Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T16:26:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tâmara de Oliveira Silva.pdf: 3590446 bytes, checksum: 6acc0a778d1a33b6e2b136be82e1d39e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-03-07T16:38:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tâmara de Oliveira Silva.pdf: 3590446 bytes, checksum: 6acc0a778d1a33b6e2b136be82e1d39e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T16:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tâmara de Oliveira Silva.pdf: 3590446 bytes, checksum: 6acc0a778d1a33b6e2b136be82e1d39e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-03 / The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) developed in Brazil is one of the largest in Latin America, serving millions of students throughout Brazil. The program works i n the country since 1955 and has been modified over the years in order to promote food security and nutrition of school and local development through the strengthening of family farming. Since 2009, Federal Law 11,947 provides for the minimum investment of 30% of the financial resources of the program to purchase food from family farmers, thereby promoting economic and social development of this category. This qualitative research aims to analyze the process of commercialization of family agriculture products to the PNAE in EMEF Dr. Chateubriand; EMEF Gracita Melo and EMEF Almeida Barreto, with the specific objectives; check how is the process of acquiring the products to those schools; identify the main social actors involved in the management of PNAE and present what are the main marketing difficulties. This city was chosen to have their school lunch decentralized and educated way, unlike other municipalities. The National School Meal Program is presented through a literature review, displaying its objectives, principles, its history over the years and its operation, as well as its improvement in this historical process, and the actors involved in the "institutional market" of the County. The methodology used in qualitative research was semi structured interview and field observation made possible to analyze the implications in implementing the program. According to the data obtained in the research to Law No. 11.947 / 2009 is met in relation to the 30% intended for encouragement of family farming, however, a lot must be improved so that the objectives of PNAE advance. / O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) desenvolvido no Brasil é um dos maiores da América Latina, atendendo milhões de estudantes por todo o Brasil. O Programa funciona no país desde 1955 e vem sendo modificado ao longo dos anos com o intuito de promover a segurança alimentar e nutricional dos escolares, bem como o desenvolvimento local, através do fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Desde 2009, a Lei Federal 11.947 prevê o investimento mínimo de 30% dos recursos financeiros do Programa para compra de alimentos de agricultores familiares, incentivando assim o desenvolvimento econômico e social desta categoria. Esta pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, tem por objetivo analisar o processo de comercialização dos produtos da agricultura familiar para o PNAE nas EMEF Dr. Chateubriand; EMEF Gracita Melo e EMEF Almeida Barreto, tendo como objetivos específicos; verificar como se dá o processo de aquisição dos produtos para as referidas escolas; identificar quais os principais atores sociais que participam na gestão do PNAE e apresentar quais as principais dificuldades de comercialização. Este município foi escolhido por ter a sua merenda escolar de forma descentralizada e escolarizada, diferente de outros municípios da região. O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar é apresentado através de um levantamento bibliográfico, exibindo seus objetivos, princípios, a sua história ao longo dos anos e seu funcionamento, como também a sua melhoria nesse processo histórico, e os atores envolvidos no "mercado institucional" no Município. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa qualitativa foi a entrevista semi estruturada e a observação de campo que possibilitou analisar as implicações na execução do programa. De acordo com os dados obtidos na pesquisa a Lei nº 11.947/2009 é atendida no que se refere aos 30% destinado para incentivo da Agricultura Familiar, porém, muito deve ser aperfeiçoado para que os objetivos do PNAE avancem.

Background: Canadian youth obesity, and comorbidities, have paralleled trends in consuming nutrient-poor foods marketed by the food industry. In Canada, food marketing is largely self-regulated by the food industry under the Canadian Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CAI). Methods: Public television programming records benchmarked the volume of food advertising targeted to preschoolers, children, adolescents, and adults on Canadian television. Food advertising rates and frequencies were compared by age group, television station, month, food category, and company, using regression modelling, chi-square tests and principal component analysis. Results: Food advertising rates significantly differed by all independent variables. Fast food companies dominated advertising during adolescent-programming while food and beverage manufacturers dominated advertising during programming to all other age groups. CAI signatories contributed more advertising during children’s programming than non-signatories. Conclusion: Failings of self-regulation in limiting food advertising to Canadian youth demonstrate the need for statutory restrictions to rectify youth’s obesogenic media environments and their far-reaching health effects.

During the decade, 1930-1940, most of the government efforts were directed to the task of seeing that no one should starve. Through welfare programs it was possible to insure low income groups against starvation; "but through the depression years and the poet-depression months, it was recognized that just the guarantee against starvation was not enough. Our nutritional goal should be commensurate with natural resources of our country and with our ability to produce, have the land, the equipment and the man power necessary to furnish good food for our whole nation. Knowing this and recognizing from surveys that a large percentage of our nation was poorly fed, our government put more emphasis upon the study of the problem of nutrition and how it affects our nation.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Masters of Applied Science in Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, 2015. / AIM: The aim of the study was to identify the need, develop, implement and determine the effect of a Grade R Nutrition Education Programme (NEP) in order to make recommendations to the South African Department of Basic Education (DBE) to include an effective NEP in the pre-primary school education curriculum. OBJECTIVES: The objectives for this study is in two phases, The objective of the baseline study was to assess the need for nutrition education (NE) in Grade R in suburban areas of Durban and identify the most suitable nutrition education tools (NETs) for this age group. For the intervention study the objectives were 1) to develop a nutrition knowledge questionnaire (NKQ) to determine the existing nutrition knowledge of Grade R learners in suburban government and private schools in Durban, 2) to develop a nutrition education programme (NEP) for Grade R based on the South African Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) and the food groups, 3) to implement the NEP in Grade R in a government and private school, 4) to determine the effect of the NEP on the retention of FBDGs (Section one) and food group (Section two) knowledge, and 5) to compare the results between the control group (CG) and the government (EGG) and private (EPG) experimental school groups, and between genders. METHODS: A self-administered nutrition education needs questionnaire was completed by 20 Grade R teachers in Durban suburban schools. Nutrition education material was identified based on the results from the pilot study and a Nutrition education programme developed. The classroom-based intervention study involved 120 Grade R learners in three schools, two experimental schools: government (n=37) and private (n=40), with a control school (n=43), with 35 percent (n= 42) male and 65 percent (n=78) female participants, ranging in age from five to seven years. A validated questionnaire assessed baseline nutrition knowledge of these children. A qualified foundation phase teacher was trained to implement the NEP. The experimental school groups received eight one hour nutrition education (NE) lessons over an eight week period; the control group did not receive any NE. During the lesson firstly theory was covered then the children worked on the related fun activities in the Healthy Eating Activity Book (HEAB) and lastly involved in the nutrition educational games. These included a food group plate puzzles, a NEP board game, a card game and ‘My little story books’. A post-test determined the impact of the intervention. RESULTS: The baseline study confirmed the need for NE in Grade R and identified suitable NETs that were used in the intervention. At pre-test, the nutrition knowledge of Grade R children in the two experimental groups (EG) and one CG was very similar with knowledge of FBDGs greater than knowledge relating to the food groups. Both Grade R EGs showed a significant increase in knowledge for the whole test immediately after the intervention with the CG, achieving similar post-to pre-test results. The intervention had a significant impact on nutrition knowledge of Grade R children in both experimental schools (EGG p=0.004 and EPG p=0.001). The EPG were most knowledgeable regarding FBDGs with no significant difference in knowledge of the EGG. Food group knowledge in all schools was poor at baseline and the NEP resulted in the EGG obtaining the highest post-test results. Post-intervention for the whole test the EGG were marginally (0.80 percent) more knowledgeable than the EPG. The knowledge of boys and girls were very similar in pre-and post-test results. However, the boys were fractionally more knowledgeable than the girls in relation to the whole post-test. In Section two, relating to food group knowledge, girls were slightly more knowledgeable than boys although both genders lacked knowledge in relation to which foods belonged to a particular food group. CONCLUSION: The primary aim of formal NE was met as the statistical significance between the CG and experimental group post-test results was evident in the majority of Section one questions and in all questions in Section two. The NEP resulted in similar increase in knowledge of Grade R learners in the government and private experimental school groups in Durban. In addition, the boys and girls showed a minimal difference in nutrition knowledge.

Objetivo: analisar o consumo alimentar de energia, macronutrientes e ácidos graxos, de gestantes com insuficiência placentária, comparando com gestantes sem esta complicação obstétrica. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal e caso-controle realizado no período de fevereiro de 2012 a setembro de 2013, que incluiu gestantes que preencheram os seguintes critérios: gestação com feto único e vivo; idade gestacional superior a 26 semanas completas; diagnóstico de insuficiência placentária caracterizada pelo exame de Doppler de artéria umbilical com índice de pulsatilidade acima do p95; morfologia fetal normal ao exame de ultrassonografia; ausência de diagnóstico de diabetes; não suplementação pré-natal com ácidos graxos. Foram adotados os seguintes critérios de exclusão: diagnóstico pós-natal de anomalia do recém-nascido. O estado nutricional da gestante foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o consumo dietético foi investigado pela aplicação do questionário de frequência alimentar, analisado pelo programa Avanutri Revolution versão 4.0, pelo qual se obteve o consumo de energia, macronutrientes (carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios) e de ácidos graxos (saturados, poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados). Foram analisados os valores absolutos obtidos e a % do valor energético total (VET) da dieta. Resultados: Foram incluídas 21 gestantes no grupo com insuficiência placentária e 21 gestantes no grupo controle. Não se constatou diferença na mediana do IMC na comparação entre os grupos (grupo estudo=26,5 kg/m2, grupo controle=28,0kg/m2; P=0,563). Houve diferença significativa na comparação do grupo com insuficiência placentária com o grupo controle na análise do consumo alimentar de: energia (2002 kcal vs. 1515 kcal, p= 0,021). Com relação ao consumo de ácidos graxos, houve diferença significativa na comparação da % do VET entre os grupos com insuficiência placentária e controle: saturados (11,5% vs. 9,3%; p=0,043); poli saturados (2,7% vs. 3,6%; p=0,029); monoinsaturados (1,2 % vs. 2,1%; p= 0,005). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na qualidade da dieta entre os grupos quanto ao consumo avaliado de acordo com a % do VET: carboidratos (51,5% vs. 51,8%; p= 0,831); proteínas (15,3% vs. 16,1%; p= 0,458); lipídios totais (37,8% vs. 33,0%; p=0,831). Conclusão: Gestantes com o diagnóstico de insuficiência placentária relatam consumo alimentar diferente de gestantes que não apresentam esse diagnóstico, com dieta de ácidos graxos com qualidade inferior, notadamente com maior consumo de ácidos graxos saturados, e menor consumo de poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados, além de maior consumo de energia / Objective: To analyze the dietary intake of energy, macronutrients and fatty acids of pregnant women with placental insufficiency, and to compare with pregnant women without this obstetric complication Methods : A prospective, cross-sectional and case -control study from February 2012 to September 2013, which included women who met the following criteria: singleton pregnancy with fetus alive; above 26 weeks gestation; diagnosis of placental insufficiency characterized by umbilical artery Doppler presenting pulsatility index above the p95; normal fetal morphology at ultrasound, absence of diabetes, absence of prenatal supplementation with fatty acids. We used the following exclusion criteria: neonatal diagnosis of malformation. The maternal nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake was investigated by applying the food frequency questionnaire analyzed by the program Avanutri Revolution version 4.0 , which was obtained by the consumption of energy, macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) and fatty acids (saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated). We analyzed the absolute values and the % of total energy value (TEV). Results: We included 21 pregnant women in the study group with placental insufficiency and 21 pregnant women in the control group. There was no difference in median BMI between the groups (study group = 26.5 kg/m2, control group = 28.0 kg/m2, P = 0.563). Significant difference was found when the group with placental insufficiency was compared with the control group in food consumption of energy (2002kcal vs. 1515 kcal, p = 0.021). With regard to the consumption of fatty acids, there was a significant difference in the percentages of daily energy intake between the group with placental insufficiency and control group: saturated fatty acids(11.5% vs. . 9.3% , p = 0.043), polyunsaturated fatty acids(2.7 % vs. 3.6% , p = 0.029), monounsaturated fatty acids(1.2% vs. 2.1% , p = 0.005). There were no significant differences in diet quality between the groups regarding the consumption evaluated according to the % of VET: carbohydrates ( 51.5 % vs. 51.8 %, p = 0.831 ), protein (15.3 % vs. 16.1 %, p = 0.458), total fat (37.8 % vs. 33.0 %, p = 0.831) . Conclusion: Pregnant women with the diagnosis of placental insufficiency reported food consumption other than pregnant women who do not have this diagnosis with lower quality of dietary fatty acids consumption, especially with higher intake of saturated fatty acids , and lower intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and greater energy consumption

Inúmeros estudos têm demonstrado elevada prevalência de hipovitaminose D (deficiência/insuficiência de 25(OH)D) em indivíduos normais e em pacientes com e sem doença renal. Como os pacientes transplantados renais têm maior risco de desenvolver câncer de pele, são orientados a evitar exposição ao sol e usar filtro solar. A combinação de doença renal crônica (DRC) e menor exposição ao sol contribuem para que esses pacientes desenvolvam hipovitaminose D, o que pode piorar ou favorecer o desenvolvimento de doença óssea. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a concentração sérica de 25(OH)D e a prevalência de hipovitaminose D em uma amostra representativa (N=149) de pacientes transplantados renais do Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de São Paulo. Avaliamos ainda se a hipovitaminose poderia ser atribuída a menor exposição ao sol ou ingestão insuficiente de alimentos fontes. Comparamos os níveis séricos de 25(OH)D desses pacientes com o de indivíduos normais. Hipovitaminose D, definida pelos níveis séricos de 25(OH)D menores que 30 ng/ml, foi observada em 79% dos pacientes transplantados e o principal fator determinante foi a menor exposição ao sol.Os níveis séricos de creatinina e de paratormônio (PTH) foram significativamente mais elevados nos pacientes com hipovitaminose quando comparados aos com níveis normais de 25(OH)D. Observamos uma correlação inversa dos níveis séricos de 25(OH)D com os de paratormônio (r= -0,24; p<0,03). A prevalência de hipovitaminose D foi maior nos pacientes transplantados que nos indivíduos normais. Os níveis séricos de creatinina e PTH foram mais elevados nos transplantados, enquanto os de Ca, P e albumina menores que dos indivíduos normais. Em conclusão: A hipovitaminose D é freqüente nos pacientes transplantados renais e orientação dietética, exposição solar curta e regular ou mesmo a suplementação com vitamina D seriam medidas simples para assegurar níveis adequados dessa vitamina / Recent epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence vitamin D deficiency in normal population and in patients with and without kidney diseases. In addition, kidney transplant patients are at higher risk for skin cancer, so they are advised to avoid sun and use sunscreen. Because of the combination of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and sun avoidance, kidney transplant patients are at high risk for developing hypovitaminosis D. We evaluated serum 25 vitamin D levels in a representative sample (N = 149) of kidney transplant patients from the University of São Paulo Transplant Unit. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, comparing them to normal volunteers, as well as, to identify the factors that could be associated with this decrease in serum 25 vitamin D, such as sun exposure and dietary habits. Hypovitaminosis D, defined by serum levels < 30 ng/mL, was found in 79% of kidney transplant patients, and the main associated factor was low sun exposure. Patients that presented hypovitaminosis D had higher serum creatinine and parathormone (PTH) levels. Serum 25 vitamin D correlated with serum PTH (r= - 0.24; p=0.03). When compared to normal volunteers, renal transplant patients presented a higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, as well as low serum calcium, phosphate albumin, and higher creatinine, and PTH. Our results confirm a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in renal transplant patients. In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D is frequent in kidney transplant patients, therefore dietary orientation, short or regular sun exposure, and vitamin D supplementation are important determinants of vitamin D status

Objetivo: analisar o consumo alimentar de energia, macronutrientes e ácidos graxos, de gestantes com insuficiência placentária, comparando com gestantes sem esta complicação obstétrica. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal e caso-controle realizado no período de fevereiro de 2012 a setembro de 2013, que incluiu gestantes que preencheram os seguintes critérios: gestação com feto único e vivo; idade gestacional superior a 26 semanas completas; diagnóstico de insuficiência placentária caracterizada pelo exame de Doppler de artéria umbilical com índice de pulsatilidade acima do p95; morfologia fetal normal ao exame de ultrassonografia; ausência de diagnóstico de diabetes; não suplementação pré-natal com ácidos graxos. Foram adotados os seguintes critérios de exclusão: diagnóstico pós-natal de anomalia do recém-nascido. O estado nutricional da gestante foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o consumo dietético foi investigado pela aplicação do questionário de frequência alimentar, analisado pelo programa Avanutri Revolution versão 4.0, pelo qual se obteve o consumo de energia, macronutrientes (carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios) e de ácidos graxos (saturados, poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados). Foram analisados os valores absolutos obtidos e a % do valor energético total (VET) da dieta. Resultados: Foram incluídas 21 gestantes no grupo com insuficiência placentária e 21 gestantes no grupo controle. Não se constatou diferença na mediana do IMC na comparação entre os grupos (grupo estudo=26,5 kg/m2, grupo controle=28,0kg/m2; P=0,563). Houve diferença significativa na comparação do grupo com insuficiência placentária com o grupo controle na análise do consumo alimentar de: energia (2002 kcal vs. 1515 kcal, p= 0,021). Com relação ao consumo de ácidos graxos, houve diferença significativa na comparação da % do VET entre os grupos com insuficiência placentária e controle: saturados (11,5% vs. 9,3%; p=0,043); poli saturados (2,7% vs. 3,6%; p=0,029); monoinsaturados (1,2 % vs. 2,1%; p= 0,005). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na qualidade da dieta entre os grupos quanto ao consumo avaliado de acordo com a % do VET: carboidratos (51,5% vs. 51,8%; p= 0,831); proteínas (15,3% vs. 16,1%; p= 0,458); lipídios totais (37,8% vs. 33,0%; p=0,831). Conclusão: Gestantes com o diagnóstico de insuficiência placentária relatam consumo alimentar diferente de gestantes que não apresentam esse diagnóstico, com dieta de ácidos graxos com qualidade inferior, notadamente com maior consumo de ácidos graxos saturados, e menor consumo de poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados, além de maior consumo de energia / Objective: To analyze the dietary intake of energy, macronutrients and fatty acids of pregnant women with placental insufficiency, and to compare with pregnant women without this obstetric complication Methods : A prospective, cross-sectional and case -control study from February 2012 to September 2013, which included women who met the following criteria: singleton pregnancy with fetus alive; above 26 weeks gestation; diagnosis of placental insufficiency characterized by umbilical artery Doppler presenting pulsatility index above the p95; normal fetal morphology at ultrasound, absence of diabetes, absence of prenatal supplementation with fatty acids. We used the following exclusion criteria: neonatal diagnosis of malformation. The maternal nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake was investigated by applying the food frequency questionnaire analyzed by the program Avanutri Revolution version 4.0 , which was obtained by the consumption of energy, macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) and fatty acids (saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated). We analyzed the absolute values and the % of total energy value (TEV). Results: We included 21 pregnant women in the study group with placental insufficiency and 21 pregnant women in the control group. There was no difference in median BMI between the groups (study group = 26.5 kg/m2, control group = 28.0 kg/m2, P = 0.563). Significant difference was found when the group with placental insufficiency was compared with the control group in food consumption of energy (2002kcal vs. 1515 kcal, p = 0.021). With regard to the consumption of fatty acids, there was a significant difference in the percentages of daily energy intake between the group with placental insufficiency and control group: saturated fatty acids(11.5% vs. . 9.3% , p = 0.043), polyunsaturated fatty acids(2.7 % vs. 3.6% , p = 0.029), monounsaturated fatty acids(1.2% vs. 2.1% , p = 0.005). There were no significant differences in diet quality between the groups regarding the consumption evaluated according to the % of VET: carbohydrates ( 51.5 % vs. 51.8 %, p = 0.831 ), protein (15.3 % vs. 16.1 %, p = 0.458), total fat (37.8 % vs. 33.0 %, p = 0.831) . Conclusion: Pregnant women with the diagnosis of placental insufficiency reported food consumption other than pregnant women who do not have this diagnosis with lower quality of dietary fatty acids consumption, especially with higher intake of saturated fatty acids , and lower intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and greater energy consumption

The school environment is often the focus of healthy eating and physical activity policies intended to address childhood obesity. However, students are usually excluded from the development and implementation of such policies. The purpose of this study was to explore grade nine student perspectives regarding: supports and barriers to healthy eating and physical activity at school; strategies for improving the school nutrition and physical activity environments; and potential student contribution to the development, implementation, and evaluation of school-based policies. A qualitative approach utilizing focus groups and photovoice with 30 students from two schools in southern Alberta was used to collect data. Major themes included: access to healthy food choices; teacher influences; peer influences; access to physical activity opportunities; impact of marketing; and conflicting messages. Students can provide valuable insights to policy development, implementation and evaluation. Implications for future research and policy development are reviewed. / xi, 179 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

The Integrated Nutrition Programme (INP) was implemented in 1995 to target child malnutrition in South Africa. This study assessed the impact of the INP on child malnutrition by province and age group using secondary data. Data from three national nutrition surveys, conducted in 1994, 1999 and 2005, were used to describe trends in child stunting, underweight, wasting, vitamin A deficiency and iron deficiency. The relationship between the prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in prenatal women and child nutritional status; challenges and constraints to implementing the INP at provincial level; and government responses to nutrition recommendations by lead experts in the 1994 and 1999 surveys were also investigated. Child nutritional status varied across provinces. In some provinces such as the Northern Cape, stunting, underweight and wasting remained consistently high. Stunting decreased in the Eastern Cape, but rates of wasting increased between 1994 and 2005. On the other hand, Gauteng and the Western Cape generally had lower rates of malnutrition compared to the other provinces. This may be due to these provinces being the most economically active in the country thus more opportunities for employment and higher purchasing power of foods rich in micronutrients. By 2005, vitamin A deficiency had doubled in most provinces despite mandatory food fortification being implemented in 2003. KwaZulu-Natal had the highest rates of vitamin A deficiency, while Limpopo had the highest rates of iron deficiency. By 2005, malnutrition had decreased in children aged seven to nine years, but had increased in those aged one to three years. There was a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) between the prevalence of HIV in prenatal women and vitamin A deficiency nationally. The prevalence of HIV in prenatal women was positively correlated (p<0.05) with rates of wasting in children aged one to three years. Limited skills, inadequate monitoring and evaluation, and limited infrastructure were common challenges and constraints to implementing the INP at provincial level. The effect of HIV on human resources and the higher demands of HIV infected patients also posed a challenge to provinces as they implemented the INP. Government responded to most recommendations made by nutrition experts. Supplementation,food fortification, growth monitoring and nutrition promotion programmes were implemented. Based on the data, it would appear that INP activities targeted at school-going children were more effective than those targeting children under-five. Although food fortification was implemented in 2003, the vitamin A content of fortified products might not have met legislative requirements. Additionally, because vitamin A is unstable to heat and light, if vitamin A fortified foods are cooked or stored this may also influence the bioavailability of vitamin A. Maternal HIV status might have attenuated child nutrition outcomes due to the negative effect of HIV on related health conditions such as child caring and feeding practices. Some of the challenges and constraints at provincial level might have negatively affected the implementation of the INP and consequently its impact. Although government responded to most recommendations made by nutrition experts, ongoing monitoring and evaluation of child nutritional status were not adequately done, which might have also negatively affected INP outcomes. In addition, factors in the macro-environment such as food inflation and access to basic sanitation, could have lessened the impact of the INP on child malnutrition. Interventions directed at malnutrition in children under-five need to be prioritised. There needs to be rigorous monitoring of micronutrient content, especially vitamin A, of fortified foods. Future studies need to include assessment of nutritional status in HIV affected and infected children to help identify specific needs and develop appropriate policies. Frequent nutrition surveillance to assess key child malnutrition indicators is required. / Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Contexto: A cárie precoce da infância (CPI), definida como a presença de um ou mais dentes decíduos cariados, perdidos por cárie ou restaurados em crianças com menos de 6 anos de idade, é um problema de saúde pública que afeta bebês e crianças pré- escolares em todo o mundo, determinando dor, problemas nas funções da fala e mastigatória, doenças sistêmicas e reflexos psicológicos. O tratamento da CPI é caro, pode requerer anestesia geral e hospitalização e a recidiva é freqüente. Desta forma, a literatura tem recomendado fortemente: (a) estudos de coorte que contribuam para o reconhecimento dos fatores de risco para a ocorrência de CPI; (b) ensaios clínicos que avaliem a efetividade de programas na redução de cárie nos primeiros anos de vida. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade a longo prazo de visitas às residências para orientar mães sobre práticas alimentares saudáveis no primeiro ano de vida na ocorrência de CPI e cárie severa da infância (CSI) aos 4 anos de idade. Também foram investigadas práticas alimentares no primeiro ano de vida associadas à ocorrência de CSI nesta população. Métodos: Um ensaio randomizado (grupo intervenção=200; grupo controle=300) foi realizado com mães de crianças que nasceram no Hospital de São Leopoldo, Brasil, no setor do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O grupo intervenção recebeu aconselhamento mensalmente até o 6o. mês e de dois em dois meses até completar o primeiro ano de vida, baseado nos “Dez Passos para uma Alimentação saudável”, uma política nacional para atenção primária baseada nas diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). O aconselhamento nutricional foi realizado por estudantes de graduação de nutrição e incluía promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo, introdução gradual de alimentação complementar, intervalos razoáveis entre as refeições e evitar alimentos com alta 4 densidade de gordura e açúcar. As práticas alimentares foram coletadas aos 6 e 12 meses de idade utilizando metodologia padronizada. As perdas nos 4 anos da coorte compreenderam 160 crianças (32%); 340 foram examinadas para diagnóstico de CPI e CSI na avaliação dos 4 anos de idade. Resultados: As perdas nos 4 anos da coorte compreenderam 160 crianças (32%); 340 foram examinadas para diagnóstico de CPI e CSI na avaliação dos 4 anos de idade; 53,9% (76/141) das crianças do grupo intervenção e 69,3% (138/199) do grupo controle apresentaram CPI, com um risco 22% menor no grupo intervenção (RR 0,78; IC 95% 0,65-0,93; NNT 6,5; IC 95% 3,9-20,0); 29,1% (41/141) das crianças do grupo intervenção e 42,7% (85/199) do grupo controle apresentaram CSI. O risco de ocorrer CSI foi 32% menor para o grupo intervenção (RR 0,68; IC 95% 0,50-0,92; NNT 7,3; IC 95% 4,2-29,4). O número de dentes cariados (lesão com ou sem cavidade), perdidos e restaurados (c1+eo-d) foi menor para o grupo intervenção (3,25) em relação ao grupo controle (4,15) (teste de Mann Whitney; p=0,023). A ocorrência de CSI aos 4 anos de idade (n=126/340; 37%) esteve associada com as seguintes práticas alimentares aos 12 meses, após análise multivariada: aleitamento materno ≥7 vezes ao dia (RR 1,97; IC 95% 1,45-2,68), consumo de alimentos com alta densidade de açúcar (RR 1,43; IC 95% 1,08-1,89), uso da mamadeira para outros líquidos além do leite (RR 1,41; IC 95% 1,08- 1,86), número de refeições por dia >8 (RR 1,42; IC 95% 1,02-1,97). Também estiveram associados à ocorrência de CSI: escolaridade materna ≤8 anos (RR 1,50; IC 95% 1,03- 2,19) e número de dentes erupcionados aos 12 meses. Conclusões: O aconselhamento nutricional nas visitas às residências foi efetivo em reduzir CPI e CSI e estes achados sugerem que a orientação sobre práticas alimentares durante o primeiro ano de vida é uma medida viável para prevenir cárie na infância em comunidades de alto risco. Práticas alimentares no início da vida que representam fatores de risco para severidade de cárie nos anos subseqüentes também foram identificadas. Como estas práticas são reconhecidas como de risco para outras doenças crônicas, estes achados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de ações integradas para a prevenção de cárie dentária e outros desfechos de saúde geral. Políticas que promovam as condições socioeconômicas, com ênfase para o nível de escolaridade, poderão contribuir para a diminuição de cárie na infância nesta população. Registro do ensaio clínico: clinicaltrials.gov; número NCT00629629. / Context: Early childhood caries (ECC), defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing (due to caries lesions) or filled deciduous teeth in children under 6 years of age, is a public health problem that affects infants and preschoolers throughout the world, leading to pain, chewing difficulties, speech problems, general health disorders and psychological problems. The treatment of ECC is expensive, sometimes requiring general anesthesia and hospitalization, and the condition frequently returns a few months later. The literature has strongly emphasized the need for (a) cohort studies in order to recognize the risk factors for the occurrence of childhood caries (b) prospective clinical trials to test alternative methods to prevent caries development in the first years of life. Objectives: To assess the long-term effectiveness of home visits for advising mothers about healthy feeding practices during the first year of life on the occurrence of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) at the age of 4 years. Feeding practices in the first year of life associated with the occurrence of S-ECC in these children were also investigated. Methods: A randomized trial was carried out in mothers who gave birth within the public health system in Sao Leopoldo, Brazil (intervention group =200; controls = 300). The intervention group received the advice monthly up to 6 months and at 8, 10 and 12 months, based on the "Ten Steps for Healthy Feeding", a Brazilian national health policy for primary care, based on WHO guidelines. Advices were given by nutrition graduate students and included promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, gradual introduction of complementary foods; reasonable intervals between meals; and avoid high fat and sugar foods. Feeding practices were assessed using standardised methods at 6 and 12 months of age. Results: 160 (32%) children were lost in the four-year follow-up; 340 were examined for ECC and S-ECC occurrence at the fourth year assessment. ECC was found in 53.9% (76/141) of the children in the intervention group and 69.3% (138/199) of the controls, being 22% lower for the intervention group (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.65-0.93; NNT 6.5; 95% CI 3.9-20.0); 29.1% (41/141) of the children in the intervention group and 42.7% (85/199) of the controls had S-ECC. The risk of S-ECC was 32% lower for the intervention group (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.92; NNT 7.3; 95% CI 4.2-29.4). The number of decayed (white spots and cavities), missing and filled teeth (d1+mft) was lower for the intervention group (3.25) compared with the control group (4.15) (Mann Whitney U-test; p=0.023). S-ECC occurrence at four years of age (n=126/340; 37%) was significantly associated with the following feeding practices at 12 months: breastfeeding ≥ 7 times daily (RR 1.97; 95% CI 1.45-2.68), high density of sugar (RR 1.43; 95%CI 1.08-1.89), bottle use for liquids other than milk (RR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08- 1.86), number of meals and snacks >8 (RR 1.42; 95% CI 1.02-1.97). Mother’s education ≤ 8 years (RR 1.50; 95% CI: 1.03-2.19) and number of teeth at 12 months were also associated with S-ECC. Conclusions: The home visits for dietary advice were effective in reducing ECC and S- ECC and our findings suggest that nutritional counseling during the first year of life must be considered as a feasible measure to prevent childhood caries in high-risk communities. Early feeding practices which represent risk factors for caries severity in subsequent years were also identified. Since these practices are recognized as risk factors for other chronic diseases, these findings may contribute to develop integrated interventions to prevent dental caries and general health outcomes. Future childhood caries control in this population is likely to benefit from policies that improve socioeconomic status, with special attention to level of education. Trial registration: site clinicaltrials.gov; registration number NCT00629629.