generated by another PIWI protein are named secondary piRNAs. Intriguingly, secondary piRNAs loaded into Ago3 also cleave transposon mRNA or piRNA cluster transcripts and produce more secondary piRNAs loaded into Aub. This reciprocal feed-forward loop, named the “Ping-Pong cycle”, amplified piRNA abundance. By dissecting and analyzing data from large-scale deep sequencing of piRNAs and transposon transcripts, my dissertation research elucidates the biogenesis of germline piRNAs in Drosophila. How primary piRNAs are processed into mature piRNAs remains enigmatic. I discover that primary piRNA signal on the genome display a fixed periodicity of ~26 nt. Such phasing depends on Zucchini, Armitage and some other primary piRNA pathway components. Further analysis suggests that secondary piRNAs bound to Ago3 can initiate phased primary piRNA production from cleaved transposon RNAs. The first ~26 nt becomes a secondary piRNA that bind Aub while the subsequent piRNAs bind Piwi, allowing piRNAs to spread beyond the site of RNA cleavage. This discovery adds sequence diversity to the piRNA pool, allowing adaptation to changes in transposon sequence. We further find that most Piwi-associated piRNAs are generated from the cleavage products of Ago3, instead of being processed from piRNA cluster transcripts as the previous model suggests. The cardinal function of Ago3 is to produce antisense piRNAs that direct transcriptional silencing by Piwi, rather to make piRNAs that guide post-transcriptional silencing by Aub. Although Ago3 slicing is required to efficiently trigger phased piRNA production, an alternative, slicing-independent pathway suffices to generate Piwi-bound piRNAs that repress transcription of a subset of transposon families. The alternative pathway may help flies silence newly acquired transposons for which they lack extensively complementary piRNAs. The Ping-Pong model depicts that first ten nucleotides of Aub-bound piRNAs are complementary to the first ten nt of Ago3-bound piRNAs. Supporting this view, piRNAs bound to Aub typically begin with Uridine (1U), while piRNAs bound to Ago3 often have adenine at position 10 (10A). Furthermore, the majority of Ping-Pong piRNAs form this 1U:10A pair. The Ping-Pong model proposes that the 10A is a consequence of 1U. By statistically quantifying those target piRNAs not paired to g1U, we discover that 10A is not directly caused by 1U. Instead, fly Aub as well as its homologs, Siwi in silkmoth and MILI in mice, have an intrinsic preference for adenine at the t1 position of their target RNAs. On the other hand, this t1A (and g10A after loading) piRNA directly give rise to 1U piRNA in the next Ping-Pong cycle, maximizing the affinity between piRNAs and PIWI proteins.
4

Inferring the fine-scale structure and evolution of recombination from high-throughput genome sequencing

Venn, Oliver Claude January 2013 (has links)
In eukaryotes, recombination plays a critical role in both the production of viable gametes and as a population genetic process. Here, we are interested in studying recombination as it provides insight into a process that has shaped variation. To this end, we study the evolution of cross-over rates in chimpanzees and humans through two experiments. Components of the recombination machinery are well described in yeast and C. elegans, but less so in other species. In humans, cross-over rates vary across physical scales and occur predominantly in narrow ∼2 kb regions called hotspots, where hotspot usage differs considerably between individuals. Differential hotspot usage is associated with specific DNA motifs, and DNA-contacting zinc finger array variants in the transacting PRDM9 H3K4 trimethyltransferase. The precise relationship between DNA motifs, PRDM9 and hotspot activity is not completely understood. Experiment 1. To investigate the importance of PRDM9 motif recognition, which is predicted be different between humans and chimpanzees, and the effect of PRDM9 on the evolution of fine-scale cross-over rates, we sequenced 10 unrelated Pan troglodytes verus (Western chimpanzee) genomes to moderate coverage (∼10×). I validate the approach by demonstrating that fine-scale maps estimated from 10 human genomes of each African and European ancestry recapitulate independently estimated maps. Then I characterise the error modes in sequencing data arising from errors in chemistry, alignment, variant calling, and genotyping. I identify several cryptic error modes missed by state-of-the-art filters and develop methods to counteract them. To guard against genotype error arising from stochastic variation in low to moderate coverage sequencing, I develop methods to incorporate the underlying statistical uncertainty into recombination analyses, evaluate the approaches through simulation (estimated 11% improvement) and empirical assessment (estimated 4% improvement), and discover that the reported genotype uncertainty is poorly calibrated, which limits the approaches. Consequently, a filtering approach was applied to the hard-called chimpanzee genotypes. I estimate recombination rates in chimpanzees through an existing LD-based method. In contrast to humans, there is no increased cross-over localisation around chimpanzee PRDM9 binding predictions, nor motifs consistently associated with activity. Hotspots do not overlap between the two species, indicating that rates evolved rapidly and consistent with PRDM9 localising all hotspots. In contrast, gene pro- moters and CpG islands are common attractors of recombination (2.7-fold increase in rate in chimpanzee, 1.5-fold increase in human), suggesting chromatin state influences hotspot placement but to varying degree in the species. I discuss the potential implications for PRDM9 mechanism. Experiment 2. To enable a more representative characterisation of the spectrum of genome changes occurring in chimpanzee genomes, I analyse data from an extended three generation Western chimpanzee pedigree sequenced at high coverage (∼30×). I use Mendel transmission to filter variants, infer haplotypes, and identify recombination events through a Hidden Markov Model approach. We detect 375 recombination events, of which 3 are double cross-over events. Sex-specific recombination rate estimates in chimpanzees mirror sex differences in humans (N♂/N♀ = 0.58) and have similar levels of total recombination. We resolve recombination events typically at ∼ 856 base-pair resolution. Additionally, analyses of Mendel inconsistencies suggest that extended pedigree sequencing opens the door on studying complex genome changes. These experiments demonstrate the power of comparative analyses, the utility of high throughput sequencing in enabling the study of recombination in almost any species of interest, the challenges in sifting signal from noise in these data, and the need for experimental and algorithmic methods to guard against error.
5

Aspectos genéticos da fibrilação atrial isolada / Genetic aspects of lone atrial fibrillation

Pessente, Gabrielle D'Arezzo 14 June 2019 (has links)
A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia cardíaca sustentada mais comum, de origem supraventricular, em que ocorre uma completa desorganização na atividade elétrica atrial, fazendo com que os átrios percam sua capacidade de contração, não gerando sístole atrial. É uma arritmia que acomete 1-2% da população mundial, sendo mais frequente em indivíduos idosos. Geralmente, está associada a algum tipo de doença cardíaca estrutural, podendo acarretar em complicações como o acidente vascular cerebral, internações e gastos com saúde. Algumas vezes a fibrilação atrial surge de forma precoce, em indivíduos jovens, saudáveis, e sem qualquer evidência de doença cardíaca estrutural ou de fatores desencadeantes, o que leva a hipótese da doença ter um componente genético. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, para identificação de possíveis variantes genéticas em pacientes portadores de fibrilação atrial isolada, a partir do sequenciamento de nova geração de um painel genético customizado para cardiomiopatias e canalopatias hereditárias. Foram incluídos 101 pacientes encaminhados pelo ambulatório de arritmias cardíacas do Instituto do Coração, que foram avaliados quanto às características clínicas principais antes de serem submetidos ao teste genético. A classificação das variantes em genes causais foi baseada nos critérios do American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Foram sequenciadas e analisadas amostras de 101 pacientes, onde foram encontradas 144 variantes raras; 14/144 foram classificadas como patogênicas em relação à fibrilação atrial, 130/144 foram classificadas como de significado incerto, e em 28 dos 101 pacientes não foram encontradas variantes raras. Dos 101 pacientes 77,2% eram do sexo masculino, 87,1 % de raça branca, 75,2 % tinham fibrilação atrial paroxística, 52,4 % eram sintomáticos, 65,3% realizaram procedimento de ablação por cateter e 62,4% tinham história familiar de FA precoce, morte súbita, marcapasso e/ou insuficiência cardíaca. A presença dos achados genéticos esteve associada nos pacientes com FA que tinham história familiar de marcapasso e/ou morte súbita. A análise genética desta população permitiu um diagnóstico precoce de miocardiopatias hereditárias que se apresentaram inicialmente como FA isolada / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia of supraventricular origin, with a complete disorganization in the electrical activity of the atria, losing their capacity of contraction, not generating atrial systole. It is an arrhythmia that affects up to 2% of the world population, appearing more often in elderly individuals. It is usually associated with some types of structural heart disease, which can lead to complications such as stroke, hospitalizations and health costs. In some times atrial fibrillation emerges early, in younger healthy people, with no apparent evidence of structural heart disease or triggering factors, leading to the hypothesis that the disease has a genetic component. This is a cross-sectional, observational study to identify possible genetic variants in patients with isolated atrial fibrillation from new generation sequencing and a customized genetic panel for inherited cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. A total of 101 patients were referred and evaluated by the Cardiac Arrhythmias Outpatient Unit of the Heart Institute for the main clinical characteristics before being submitted to the genetic test. The classification of variants into causal genes was based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria. Samples were sequenced and analyzed from 101 patients, were found 144 rare variants; 14/144 were classified as pathogenic in relation to atrial fibrillation and 130/144 were classified as uncertain significance, and in 28 of 101 patients no rare variants were found. Of the 101 patients, 77.2% were males, 87.1% were white, 75.2% had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 52.4% were symptomatic, 65.3% had a catheter ablation procedure, and 62.4% had a family history of early AF, sudden death, pacemaker and/or heart failure. The presence of genetic findings was associated in patients with AF who had a family history of pacemaker and / or sudden death. The genetic analysis of this population allowed an early diagnosis of hereditary cardiomyopathies that initially presented as isolated AF
6

Estratégia para investigação molecular de epilepsia com identificação de genes relacionados a formas de polimicrogiria = Strategy of molecular investigation on epilepsy with the identification of genes related to poymicrogyrias / Strategy of molecular investigation on epilepsy with the identification of genes related to poymicrogyrias

Tsuneda, Simone Sayuri, 1974- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Iscia Teresinha Lopes Cendes, Fábio Rossi Torres / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T06:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tsuneda_SimoneSayuri_D.pdf: 5548129 bytes, checksum: b0213ba3907f298ca16dddb2df837b62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A polimicrogiria (PMG) é uma malformação do córtex cerebral causada por falhas no seu desenvolvimento, caracterizando-se por um número excessivo de pequenos giros e laminação anormal, dando à superfície cortical uma aparência irregular e grosseira. A gravidade de suas manifestações clínicas se relaciona diretamente com a extensão da malformação e das regiões cerebrais afetadas, sendo que a presença de lesões bilaterais ou unilaterais extensas indica um pior prognóstico. Uma das síndromes de polimicrogiria mais frequentes e, consequentemente, mais bem descritas clinicamente, é a polimicrogiria perisylviana bilateral (PPB). Essa forma de polimicrogiria atinge a região que tange a fenda Sylviana, podendo apresentar-se tanto unilateralmente quanto em ambos os hemisférios. O padrão de herança da PPB foi descrito inicialmente como ligada ao cromossomo X por Borgatti et al. em 1999. Já em 2000, Guerreiro et al. confirmaram o padrão de herança consistente com herança ligada ao cromossomo X, mas ainda nenhum gene havia sido identificado como responsável pelo distúrbio. Nosso grupo recentemente mapeou uma nova região candidata para a PPB em Xq27.1-q27.3, e esta tese se propôs a avaliar essa região através da técnica de sequenciamento em larga escala aliada à tecnologia de captura para o cromossomo X. Os resultados apontaram como potenciais patogênicos os genes MAGEC1, UBE2NL, além da região do gene SPANXC, todos localizados na região candidata, mas uma avaliação mais detalhada levantou a hipótese de uma relação complexa entre as alterações encontradas no gene MAGEC1 e o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Além da análise da região Xq27.1-q27.3, considerando o grande número de genes de microtúbulo que tem sido relacionado a malformações do córtex cerebral, esse trabalho também avaliou pacientes esporádicos e famílias com histórico de PPB realizando triagem de mutações nas regiões codificantes dos genes AFF2, SLITRK2 e SLITRK4, localizados na região candidata, nos genes de microtúbulo TUBA1A, TUBB2B e TUBA8, além dos genes SRPX2 e WDR62, presentes em trabalhos na literatura de malformações corticais. A triagem foi realizada utilizando as técnicas de DHPLC e de sequenciamento utilizando a técnica de Sanger por eletroforese capilar. Foi encontrada uma alteração potencialmente patogênica no gene AFF2. As alterações identificadas neste estudo que resultam em troca de aminoácidos foram avaliadas utilizando as ferramentas in silico MutPred, SNPs&GO, Polyphen 2, Panther e SIFT, de forma a fornecer mais informações a respeito de seu potencial patogênico. Além disso, as variantes inéditas identificadas nesse trabalho foram estudadas em uma amostra de indivíduos normais (grupo controle). Com esses dados foi possível sugerir que algumas dessas variantes encontradas possuem potencial patogênico que deve ser futuramente investigado através de estudos funcionais / Abstract: Polimicrogyria (PMG) is a cortical malformation caused by failures during the brain cortex development process and is characterized by an excessive number of small gyri, resulting in an irregular cortical surface. The severity of its clinical manifestations is directly related to the extension of the tissue abnormalities. Bilateral Perisylvian Polimicrogyria (BPP) is the most comum and, consequently, a very well described syndrome that affects the cortex surrounding the Sylvian fissures in both hemispheres. The genetic pattern for BPP was initially described by Borgatti et al. as an X-linked pattern, confirmed by Guerreiro et al. in 2000, but with no specific gene identified. We have recently described a candidate site for BPP at the Xq27.1-27.3 region and, in this project, we proposed to evaluate this site through next generation sequencing technology combined with capture technology. Our results suggest that MAGEC1 and UBE2NL genes, or the SPANXC gene area might be related to the pathogeny in this case, however a further analysis brought up the hypothesis of a complex relation between the MAGEC1 mutations and the clinical manifestations in each different patient. Considering recurrent description of relations between microtubule genes and cortex malformations, we also performed the evaluation of exon regions of eight selected genes from sporadic patients and BPP families through DHPLC and sequencing. The analysis focused on AFF2, SLITRK2 and SLITRK4 genes, located at the identified site, microtubule genes TUBA1A, TUBB2B and TUBA8, and SRPX2 and WDR62 genes, also related to cortical malformations. As a result from this screening, we identified a potentially pathogenic mutation in gene AFF2. All non-synonymous SNPs were evaluated using the in silico tools MutPred, SNPs&GO, Polyphen 2, Panther and SIFT, providing further insights for their analysis. A control group of individuals was analyzed for the presence of the non-described SNPs. These data suggest a pathogenic potential for these genetic alterations that must be investigated through function studies / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Doutora em Ciências
7

Padrão de expressão gênica na área do ligamento periodontal durante o desenvolvimento radicuar / Patterns of gene expression in mouse periodontal ligament during tooth root development

Bossolan, Ana Paula Oliveira Giorgetti, 1980- 02 August 2013 (has links)
Orientadores: Francisco Humberto Nociti Junior, Cristiane Ribeiro Salmon / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:46:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bossolan_AnaPaulaOliveiraGiorgetti_D.pdf: 5069128 bytes, checksum: d535cdd609cb2fb3fa1290047a101ecb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Considerando-se a hipótese de que os mecanismos envolvidos na regeneração periodontal mimetizam os mecanismos associados com o desenvolvimento original de formação do periodonto, o conhecimento dos princípios biológicos iniciais de formação do periodonto é crucial para o avanço de novas técnicas de bioengenharia envolvidas na regeneração periodontal. No entanto, as mudanças no perfil de expressão gênica durante as fases do desenvolvimento dos tecidos dentais não foram totalmente esclarecidos, principalmente aquelas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da raiz dos dentes. O estudo de expressão gênica do desenvolvimento radicular ainda é um desafio pela necessidade de desmineralização prévia do tecido que apresenta um maior grau de calcificação quando comparado às fases de desenvolvimento da coroa dental. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar comparativamente o padrão de expressão gênica da bainha epitelial de Hertwig (HERS) e o ligamento periodontal no mesmo período experimental, e o padrão de expressão gênica do ligamento periodontal em diferentes períodos de formação radicular. Foi utilizado um camundongo Swiss Webster por período pós-natal (PN): 13 dias (PN13), 45 dias (PN45), sendo que para o período PN13 a HERS também foi avaliada (PN13 HERS). Após a captura e microdissecção do ligamento periodontal dos primeiros molares nos períodos PN13 e PN45 e das células de HERS do primeiro molar no período PN13, o sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) foi realizado para a análise do transcriptoma. Os dados obtidos do sequenciamento foram processados para a filtragem dos "reads" considerados de boa qualidade (>30 na escala "phred"). A análise dos resultados mostrou que 587 genes foram diferencialmente expressos na comparação PN13 HERS vs. PN13 sendo que 25 foram diferencialmente expressos para PN13 HERS e 562 para PN13. Também foi mostrado que 768 genes foram diferencialmente expressos na comparação PN13 vs. PN45 e desse total 764 foram diferencialmente expressos para PN13 e 4 para PN45. Quando se comparou os 13 genes identificados para PN13 HERS foi demonstrado que dois deles apresentam papel importante para o desenvolvimento embrionário em camundongos. Para PN13 na comparação com HERS e na comparação com PN45, verificou-se que 50 e 57 genes foram respectivamente escolhidos. Para PN45, 4 genes ainda não identificados foram escolhidos. No entanto, quando se compara o padrão de expressão gênica nesses períodos estudados, não foram verificadas grandes mudanças. Dessa forma, podemos concluir, dentro dos limites desse estudo, que o padrão de expressão gênica nos diferentes períodos estudados apresenta pouca variabilidade, apesar de apresentar expressão de genes diferentes em cada período / Abstract: Considering the hypothesis that the mechanisms involved in periodontal regeneration mimic the mechanisms associated with the development of the original formation of the periodontium, the knowledge of initial biological principles of periodontium development is crucial to the advancement of new bioengineering techniques involved in periodontal regeneration. However, the changes in the gene expression profile during the stages of tooth development remain unclear, mainly the stages related to tooth root development. The study of root development is a challenge because of the need of previous tissue demineralization of this tissue with higher degree of calcification when compared to crown development stages. The aim of the present study was comparatively analyze the gene expression pattern of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and the periodontal ligament at the same experimental period, and also the gene expression pattern of the periodontal ligament at distinct periods of root formation. One Swiss Webster mice per post natal period of 13 days (PN13) and 45 days (PN45) were used. After the laser capture microdissection of the first molar periodontal ligament at PN13 and PN45 and HERS cells of the first molar at PN13, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed for transcriptoma analysis. Data obtained were initially processed to filter the reads considered to have good quality (> 30 at "Phred" score). Data analysis showed that 587 genes were differentially expressed at the comparison PN13 HERS vs. PN13 and of these 25 were differentially expressed at PN13 HERS and 562 at PN13. When comparing PN13 vs. PN45, a total of 768 genes were differentially expressed and of these764 were differentially expressed at PN13 and 4 genes at PN45. When observing the chosen genes at PN13 HERS, two genes have been shown to have an important role in embryonic development in mice. At PN13, when comparing PN13 HERS vs. PN13, 50 genes were chosen and at the same period PN13, when comparing PN13 vs. PN45, 57 genes were chosen. At PN45, 4 genes were chosen yet unidentified. However, when comparing the gene expression pattern in these periods studied, there were no major changes. Thus, we can conclude, within the limits of this study, that gene expression pattern in different time periods has little variability, despite showing expression of different genes in each period / Doutorado / Periodontia / Doutora em Clínica Odontológica
8

Application of a Naïve Bayes Classifier to Assign Polyadenylation Sites from 3' End Deep Sequencing Data: A Dissertation

Sheppard, Sarah E. 29 April 2013 (has links)
Cleavage and polyadenylation of a precursor mRNA is important for transcription termination, mRNA stability, and regulation of gene expression. This process is directed by a multitude of protein factors and cis elements in the pre-mRNA sequence surrounding the cleavage and polyadenylation site. Importantly, the location of the cleavage and polyadenylation site helps define the 3’ untranslated region of a transcript, which is important for regulation by microRNAs and RNA binding proteins. Additionally, these sites have generally been poorly annotated. To identify 3’ ends, many techniques utilize an oligo-dT primer to construct deep sequencing libraries. However, this approach can lead to identification of artifactual polyadenylation sites due to internal priming in homopolymeric stretches of adenines. Previously, simple heuristic filters relying on the number of adenines in the genomic sequence downstream of a putative polyadenylation site have been used to remove these sites of internal priming. However, these simple filters may not remove all sites of internal priming and may also exclude true polyadenylation sites. Therefore, I developed a naïve Bayes classifier to identify putative sites from oligo-dT primed 3’ end deep sequencing as true or false/internally primed. Notably, this algorithm uses a combination of sequence elements to distinguish between true and false sites. Finally, the resulting algorithm is highly accurate in multiple model systems and facilitates identification of novel polyadenylation sites.
9

Perfil de expressão gênica da micróglia humana e suas alterações relacionadas ao glioma / Human microglia expression profile and its alterations related to glioma

Galatro, Thais Fernanda de Almeida 12 September 2016 (has links)
A micróglia é essencial para a homeostase do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), função neuro-imune inata, e exerce papel importante na neurodegeneração, envelhecimento cerebral e tumorigênese. Gliomas difusos são tumores cerebrais primários caracterizados por crescimento infiltrativo e altas taxas de heterogeneidade, o que torna a doença praticamente incurável. Avanços em análises genéticas caracterizaram alterações moleculares relacionadas ao tempo de sobrevida e à resposta clínica desses pacientes, especialmente em glioblastomas (GBM). No entanto, a tumorigenicidade dos gliomas não é controlada unicamente por suas alterações genéticas. As interações entre as células tumorais, a micróglia residente e os macrófagos/monócitos infiltrados desempenham um papel crucial na modulação do crescimento e agressividade do glioma. Neste estudo, analisamos o fenótipo de ativação da micróglia/macrófagos em gliomas, incluindo astrocitomas e oligodendroglimas de diferentes graus de malignidade, apresentamos o perfil de expressão gênica da população pura de micróglia cortical e do tecido cerebral total correspondente. Usando sequenciamento de DNA de alta performance, classificamos as amostras de GBM em Proneural, Clássico e Mesenquimal. Em seguida, avaliamos os status de ativação da micróglia/macrófagos dessas amostras. Apesar do alto grau de heterogeneidade, pudemos observar níveis mais altos dos marcadores mielóides (IBA1, CD11b and CD68) em tumores astrocíticos comparados a tumores de origem oligodendrocítica e ao tecido não-neoplásico. Marcadores de anti-inflamação, como CD163, foram mais abundantes em astrocitomas, bem como em GBMs do subtipo Mesenquimal e Clássico; enquanto que marcadores de pró-inflamação, como IL1-beta, mostraram uma expressão mais heterogênea entre as amostras. Em seguida, micróglia foi isolada de 25 amostras de córtex parietal provenientes de autópsia de indivíduos cognitivamente preservados e foi feito o RNA-seq. Os resultados foram comparados à micróglia de camundongo e a outras células mielóides. Boa parte dos genes expressos pela micróglia humana foram similares àqueles expressos pela micróglia murina, como CX3CR1, P2YR12 e ITGAM. Porém, foram identificados genes de característica imune, abundantemente expressos na micróglia humana e não identificados na micróglia de camundongos, como TLR, Fcy, receptores do tipo SIGLEC, e fatores de transcrição NLRC5 e CIITA. A comparação dos dados de expressão gênica da micróglia com monócitos e macrófagos identificou novos marcadores que distinguem a micróglia humana de outras células mielóides. Nossos dados sobre a micróglia em gliomas sugerem características de imunossupressão e de pró-crescimento em tumores de pior prognóstico, ligado a um fenótipo específico de ativação das células mielóides. Este é o primeiro estudo a identificar o transcriptoma da micróglia humana pura, demonstrando que ela é claramente diferente da micróglia murina e de outras células mielóides. Esses resultados abrem portas para estudos de populações específicas de células mielóides em gliomas / Microglia are essential for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and innate neuroimmune function, and play important roles in neurodegeneration, brain aging and tumorigenesis. Diffuse gliomas are primary brain tumors characterized by infiltrative growth and high heterogeneity, which renders the disease mostly incurable. Advances in genetic analysis have characterized molecular alterations leading to impact on patients\' overall survival and clinical outcome, particularly in glioblastoma (GBM). However, glioma tumorigenicity is not controlled uniquely by its genetic alterations. The crosstalk between tumor cells, resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages plays a crucial role in modulating glioma growth and aggressiveness. Here, we assess the activation status of microglia/macrophages in gliomas,including astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas of different grades of malignancy, and present the gene expression profile of pure cortical human microglia and corresponding unsorted brain tissue. Using high-throughput DNA sequencing, we have classified GBM samples in Proneural, classical and mesenchymal. Next, we evaluated the activation status of microglia/macrophages within these samples. Despite the great heterogeneity, we observed higher levels of myeloid markers (IBA1, CD11b and CD68) in astrocytic tumors compared to oligodendrocytic ones and to non-neoplastic (NN) tissue. Anti-inflammation markers, such as CD163, are also more abundant in astrocytomas, as well as in the mesenchymal and classical GBM subtypes, while pro-inflammation markers, such as IL1-beta, show a more widespread expression throughout samples. Next, microglia were isolated from the parietal cortex of 25 autopsy samples of cognitively preserved humans and RNA sequenced. Overall, genes expressed by human microglia are similar to mouse microglia, such as CX3CR1, P2YR12, and ITGAM. Interestingly, a number of immune genes, not identified as mouse microglia signature genes, were abundantly expressed in human microglia, such as TLR, Fcy and SIGLEC receptors and NLRC5 and CIITA transcription factors. Comparison of microglia to monocyte and macrophage expression data underscored the CNS-specific functions of microglia and new markers were identified that distinguish human microglia from other myeloid cells. Our glioma-related data suggests an immune-suppressive and growth supportive characteristic for tumors with worse clinical outcome, linked to an activation profile of myeloid cells. This data is the first comprehensive pure human microglia gene expression profile; human microglia clearly differ from mouse microglia and other myeloid cells. These results will help further studies focusing on pure myeloid cells populations in glioma
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Mutações inativadoras no gene MKRN3 são causa de puberdade precoce central familial / Inactivating mutations in the MKRN3 gene are cause of familial central precocious puberty

Macêdo, Francisca Delanie Bulcão de 26 April 2016 (has links)
A maioria dos casos de puberdade precoce central (PPC) em meninas permanece idiopática. A hipótese de uma causa genética vem se fortalecendo após a descoberta de alguns genes associados a este fenótipo, sobretudo aqueles implicados com o sistema kisspeptina (KISS1 e KISS1R). Entretanto, apenas casos isolados de PPC foram relacionados à mutação na kisspeptina ou em seu receptor. Até recentemente, a maioria dos estudos genéticos em PPC buscava genes candidatos selecionados com base em modelos animais, análise genética de pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico, ou ainda, nos estudos de associação ampla do genoma. Neste trabalho, foi utilizado o sequenciamento exômico global, uma metodologia mais moderna de sequenciamento, para identificar variantes associadas ao fenótipo de PPC. Trinta e seis indivíduos com a forma de PPC familial (19 famílias) e 213 casos aparentemente esporádicos foram inicialmente selecionados. A forma familial foi definida pela presença de mais de um membro afetado na família. DNA genômico foi extraído dos leucócitos do sangue periférico de todos os pacientes. O estudo de sequenciamento exômico global realizado pela técnica ILLUMINA, em 40 membros de 15 famílias com PPC, identificou mutações inativadoras em um único gene, MKRN3, em cinco dessas famílias. Pesquisa de mutação no MKRN3 realizada por sequenciamento direto em duas famílias adicionais (quatro pacientes) identificou duas novas variantes nesse gene. O MKRN3 é um gene de um único éxon, localizado no cromossomo 15 em uma região crítica para a síndrome de Prader Willi. O gene MKRN3 sofre imprinting materno, sendo expresso apenas pelo alelo paterno. A descoberta de mutações em pacientes com PPC familial despertou o interesse para a pesquisa de mutações nesse gene em 213 pacientes com PPC aparentemente esporádica por meio de reação em cadeia de polimerase seguida de purificação enzimática e sequenciamento automático direto (Sanger). Três novas mutações e duas já anteriormente identificadas, incluindo quatro frameshifts e uma variante missense, foram encontradas, em heterozigose, em seis meninas não relacionadas. Todas as novas variantes identificadas estavam ausentes nos bancos de dados (1000 Genomes e Exome Variant Server). O estudo de segregação familial em três dessas meninas com PPC aparentemente esporádica e mutação no MKRN3 confirmou o padrão de herança autossômica dominante com penetrância completa e transmissão exclusiva pelo alelo paterno, demonstrando que esses casos eram, na verdade, também familiares. A maioria das mutações encontradas no MKRN3 era do tipo frameshift ou nonsense, levando a stop códons prematuros e proteínas truncadas e, portanto, confirmando a associação com o fenótipo. As duas mutações missenses (p.Arg365Ser e p.Phe417Ile) identificadas estavam localizadas em regiões de dedo ou anel de zinco, importantes para a função da proteína. Além disso, os estudos in silico dessas duas variantes demonstraram patogenicidade. Todos os pacientes com mutação no MKRN3 apresentavam características clínicas e hormonais típicas de ativação prematura do eixo reprodutivo. A mediana de idade de início da puberdade foi de 6 anos nas meninas (variando de 3 a 6,5) e 8 anos nos meninos (variando de 5,9 a 8,5). Tendo em vista o fenômeno de imprinting, análise de metilação foi também realizada em um subgrupo de 52 pacientes com PPC pela técnica de MS-MLPA, mas não foram encontradas alterações no padrão de metilação. Em conclusão, este trabalho identificou um novo gene associado ao fenótipo de PPC. Atualmente, mutações inativadoras no MKRN3 representam a causa genética mais comum de PPC familial (33%). O MKRN3 é o primeiro gene imprintado associado a distúrbios puberais em humanos. O mecanismo preciso de ação desse gene na regulação da secreção de GnRH necessita de estudos adicionais / Most cases of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls remain idiopathic. The hypothesis of a genetic cause has been strengthened after the discovery of some genes associated with this phenotype, particularly those involved with the kisspeptin system (KISS1 and KISS1R). However, genetic defects in KISS1 and its receptor are rare and have been identified in only a few patients with CPP.over the past years. To date, most genetic studies in CPP was based mainly on a candidate gene approach, including genes selected in animal studies, human models of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or in genome wide association studies. In the present study, we used whole exome sequencing, a more advanced method of sequencing, to identify variants associated with CPP. Thirty-six patients with the familial form of CPP (19 families) and 213 apparently sporadic cases were initially selected. The familial form was defined by the presence of more than one member affected in the family. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes in all patients. Whole exome sequencing performed by ILLUMINA technique in 40 members of 15 families with CPP, identified inactivating mutations in a single gene, MKRN3, in five out of these families. Analysis of MKRN3 mutations performed by automatic sequencing in two additional families (four patients) identified two novel mutations. MKRN3 is an introless gene located on chromosome 15, in the Prader Willi syndrome critical region, and it is expressed only by the paternal allele due to the maternal imprinting. Following the initial findings, we searched for MKRN3 mutations in 213 patients with apparently sporadic CPP using polymerase chain reaction followed by direct enzymatic purification and automated sequencing (Sanger). Three new mutations and two previously reported, including four frameshifts and one missense variant was identified in six unrelated girls with CPP. All variants were not described in the two databases (1000 Genomes and Exome Variant Server). The familial segregation analysis performed in three out of these girls with apparently sporadic CPP and MKRN3 mutations confirmed the autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance and exclusive transmission through the paternal allele, revealing familial inheritance in apparently sporadic cases. Most of these MKRN3 mutations were frameshifts or nonsense, leading to premature stop codons and truncated proteins, thus demonstrating positive genotype- phenotype correlation. The two missense mutations (p.Arg365Ser and p.Phe417Ile) identified were located within zinc finger motifs, regions predicted to be essential for the protein function. Besides that, all missense mutations were predicted to be pathogenic by in silico analysis. All patients carrying MKRN3 mutations exhibited typical clinical and hormonal features of premature activation of the reproductive axis. The median age of puberty onset was 6.0 years in girls (ranging from 3.0 to 6.5) and 8.0 years in boys (ranging from 5.9 to 8.5). In view of the imprinting phenomenon, methylation analysis was also performed in a subgroup of 52 patients with CPP by MSMLPA technique, but no methylation abnormalities were detected. In conclusion, our work has identified a new gene associated with CPP. Currently, inactivating mutations in MKRN3 represent the most common genetic cause of familial CPP (33%). MKRN3 is the first imprinted gene associated with pubertal disorders in humans. However, its precise mechanism of action in the regulation of GnRH secretion needs further studies

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