O presente estudo constituiu-se em uma pesquisa quantitativa, não experimental, do tipo survey, de natureza descritiva. Teve como objetivos analisar a avaliação que enfermeiros e enfermeiros chefes fazem em relação à formação conferida pelo curso de graduação em enfermagem, bem como identificar, segundo esses mesmos enfermeiros, os pontos fortes – pontos de luz - e os pontos fracos – buracos negros - dessa formação. Foram sujeitos deste estudo, 53 enfermeiros, atuantes profissionalmente em Instituições de Saúde de um município do interior paulista, que concluíram o curso de graduação em enfermagem nos anos de 2000, 2001, 2002 e 2003, e 31 enfermeiros, seus respectivos chefes. Para a coleta de dados construímos um instrumento, utilizando a escala analógica visual, contendo a descrição de 45 (quarenta e cinco) competências inerentes à atuação profissional do enfermeiro e uma questão sobre o estímulo fornecido, durante o curso de graduação, para a participação em entidades de classe. Após a validação (aparente e de conteúdo) do instrumento de coleta de dados e aprovação do projeto de pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética, demos inicio ao presente estudo. A análise dos resultados foi feita utilizando-se o Programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), versão 11.5. De acordo com os resultados, o presente estudo nos possibilitou concluir que: o preparo conferido pela graduação ao enfermeiro para organizar e dirigir serviços de enfermagem e/ou de saúde, em especial, foi considerado pouco adequado pelos dois grupos estudados; para os enfermeiros chefes, o preparo para a liderança da equipe de enfermagem é inadequado, o que contradiz a percepção dos enfermeiros; o preparo para a pesquisa que tenha impacto e possa intervir na prática profissional do enfermeiro foi considerado pouco adequado pelos dois grupos; quanto às competências educativas, também foram consideradas pelos dois grupos, como pouco adequadas; em especial, para a questão de programas de capacitação, recrutamento e seleção de pessoal, o preparo foi praticamente considerado como inadequado; para todas as competências, de todas as 31 categorias utilizadas nesse estudo, os enfermeiros avaliam-se melhor preparados pela graduação do que avaliam os enfermeiros chefes; tanto para o grupo de enfermeiros chefes, como para o grupo de enfermeiros, os pontos altos – “pontos de luz" - da graduação se referem, principalmente, às competências assistenciais; sob a avaliação dos dois grupos - enfermeiros e enfermeiros chefes - os pontos fracos – “buracos negros" - se referem, majoritariamente, às competências políticas; o processo formativo ainda nos parece desvinculado da prática profissional, levando a um descompasso entre o que se aprende e o que se vivencia; o discurso de formarmos um profissional crítico, reflexivo, capaz de atuar e promover mudanças na realidade que os rodeia, continua apenas na retórica; as várias reformas curriculares dos cursos de enfermagem têm levado apenas a alterações de aspectos pontuais; a utilização da pesquisa como “norte" da formação do enfermeiro, ainda está muito distante; a graduação deixa a desejar também quanto ao preparo do enfermeiro para desempenhar a função de ensinar/educar. / The present work was made up of a quantitative, non experimental, survey type study of a descriptive nature. Its aims were to analyse what the nurses and their nursing chiefs do in relation to the preparation given by the graduate courses of nursing, as well as identify, according to these same nurses, the strong points – or points of light- and the weak points or black holes in this training. The study subjects were 53 nurses, professionally active in health institutions in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo State, that concluded their graduate nurses training in the years of 2000,2001,2002 and 2003, and 31 nurses who were their respective nurse managers. For data collection an instrument composed of the visual analogue scales containing 45 questions was used containing 45 inherent competencies to the professional activities of the nurse and a question about the stimulus given during the graduate course for participation in professionally linked entities, After the validation (appearance and content) of the data collecting instrument and the approval of the project by the ethics committee the present study began. For analysis of the results the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) programme was used. According to the results, this study allowed us to conclude that: the preparation given to the nurses for organizing and managing nursing and/or health services by their graduate courses was considered somewhat inadequate by both the groups studied; for the head nurses the preparation for team leadership is inadequate, which contradicts the nurses perception; the preparation for research that would have an impact on and would alter professional practice was considered slightly inadequate by both groups; as far as educative competency is concerned, both groups indicated this to be a little inadequate also; in relation to the question of qualification programmes, selection and recruitment of personnel, the preparation was practically considered to be inadequate; for all competencies in all of the categories used in this study the nurses assessed themselves as better prepared by the 34 graduate course than did their counterparts, the head nurses; both the head nurses and the nurses indicated the high points - “points of light" in the graduate course refer principally to assistance competency; both groups also agreed that the weak points – “black holes" refer, in the majority, to political competence; the formative process to us, still seems to be separated from professional practice, leading to a huge difference between what you learn and what you experience; the discourse about training the critical, reflexive professional, capable of performing and promoting changes in reality what surrounds us, continues to be only rhetoric; the various curricular improvements of nurses' undergraduate courses has taken into account only the immediate aspects; the use of research as a guide to the training of nurses is still very distant; the graduate studies leave a lot to be desired as far as the preparation for the carrying out of teaching and educational functions.

O presente estudo constituiu-se em uma pesquisa quantitativa, não experimental, do tipo survey, de natureza descritiva. Teve como objetivos analisar a avaliação que enfermeiros e enfermeiros chefes fazem em relação à formação conferida pelo curso de graduação em enfermagem, bem como identificar, segundo esses mesmos enfermeiros, os pontos fortes – pontos de luz - e os pontos fracos – buracos negros - dessa formação. Foram sujeitos deste estudo, 53 enfermeiros, atuantes profissionalmente em Instituições de Saúde de um município do interior paulista, que concluíram o curso de graduação em enfermagem nos anos de 2000, 2001, 2002 e 2003, e 31 enfermeiros, seus respectivos chefes. Para a coleta de dados construímos um instrumento, utilizando a escala analógica visual, contendo a descrição de 45 (quarenta e cinco) competências inerentes à atuação profissional do enfermeiro e uma questão sobre o estímulo fornecido, durante o curso de graduação, para a participação em entidades de classe. Após a validação (aparente e de conteúdo) do instrumento de coleta de dados e aprovação do projeto de pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética, demos inicio ao presente estudo. A análise dos resultados foi feita utilizando-se o Programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), versão 11.5. De acordo com os resultados, o presente estudo nos possibilitou concluir que: o preparo conferido pela graduação ao enfermeiro para organizar e dirigir serviços de enfermagem e/ou de saúde, em especial, foi considerado pouco adequado pelos dois grupos estudados; para os enfermeiros chefes, o preparo para a liderança da equipe de enfermagem é inadequado, o que contradiz a percepção dos enfermeiros; o preparo para a pesquisa que tenha impacto e possa intervir na prática profissional do enfermeiro foi considerado pouco adequado pelos dois grupos; quanto às competências educativas, também foram consideradas pelos dois grupos, como pouco adequadas; em especial, para a questão de programas de capacitação, recrutamento e seleção de pessoal, o preparo foi praticamente considerado como inadequado; para todas as competências, de todas as 31 categorias utilizadas nesse estudo, os enfermeiros avaliam-se melhor preparados pela graduação do que avaliam os enfermeiros chefes; tanto para o grupo de enfermeiros chefes, como para o grupo de enfermeiros, os pontos altos – “pontos de luz” - da graduação se referem, principalmente, às competências assistenciais; sob a avaliação dos dois grupos - enfermeiros e enfermeiros chefes - os pontos fracos – “buracos negros” - se referem, majoritariamente, às competências políticas; o processo formativo ainda nos parece desvinculado da prática profissional, levando a um descompasso entre o que se aprende e o que se vivencia; o discurso de formarmos um profissional crítico, reflexivo, capaz de atuar e promover mudanças na realidade que os rodeia, continua apenas na retórica; as várias reformas curriculares dos cursos de enfermagem têm levado apenas a alterações de aspectos pontuais; a utilização da pesquisa como “norte” da formação do enfermeiro, ainda está muito distante; a graduação deixa a desejar também quanto ao preparo do enfermeiro para desempenhar a função de ensinar/educar. / The present work was made up of a quantitative, non experimental, survey type study of a descriptive nature. Its aims were to analyse what the nurses and their nursing chiefs do in relation to the preparation given by the graduate courses of nursing, as well as identify, according to these same nurses, the strong points – or points of light- and the weak points or black holes in this training. The study subjects were 53 nurses, professionally active in health institutions in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo State, that concluded their graduate nurses training in the years of 2000,2001,2002 and 2003, and 31 nurses who were their respective nurse managers. For data collection an instrument composed of the visual analogue scales containing 45 questions was used containing 45 inherent competencies to the professional activities of the nurse and a question about the stimulus given during the graduate course for participation in professionally linked entities, After the validation (appearance and content) of the data collecting instrument and the approval of the project by the ethics committee the present study began. For analysis of the results the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) programme was used. According to the results, this study allowed us to conclude that: the preparation given to the nurses for organizing and managing nursing and/or health services by their graduate courses was considered somewhat inadequate by both the groups studied; for the head nurses the preparation for team leadership is inadequate, which contradicts the nurses perception; the preparation for research that would have an impact on and would alter professional practice was considered slightly inadequate by both groups; as far as educative competency is concerned, both groups indicated this to be a little inadequate also; in relation to the question of qualification programmes, selection and recruitment of personnel, the preparation was practically considered to be inadequate; for all competencies in all of the categories used in this study the nurses assessed themselves as better prepared by the 34 graduate course than did their counterparts, the head nurses; both the head nurses and the nurses indicated the high points - “points of light” in the graduate course refer principally to assistance competency; both groups also agreed that the weak points – “black holes” refer, in the majority, to political competence; the formative process to us, still seems to be separated from professional practice, leading to a huge difference between what you learn and what you experience; the discourse about training the critical, reflexive professional, capable of performing and promoting changes in reality what surrounds us, continues to be only rhetoric; the various curricular improvements of nurses' undergraduate courses has taken into account only the immediate aspects; the use of research as a guide to the training of nurses is still very distant; the graduate studies leave a lot to be desired as far as the preparation for the carrying out of teaching and educational functions.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-24T14:22:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Vanessa _Rossetto2017.pdf: 1693675 bytes, checksum: b6a8d5fcadb47331df5a0c41af1630f5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T14:22:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Vanessa _Rossetto2017.pdf: 1693675 bytes, checksum: b6a8d5fcadb47331df5a0c41af1630f5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-20 / Introduction: Technological advances and the qualification of health professionals in the last decades have reflected in the epidemiological transition of childhood, with a reduction in infant mortality. In contrast, there was an increase in chronic conditions in childhood, evidencing Children with Special Health Needs - CRIANES. These require differentiated care, ranging from psychomotor and social rehabilitation, devices and technologies, drugs and differentiated care - to feed, sanitize and dress. Given this scenario, the need for changes in health care emerges and, in this context, Home Care (HC) can be considered as one of the responses of the system to meet the demands present in the chronic conditions. Objectives: To know and describe the care provided to the CRIANES in the services of Paraná State and to propose a protocol of home care flow, specific for these children. Methodology: Quantitative, case-study, descriptive and exploratory research. Data collection was performed through the application of an instrument developed for the research, to the professionals of all the Home Care Services - SAD of Paraná, by telephone and electronic mail, from October 2016 to January 2017. The data analysis was descriptive statistics. Secondly, a specific care flow protocol was developed for the CRIANES in the SAD, being guided by the methodology of reality analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), from the diagnosis of the services. All the ethical precepts for human research were followed and the study was approved by an ethics committee in research. Results: The state of Paraná has accredited SAD in eight municipalities. Among the children attended by these, 25.7% of them have cerebral palsy and 60% are tracheostomized. Among the practices of the services it was observed that 25% of them use a therapeutic project, however 75% communicate inconstantly with primary care. It was highlighted as important points for the care of children in SAD2: scheduled hospital discharge, organized referral to the home care service, evaluation of effective eligibility, adequate preparation of the caregiver, organized sanitary transportation, systematic itinerary for admission, unique therapeutic project, shared care with primary care, systematized follow-up, organized telephone counseling, electronic and interconnected medical records, and specific flow in the emergency and emergency network. The weaknesses are mainly related to the low use of the therapeutic project and the counter reference to primary care. The method employed allowed a careful evaluation of each point involved and thus develop an action plan and flow chart that neutralizes weaknesses and threats and potentiates strengths and opportunities. Conclusions: Many successful practices are developed, but isolated in the municipalities. Thus, disseminating the positive experiences, this study fosters reflection and improvement of the work process and the development of the protocol offers subsidies to give robustness to the care of children with special health needs in home care. / Introdução: Os avanços tecnológicos e a qualificação dos profissionais de saúde, nas últimas décadas, refletiram na transição epidemiológica da infância, com diminuição da mortalidade infantil. Em contraponto, houve crescimento das condições crônicas na infância, evidenciando-se Crianças com Necessidades Especiais de Saúde (CRIANES). Estas demandam cuidados diferenciados, que variam entre reabilitação psicomotora e social, dispositivos e tecnologias, fármacos e cuidados diferenciados - para alimentar-se, higienizar-se e vestir-se. Frente a este cenário, emerge a necessidade de mudanças na atenção à saúde e, neste contexto, a Atenção Domiciliar (AD) pode ser considerada uma das respostas do sistema para atender às demandas presentes nas condições crônicas. Objetivos: Conhecer e descrever o cuidado prestado às CRIANES nos serviços paranaenses de AD e propor protocolo de fluxo de cuidado domiciliar, específico para estas crianças. Metodologia: Pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, descritiva e exploratória. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de aplicação de instrumento desenvolvido para a pesquisa, aos profissionais de todos os Serviços de Atenção Domiciliar (SAD) do Paraná, por telefone e correio eletrônico, no período de outubro de 2016 a janeiro de 2017. A análise dos dados foi estatística descritiva. Em um segundo momento, foi elaborado um protocolo de fluxo de cuidados específico às CRIANES na AD, orientando-se por meio da metodologia de análise da realidade Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities e Threats (SWOT), a partir do diagnóstico dos serviços. Resultados: O estado do Paraná tem serviços de AD credenciados em oito municípios. Dentre as crianças atendidas por esses, 25,7% delas tem paralisia cerebral e 60% são traqueostomizadas. Entre as práticas dos serviços observou-se que 25% deles utilizam projeto terapêutico, no entanto 75% comunicam-se de modo inconstante com a atenção primária. Destacou-se como pontos importantes para o cuidado às crianças na AD2: alta hospitalar programada, encaminhamento organizado para o serviço de atenção domiciliar, avaliação de elegibilidade efetiva, preparo adequado do cuidador, transporte sanitário organizado, roteiro sistematizado para admissão, projeto terapêutico singular, cuidado compartilhado com a atenção primária, acompanhamento sistematizado, orientação via telefone organizada, prontuário eletrônico e interligado, e fluxo específico na rede de urgência e emergência. As fragilidades encontradas relacionam-se principalmente à baixa utilização do projeto terapêutico e da contrarreferência à atenção primária. O método empregado permitiu avaliar criteriosamente cada ponto envolvido e assim, desenvolver um plano de ação e fluxograma que neutralize as fraquezas e ameaças e potencialize as forças e oportunidades. Conclusões: Muitas práticas de sucesso são desenvolvidas, porém isoladamente nos municípios. Dessa forma, divulgando as experiências positivas, este estudo fomenta reflexão e aprimoramento do processo de trabalho e o desenvolvimento do protocolo oferece subsídios para dar robustez ao atendimento de crianças com necessidades especiais de saúde na atenção domiciliar.

Biological nursing science, also known as Bioscience, is a difficult subject or module in nurse training and education worldwide. In the four-year comprehensive nursing diploma programme, Biological Nursing Science (BNS) is one of the core subjects taught in the first year. One of the major bioscience concepts integrated in the undergraduate nursing curriculum is Anatomy and Physiology (A&P). It is essential for students to pass A&P before enrolling for GNS because the two subjects provide details of the normal structures of the body and how they function, which is the foundation of GNS. The failure of students in BNS (Anatomy and Physiology) enrolled for the Diploma in Nursing (General, Psychiatry and Community) and Midwifery is of great concern to the nurse educators and campus principals at the KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing. The results for the BNS module between 2014 and 2017 indicated that students had problems with the course. Accordingly, the researcher wished to determine the factors that contributed to student failure in BNS (Anatomy and Physiology) in the KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing. The aim of the study was to identify factors that contributed to the BNS failure rate and make recommendations to improve the pass rate in BNS. The researcher used Jeffreys’ (2013) NURS model as the conceptual framework to examine the influence of student profile characteristics, academic factors, environmental factors and psychological outcomes on Anatomy and Physiology performance. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive research design was selected to describe, explain, and predict factors contributing to students’ failure in BNS. Data was collected from 114 respondents by means of a Likert scale-based self-administered structured questionnaire.The study found that shorter breaks between lectures, which caused exhaustion; the one-day study time between examinations; two hours for the subject examination, and educators not involving students in lessons or providing after-class sessions were among the factors contributing to the high failure rate. It is recommended that the curriculum allow sufficient notional hours for teaching; learner support programmes be introduced to assist students who need help; examination timetables be adjusted to allow adequate study and preparation time, and educators involve students in active learning. Recommendations are also made for further research. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Diss. (sammanfattning)--Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.

This thesis evaluates experiences, effects, and costs of abdominal massage for people with constipation. The thesis comprises four papers: Paper I is a literature review of health economic analysis of nursing practice. Paper II and III is a prospective randomized controlled trial that evaluates abdominal massage in terms of effects and costs. Paper IV uses a qualitative approach to illuminate the experiences of receiving abdominal massage. Paper II and III included 60 participants who were constipated in accordance with Rome II criteria. Paper IV included nine participants. Paper I investigated the application of economic evaluation in studies of nursing practice. Systematic database searches were performed and gave nearly 600 papers that were screened and 115 studies were relevant according to stipulated inclusion criteria. The result showed that there was a trend of increased publications from the year 2000. Few studies reported the health economic methods used and the perspective of the economic analysis. There was a large variability in number of included cost items. Because the methodological weaknesses in many studies, it was difficult to use some studies as ground for discussion of resource distribution. Paper II investigates the effects of abdominal massage on gastrointestinal function and laxative intake on persons with constipation. The questionnaire Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) was used and data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that after eight weeks of abdominal massage the intervention group experienced significantly fewer gastrointestinal symptoms and had significantly more bowel evacuation compared with the control group. There were no differences in laxative intake. Paper III evaluated the change in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for people with constipation when receiving abdominal massage and estimates the cost-effectiveness of two alternative implementation scenarios: 1) abdominal massage given by enrolled nurses in a department; and 2) participants giving themselves abdominal massage after receiving training in self-massage. Both scenarios imply that all participants received abdominal massage for eight weeks and those who found the treatment effective continued to receive treatment for eight more weeks. EQ-5D was used to assess HRQoL and for calculating QALY. The intervention group had after eight weeks of abdominal massage significantly higher HRQoL assessed with EQ-5D VAS compared with the control group. No significant differences were assessed with the EQ-5D index. Abdominal massage is initially expensive, but for those who respond favourably abdominal massage can be a cost-effective long-term treatment. Paper IV examines the experiences of receiving abdominal massage when having constipation. Four themes were formulated: being on one’s guard, becoming embraced by safe hands, feeling touch to body and mind, and being in a fragile state. Receiving abdominal massage was described as comfortable and lead to decreased problems with constipation. The improvement was described as easily disturbed and it was associated with demands to continue massage to maintain the new state. Conclusion: Abdominal massage is a pleasant treatment that provides significantly fewer gastrointestinal symptoms and increased health-related quality of life. As a long- term treatment, abdominal massage can be a cost-effective treatment.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-22T12:30:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SimoneBarbosaPereira.pdf: 1911161 bytes, checksum: 8274b42d34b16d295141ae46b63f2ed9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SimoneBarbosaPereira.pdf: 1911161 bytes, checksum: 8274b42d34b16d295141ae46b63f2ed9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Good practices in childbirth and birth care do not constitute a new theme. They have gained notoriety due to the excessive use of invasive technologies and a high number of cesarean sections, in which Brazil ranks first in the world scale. One of the drivers of these changes was the launch by the World Health Organization in 1985 of the document entitled "Appropriate technologies for childbirth and birth". This document has promoted the adoption of good practices in care delivery and birth, capable of breaking with traditional models of intervention at delivery and birth, through new methodologies and intervention technologies aimed at the humanization of childbirth. Based on this proposal, the present study aimed as its general objective: To implement the good practices of attention to childbirth and birth, recommended by the World Health Organization, in a medium-sized Hospital Obstetric Unit. As specific objectives, this study considered: Know the professionals' perception professionals of an obstetric hospital unit on the good practices of attention to childbirth and birth, recommended by the World Health Organization; and, Describe the construction and validation steps of a construct of good practices of attention to childbirth and birth, to be implemented in an Obstetric Unit of habitual risk. In order to meet the first specific objective, a qualitative research was carried out, using the focal group technique, with the participation of the multidisciplinary team of the Obstetric Unit of habitual risk, of a medium-sized institution, from April to June 2016. The second specific objective was taken from a methodological survey, carried out between August and October 2016, with the participation of 12 judges from the obstetric area, national level, between the first and second round Delphi. From the data resulting from the first specific objective and codified by content analysis, three thematic categories emerged: good practices and their meanings; from the biological character to the singular and multidimensional care; from the punctual and fragmented conception to the network of attention to childbirth and birth. It was concluded that good practices in childbirth care and birth, in addition to making it possible to rethink the obstetric model and contribute to the organization of the maternal and child health care network, stimulate the role of women in their multiple dimensions. In response to the second specific objective, was obtained, in the judges' analysis, a return of 12 instruments evaluated in the first round and seven instruments in the second round Delphi. In the first round, significant suggestions for changes were made in relation to the items of the dimensions of the construct, in which the judges presented convergences in relation to the mission, vision and values, but suggested changes in the item "assignments of each professional in the team". The construct was considered valid, both in content and appearance, and could contribute to subsidize good practices of attention to childbirth care and birth in local and national territory. It is concluded that, besides the governmental initiatives, it is necessary that the health professionals are responsible for and assume the good practices of attention to childbirth and birth as a possibility of transformation of the obstetric model. As a way of broadening the reflections and qualifying the good practices of attention to childbirth and birth at the Obstetric Unit, the origin institution of the principal researcher, she presented to the managers and multi professional team the validated construct, in days and at times previously scheduled. In addition, a graphical representation of the Construct of Good Practices of Attention to Childbirth and Birth, validated by the Judges of the obstetric area, was prepared, which will be exposed at the main entrance of the Obstetric Unit in question. / As boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento não se constituem em temática nova. Elas ganharam notoriedade pelo uso excessivo das tecnologias invasivas e elevado número de cesarianas, nas quais o Brasil figura em primeiro lugar na escala mundial. Um dos propulsores dessas mudanças foi o lançamento, pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, no ano de 1985, do documento “Tecnologias apropriadas para o Parto e Nascimento”. Este documento impulsionou a adoção de boas práticas na atenção ao parto e ao nascimento, capazes de romper com modelos tradicionais de intervenção ao parto e ao nascimento, por meio de novas metodologias e tecnologias de intervenção voltadas para a humanização do parto. Com base nesta aposta, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral: Implementar as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento, preconizadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, em uma Unidade Obstétrica Hospitalar de médio porte. Como objetivos específicos este estudo considerou: Conhecer a percepção dos profissionais de saúde de uma unidade hospitalar obstétrica sobre as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento, preconizadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde; e, Descrever as etapas de construção e de validação de um construto de boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento, a ser implementado em uma Unidade Obstétrica de risco habitual. Para atender ao primeiro objetivo específico foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio da técnica de grupo focal, com a participação da equipe multiprofissional da Unidade Obstétrica de risco habitual, de uma instituição de médio porte, no período de abril a junho de 2016. O segundo objetivo específico foi atendido a partir de uma pesquisa metodológica, realizada entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2016, com a participação de 12 juízes da área obstétrica, de âmbito nacional, entre a primeira e a segunda rodada Delphi. Dos dados resultantes do primeiro objetivo específico e codificados pela análise de conteúdo resultaram três categorias temáticas: boas práticas e seus significados; do caráter biológico ao cuidado singular e multidimensional; da concepção pontual e fragmentada à rede de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento. Concluiu-se que as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento, além de possibilitarem o repensar do modelo obstétrico e contribuírem na organização da rede de atenção à saúde materno infantil, estimulam o protagonismo da mulher em suas múltiplas dimensões. Em resposta ao segundo objetivo específico obteve-se, na análise dos juízes, um retorno de 12 instrumentos avaliados na primeira rodada e sete instrumentos, na segunda rodada Delphi. Na primeira rodada foram realizadas sugestões significativas de mudanças em relação aos itens das dimensões do construto, nos quais os juízes apresentaram convergências em relação à missão, à visão e aos valores, mas, sugeriram mudanças no item “atribuições de cada profissional na equipe”. O construto foi considerado válido, tanto em conteúdo quanto em aparência, e poderá contribuir para subsidiar as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento em âmbito local e em território nacional. Considera-se que, para além das iniciativas governamentais, é preciso que os profissionais de saúde se corresponsabilizem e assumam as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento como possibilidade de transformação do modelo obstétrico. Como forma de ampliar as reflexões e qualificar as boas práticas de atenção ao parto e ao nascimento na Unidade Obstétrica, instituição de origem da pesquisadora principal, a mesma apresentou para os dirigentes e equipe multiprofissional o construto validado, em dias e horários previamente agendados. Salienta-se, enfim, que foi confeccionada uma representação gráfica do Construto de Boas Práticas de Atenção ao Parto e ao Nascimento, validado pelos Juízes da área obstétrica, o qual ficará exposto na entrada principal da Unidade Obstétrica em questão.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate characteristics, the cost of the intervention and effects of participation on the first year preterm cost of care. Home-based intervention is a new preventive nursing intervention, which focuses mainly on early interaction between an infant and its mother. Many long-term advantages have been found in developmental issues of preterm infants, on mothers caring skills and the mother-child relationship. Even though those positive effects are well known, there still remains a gap of information concerning effective characteristics of the intervention as well as costs of such an intervention. The study focused on two main questions: 1) What are the characteristics of the intervention perceived by the mothers with preterm infants? 2) What are the costs of the intervention and what kind of effects did the intervention have on the first year cost of care of preterm infants? This was a retrospective evaluation study. The population consisted of preterm infants (≤ 32 gw), who were treated in eastern an northern Finland during 1996?1998. All infants received usual preterm care. In addition to this, the intervention group participated in the intervention. Data was gathered during 1998?1999. Two groups of mothers were interviewed. The first were mothers (N = 17), who described the care for a preterm infant at home. The other group of mothers (N = 7) evaluated the intervention. Content analysis was performed inductively and deductively. The last one was based on concept and characteristics of social support. Cost of the intervention was evaluated as salary, time and travelling cost for the nurse. Costs of preterm care were computed as direct and indirect social and family costs and compared the first year cost of intervention (N = 18) and control (N = 118) group of preterm infants. Data was gathered by a questionnaire and from hospital statistics and patient files. Descriptive statistical methods as well comparing the means were used. The results indicated an exceptional motherhood of the mothers with preterm infants. The exceptionality consisted of challenges of care for the infant, needs for information related to prematurity and care for the infant. Many fears, worries and feelings of guilt burden the mothers. The home-based intervention supported the mothers of the intervention group by equipping them with situation suitable information concerning prematurity and giving them emotional, integrative and active support. The mean cost of the intervention was 970 euroa per an infant to the hospital. Costs of new episodes of care and primary health care were smaller among the intervention group than among the control group. Cost-analysis indicated that the initial phase of care formed the main proportion of infants' first year cost of care. The results suggest that the home-based intervention may have potential to support mothers with preterm infant without significantly increasing the cost of care. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvailla vauvaperhetyön sisältöä, arvioida vauvaperhetyön tuottamisesta aiheutuvia kustannuksia sairaalalle sekä vertailla siihen osallistumisen vaikutuksia keskosten ensimmäisen elinvuoden hoitokustannuksiin. Vauvaperhetyöllä on havaittu olevan vuosia kestäviä suotuisia vaikutuksia keskosten kehitykseen, äidin hoivataitoihin ja vuorovaikutukseen. Kuitenkaan ei ole tietoa siitä, millaisena tuen vastaanottajat sen näkevät. Samoin on niukasti tietoa siitä, paljonko vauvaperhetyön tuottaminen maksaa. Tutkimustehtävinä olivat: Millaisena tukena vauvaperhetyö ilmeni keskosten äideille? Millaiset olivat vauvaperhetyön kustannukset sairaalalle ja miten siihen osallistuminen vaikutti keskosten ensimmäisen elinvuoden hoitokustannuksiin? Tutkimus toteutettiin retrospektiivisena arviointitutkimuksena. Tutkimusjoukko koostui vuosina 1996?1998 Itä- ja Pohjois-Suomen alueilla hoidetuista keskosista (≤ 32 vk). Kaikille keskosille annettiin tavanomainen hoito, jonka lisäksi interventioryhmän keskoset osallistuivat vauvaperhetyöhön. Aineistot koottiin vuosina 1998?1999. Vauvaperhetyön sisällöllisistä piirteistä koottiin tietoa kahden äitiryhmän teemahaastattelulla. Ensimmäisen aineiston äidit (N = 17) kuvailivat keskosten hoitoa kotona. Toisen aineiston äidit (N = 7) kuvailivat vauvaperhetyön sisältöä. Haastatteluaineistot analysoitiin aineisto- ja teorialähtöisellä sisällönanalyysilla. Jälkimmäisen luokittelurunko rakentui sosiaalisen tuen ominaispiirteiden mukaan. Vauvaperhetyön kustannusten arviointi perustui perhetyöntekijän palkkaan sekä kotikäyntien matka- ja aikakustannuksiin. Interventioon osallistumisen vaikutuksia hoitokustannuksiin arvioitiin vertailemalla interventio- (N = 18) ja verrokkiryhmän (N = 118) keskosten hoitokustannuksia. Tietoa koottiin vanhemmille suunnatulla kyselylomakkeella, sairaalan tiedostoista, potilasasiakirjoista ja perhetyöntekijän tiedostoista. Kustannukset laskettiin suorina ja epäsuorina yhteiskunnalle ja perheille aiheutuneina kustannuksina. Tulokset analysoitiin taulukkolaskennalla käyttäen kuvailevan tilastotieteen menetelmiä ja keskiarvotestejä. Aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin mukaan keskosen äitiys oli erilaista äitiyttä, jota määritti keskosten hoidon asettamat vaatimukset ja äitien emootiot. Hoidon vaatimuksissa korostuivat päivittäisen hoidon, tiedon tarpeen ja erilaisen arjen asettamat tiedolliset ja taidolliset haasteet. äitien emootiot sisälsivät keskosten terveydentilaan ja kehitykseen sekä äitiin itseensä liittyviä pelkoja, huolia ja syyllisyyden tunteita. Teorialähtöisen analyysin perusteella vauvaperhetyön keskeinen sisältö muodostui tilannekohtaisen, keskosten hoitoon sovelletun erityistiedon antamisesta sekä perhetyöntekijän saavutettavuudesta. Muita vauvaperhetyön antaman tuen muotoja olivat emotionaalinen, integroiva ja aktiivinen tuki. Vauvaperhetyön tuottaminen maksoi sairaalle keskimäärin 970 euroa lasta kohden. Vauvaperhetyöhön osallistuneiden interventioryhmän keskosten uusien hoitojaksojen ja perusterveydenhuollon kustannukset olivat verrokkien kustannuksia matalammat. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että vauvaperhetyöllä voidaan vastata keskosten äitien tuen tarpeisiin lisäämättä merkittävästi hoitokustannuksia.