Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fedrizi_lfb_dr_jabo.pdf: 4963590 bytes, checksum: 3366228ade45dcb20b67f693544b6653 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O processamento dos alimentos e rações, tais como extrusão e peletização, cada vez mais fazem parte de qualquer produção de ração animal. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento das alterações químico-bromatológicas no alimento submetido ao processamento é imprescindível para a correta suplementação das exigências nutricionais das espécies animais, além de buscar as melhores condições de processamento na tentativa de minimizar degradações e perdas de biodisponibilidade dos nutrientes de alimentos submetidos a tratamento térmico. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição de nutrientes de alimentos energéticos utilizados na nutrição animal (milho, farelo de trigo, quirera de arroz e sorgo), antes e após serem submetidos ao processamento por peletização ou extrusão. Foram analisados proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), energia bruta (EB), fibra bruta (FB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), açúcares solúveis (AS), amido (AMD), amilose (AML), amilopectina (AMP). A geleificação do amido foi observada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Além disso, foram comparadas a metodologia de Weende, pela equação do extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN) e a de Van Soest, pela equação dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), para fracionamento e determinação dos carboidratos digeríveis. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças na determinação de carboidratos (CHO) por ambas as metodologias, com superestimação de CHO digerível quando se utiliza a metodologia de Weende. A extrusão dos alimentos energéticos provocou diminuição dos teores de PB, EE e FDN no farelo de trigo, com tendência ao mesmo comportamento para os demais alimentos. Não foram observadas diferenças na análise dos alimentos peletizados, quando comparados com os crus. As micrografias de MEV mostraram maiores áreas de geleificação nos... / The processing of animal foods, as extrusion and pelletization, take part in all production of animal foods more and more. Therefore, it is very important to know about the chemical-bromatologic changes in the source which was put in a processing for the correct supplementation of the nutritional needs of the species. Also, it allows to find better conditions of processing in the attempt of decreasing degradations and losses of bioavailability of the nutrients in the foods submitted in a thermal treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize the composition of nutrients in the energetic sources which were used in the animal nutrition (corn, wheat meal, broken rice or sorghum), before and after of being submitted to the processing by pelletization and extrusion. There were analyzed the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), crude energy (CE), crude fiber (CF), fiber in neutral detergent (FND), soluble sugars (SS), starch (ST), amylose (AML), amylopectin (AMP). The gelatinization of the starch there were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, the methodology of Weende by equation of the nonnitrogen extract (NNE) and the methodology of Van Soest by equation of the nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) were compared for fractionation and determination of the digestible carbohydrates. The results showed difference in the determination of carbohydrates (CHO) in both methodologies, with overestimation of the digestible CHO when it is utilized in the methodology of Weende. The extrusion of the energetic sources caused decrease on CP, EE and FND in the wheat meal, with tendency of the same behaviour to the other sources. However, in the analysis of the pelletized sources, no differences were observed, if compared with the crude ones. The micrographs of SEM showed larger areas of gelatinization to extruded sources, especially in the sorghum and broken rice

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carneiro_mif_dr_jabo.pdf: 429525 bytes, checksum: 2115c02c747cd29361b4f8606fb755c0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Estado do Maranhão com sua diversidade de relevo e clima possui alimentos alternativos de origem vegetal, com destaque aqueles procedentes da palmeira do babaçu. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e utilização do farelo e mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação das aves. Foram conduzidas análises da composição química e dois ensaios de metabolismo, para determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) e a digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos. Em seguida foram conduzidos dois ensaios de desempenho. No primeiro 360 pintainhas Dekalb com seis semanas de idade foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (0, 7,5 e 15,0% de farelo de babaçu em substituição ao farelo de trigo) e cinco repetições cada, nas fases de cria e recria. No segundo, 500 pintos de corte Ross com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 3, 6 e 9% de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu na ração) e cinco repetições. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias. Em ambos os ensaios foram avaliados consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O farelo de babaçu apresentou 18,21% de proteína bruta, 27,33% de fibra bruta, 1549 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável e a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos variando entre 42 e 87%. O mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 3,43% de proteína bruta, 2,66% de fibra bruta, 2669 kcal/kg de EMA e 65,43% de digestibilidade do amido. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos para o farelo de babaçu variaram entre 42 e 87%. Recomenda-se a inclusão do farelo de babaçu no nível de 15% em substituição ao farelo de trigo na ração de frangas de postura. A avaliação do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte não promoveu desempenho favorável na fase inicial de criação / The State of Maranhão with its diversity of topography and climate have alternative foods of plant origin, especially those coming from the babassu palm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value and use of babassu mesocarp meal and feeding the birds. We conducted analysis of chemical composition and metabolism of two tests to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected apparent (AME n) and true digestibility of amino acids. They were then conducted two performance tests. 360 Dekalb chicks in the first six weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (0, 7.5 and 15.0% of babassu meal in replacement of wheat bran) and five replicates each in stages of rearing. In the second, Ross 500 broiler chicks with one day of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 3, 6 and 9% inclusion of babassu mesocarp in the feed) and five replications. The experiment lasted 21 days. In both trials were evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The babassu bran showed 18.21% crude protein, crude fiber 27.33%, 1549 kcal / kg metabolizable energy and digestibility of amino acids ranging from 42 to 87%. The babassu mesocarp had 3.43% crude protein, crude fiber 2.66%, 2669 kcal / kg AME and 65.43% of starch digestibility. The digestibility of amino acids for babassu bran ranged between 42 and 87%. It is recommended the inclusion of babassu meal in the level of 15% in replacement of wheat bran in the diet of pullets. The evaluation of babassu mesocarp in the feed of broilers did not promote a favorable performance in the initial creation

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_apap_me_botfm.pdf: 307654 bytes, checksum: d1225cf105baf9e5637e31cc16c9d21b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / As repercussões clínicas da subnutrição tornam os indivíduos infectados pelo HIV mais suscetíveis a infecções oportunistas e redução da eficácia e tolerância aos medicamentos, fatos que justificam a avaliação nutricional de todos os indivíduos infectados pelo HIV, particularmente na atenção hospitalar. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram traçar o perfil nutricional dos infectados pelo HIV e hospitalizados num município de médio porte do interior do estado de São Paulo. Comparar o desempenho de diferentes métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional, com vistas a subsidiar a adoção de protocolo de avaliação nutricional adequado. Os métodos de avaliação nutricional empregados foram a Avaliação Nutricional Subjetiva Global (ANSG), o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), a classificação Papini-Berto (PB), a análise dos componentes primários da impedância bioelétrica e dados laboratoriais – linfócitos totais e albumina. Foram descritos e comparados os dados dos indivíduos estratificados em grupos segundo contagem de linfócito T CD4+ (>200cell/mm³, ≤200cell/mm³ e ausência deste exame) e em relação ao tipo de tratamento (uso da TARV, sem TARV prescrita e não adesão à TARV). Além das categorias originais de cada método, os indivíduos foram classificados também de forma dicotômica em subnutridos e não subnutridos, para a análise de concordância entre ANSG, PB e IMC. Foram calculados: sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo, adotando-se o IMC como “padrão ouro” em relação à ANSG e Papini-Berto e a ANSG como “padrão ouro” em relação à Papini-Berto. Para a comparação entre o perfil nutricional dos indivíduos segundo grupos foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de ANOVA, Kruskal Will Test e Test Tukey. Em todas as análises estatísticas adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. Foram avaliados... / The clinical effects of malnutrition make the HIV infected patient more susceptible to opportunistic infections and reduce the effectiveness and tolerance to drugs, justifying the nutritional assessment of all individuals infected by HIV, particularly in hospital care. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional profile of HIV infected individuals hospitalized in a medium-sized city in São Paulo state and compare the performance of different methods used to evaluate nutritional status, in order to support the adoption of an adequate protocol for nutritional evaluation. The nutritional evaluation methods used were the Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (ANSG), the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Papini-Berto classification (PB), analysis of the primary components of bioelectric impedance and laboratory tests - albumin and total lymphocyte. The data of the individuals were described and compared in groups stratified according to count of T CD4+ lymphocyte (>200cell/mm³, ≤ 200cell/mm³ and absence of this test) and also to the type of treatment (using ART, without ART prescribed and without adherence to ART therapy). In addition to the original categories of each method, patients were also classified, in a dichotomic way, in malnourished and not malnourished, for the analysis of the correlation between ANSG, PB and BMI. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were calculated adopting the BMI as gold standard in relation to ANSG and Papini-Berto and ANSG as gold standard in relation to Papini-Berto. For comparison between the nutritional profile of individuals according to groups were used statistical tests ANOVA, Kruskal Will Test and Testd Tukey. In all statistical analysis was adopted significance level of 5%. 101 individuals were evaluated, 60.4% male and 39.6% female, mean age 39.75 ± 9.74 years and hospitalization... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Dalton José Carneiro / Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Banca: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Wilson Rogério Boscolo / Banca: Carlo Rossi Del Carratore / Resumo: O processamento dos alimentos e rações, tais como extrusão e peletização, cada vez mais fazem parte de qualquer produção de ração animal. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento das alterações químico-bromatológicas no alimento submetido ao processamento é imprescindível para a correta suplementação das exigências nutricionais das espécies animais, além de buscar as melhores condições de processamento na tentativa de minimizar degradações e perdas de biodisponibilidade dos nutrientes de alimentos submetidos a tratamento térmico. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição de nutrientes de alimentos energéticos utilizados na nutrição animal (milho, farelo de trigo, quirera de arroz e sorgo), antes e após serem submetidos ao processamento por peletização ou extrusão. Foram analisados proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), energia bruta (EB), fibra bruta (FB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), açúcares solúveis (AS), amido (AMD), amilose (AML), amilopectina (AMP). A geleificação do amido foi observada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Além disso, foram comparadas a metodologia de Weende, pela equação do extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN) e a de Van Soest, pela equação dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), para fracionamento e determinação dos carboidratos digeríveis. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças na determinação de carboidratos (CHO) por ambas as metodologias, com superestimação de CHO digerível quando se utiliza a metodologia de Weende. A extrusão dos alimentos energéticos provocou diminuição dos teores de PB, EE e FDN no farelo de trigo, com tendência ao mesmo comportamento para os demais alimentos. Não foram observadas diferenças na análise dos alimentos peletizados, quando comparados com os crus. As micrografias de MEV mostraram maiores áreas de geleificação nos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The processing of animal foods, as extrusion and pelletization, take part in all production of animal foods more and more. Therefore, it is very important to know about the chemical-bromatologic changes in the source which was put in a processing for the correct supplementation of the nutritional needs of the species. Also, it allows to find better conditions of processing in the attempt of decreasing degradations and losses of bioavailability of the nutrients in the foods submitted in a thermal treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize the composition of nutrients in the energetic sources which were used in the animal nutrition (corn, wheat meal, broken rice or sorghum), before and after of being submitted to the processing by pelletization and extrusion. There were analyzed the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), crude energy (CE), crude fiber (CF), fiber in neutral detergent (FND), soluble sugars (SS), starch (ST), amylose (AML), amylopectin (AMP). The gelatinization of the starch there were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, the methodology of Weende by equation of the nonnitrogen extract (NNE) and the methodology of Van Soest by equation of the nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) were compared for fractionation and determination of the digestible carbohydrates. The results showed difference in the determination of carbohydrates (CHO) in both methodologies, with overestimation of the digestible CHO when it is utilized in the methodology of Weende. The extrusion of the energetic sources caused decrease on CP, EE and FND in the wheat meal, with tendency of the same behaviour to the other sources. However, in the analysis of the pelletized sources, no differences were observed, if compared with the crude ones. The micrographs of SEM showed larger areas of gelatinization to extruded sources, especially in the sorghum and broken rice / Doutor

Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Ednardo Rodrigues Freitas / Banca: Simara Márcia Marcato / Banca: Euclides Braga Malheiros / Banca: Luciano Hauschild / Resumo: O Estado do Maranhão com sua diversidade de relevo e clima possui alimentos alternativos de origem vegetal, com destaque aqueles procedentes da palmeira do babaçu. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e utilização do farelo e mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação das aves. Foram conduzidas análises da composição química e dois ensaios de metabolismo, para determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) e a digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos. Em seguida foram conduzidos dois ensaios de desempenho. No primeiro 360 pintainhas Dekalb com seis semanas de idade foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (0, 7,5 e 15,0% de farelo de babaçu em substituição ao farelo de trigo) e cinco repetições cada, nas fases de cria e recria. No segundo, 500 pintos de corte Ross com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 3, 6 e 9% de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu na ração) e cinco repetições. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias. Em ambos os ensaios foram avaliados consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O farelo de babaçu apresentou 18,21% de proteína bruta, 27,33% de fibra bruta, 1549 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável e a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos variando entre 42 e 87%. O mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 3,43% de proteína bruta, 2,66% de fibra bruta, 2669 kcal/kg de EMA e 65,43% de digestibilidade do amido. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos para o farelo de babaçu variaram entre 42 e 87%. Recomenda-se a inclusão do farelo de babaçu no nível de 15% em substituição ao farelo de trigo na ração de frangas de postura. A avaliação do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte não promoveu desempenho favorável na fase inicial de criação / Abstract: The State of Maranhão with its diversity of topography and climate have alternative foods of plant origin, especially those coming from the babassu palm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value and use of babassu mesocarp meal and feeding the birds. We conducted analysis of chemical composition and metabolism of two tests to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected apparent (AME n) and true digestibility of amino acids. They were then conducted two performance tests. 360 Dekalb chicks in the first six weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (0, 7.5 and 15.0% of babassu meal in replacement of wheat bran) and five replicates each in stages of rearing. In the second, Ross 500 broiler chicks with one day of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 3, 6 and 9% inclusion of babassu mesocarp in the feed) and five replications. The experiment lasted 21 days. In both trials were evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The babassu bran showed 18.21% crude protein, crude fiber 27.33%, 1549 kcal / kg metabolizable energy and digestibility of amino acids ranging from 42 to 87%. The babassu mesocarp had 3.43% crude protein, crude fiber 2.66%, 2669 kcal / kg AME and 65.43% of starch digestibility. The digestibility of amino acids for babassu bran ranged between 42 and 87%. It is recommended the inclusion of babassu meal in the level of 15% in replacement of wheat bran in the diet of pullets. The evaluation of babassu mesocarp in the feed of broilers did not promote a favorable performance in the initial creation / Doutor

Introdução: O Brasil é um país de grande diversidade biológica, apresentando 15 a 20 por cento de todas as espécies do planeta. Visando mapear essa rica biodiversidade que é subutilizada, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente lançou ao longo de 2004 e 2005 a iniciativa \"Plantas para o Futuro\", cujo principal objetivo foi identificar as espécies nativas da flora brasileira de valor econômico atual e potencial. O projeto elencou 674 espécies nativas de diferentes regiões do Brasil com diferentes aplicações: alimentos, frutas, medicamentos, ornamentais e outros fins. As espécies frutíferas elencadas são, em sua maioria, subutilizadas e um dos motivos é a falta de dados nutricionais Objetivos: Este trabalho visou compilar dados de composição nutricional de espécies de frutas nativas elencadas pela iniciativa Plantas para o Futuro de modo a disponibilizar dados de macro e micronutrientes que possam ser inseridos em tabelas de composição de alimentos e, ao mesmo tempo, avaliar a qualidade dos dados nutricionais em publicações científicas que subsidiam a compilação dos dados de composição. Metodologias: Para a compilação dos dados foi utilizada a metodologia preconizada pela FAO/INFOODS (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION/The International Network of Food Data Systems), com o emprego da ferramenta Compilation tool. Realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico em periódicos nacionais e internacionais e em bases de dados de teses e dissertações. Os critérios considerados essenciais para a compilação foram: nome cientifico conhecido do alimento, metodologia indicada e unidade de expressão conhecida. Avaliou-se a qualidade dos dados publicados e utilizados neste trabalho por meio de indicadores como: número de amostras, plano de amostragem, tratamento dado à amostra, método analítico e controle de qualidade analítica. Resultados: Obtiveram-se dados nutricionais de 26 espécies frutíferas das cinco regiões geopolíticas do país. As espécies frutíferas que se destacam por teor elevado de fibra alimentar são: jatobá (45,7 g/100 g), murici (9,72 g/100 g), pequi (9,7 g/100 g) e tucumã-açu (6,2 g/ 100 g). Em relação ao cálcio destacam as espécies frutíferas: mamãozinho (89,5 mg/ 100 g), tucumã-açu (87,4 mg/ 100 g) e já o magnésio, o mamãozinho (87,6 mg/ 100 g) e maracujá-do-cerrado (69 mg/ 100 g) são as compiladas com maiores teores. A vitamina C destacam camu-camu com pele (1888,2 mg/100 g), mangaba (332 mg/100 g) e caju-do-cerrado (294 mg/ 100 g). A análise das publicações levantadas revelou lacunas nas informações metodológicas necessárias para avaliar a qualidade dos dados nutricionais. Conclusão: Dados de composição nutricional de espécies frutíferas subutilizadas, quando existentes, referem-se principalmente aos macronutrientes. Há necessidade de alertar os pesquisadores da necessidade de, ao publicarem seus artigos, inserirem as informações necessárias para o trabalho de compilação. As espécies frutíferas analisadas neste trabalho devem ser consideradas para a alimentação do brasileiro quando comparadas com as frutas contemporâneas mais adquiridas no Brasil. A disponibilização desses dados nutricionais nas tabelas de alimentos contribuirá para o uso e conservação das espécies frutíferas nativas, ajudando no bem-estar humano e melhoria da nutrição. / Background: Brazil is a country with a vast biological diversity, containing 15-20 per cent of all species on the planet. In order to map this rich biodiversity that is underutilized, the Ministry of Environment released, throughout the year of 2004 and 2005, the initiative \"Plants for the Future\" whose main goal was to identify the native species of Brazilian flora that have current economic value and potential. The project listed 674 native species from different regions of Brazil with different applications: food, fruits, medicine, ornamental, and other purposes. The fruit species listed are, in the majority, underutilized and one reason for that is the lack of nutritional data. Objective: This study aims to compile nutritional composition data of native fruits species listed by the \"Plants for the Future\" in order to provide macro and micronutrients data that can be inserted in food composition tables and at the same time, evaluate the quality of nutritional data in scientific publications that support the compilation of compositional data. Methodology: For the compilation of the data it was used the methodology recommended by FAO/INFOODS (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION/The International Network of Food Data Systems) with the use of the Compilation tool. The bibliographical research was conducted in national and international journals and theses and dissertations databases. The criteria considered essential for the compilation were known scientific name of the food, indicated methodology and known expression unit. The quality of the published data used in this study was assessed using indicators such as number of samples, sampling plan, treatment of the sample, analytical method and analytical quality control. Results: Nutritional data were obtained for 26 fruit species in the five geopolitical regions. The fruit species that stand out for high content of dietary fiber are: jatoba (45.7 g / 100 g), murici (9.72 g / 100 g), pequi (9.7 g / 100 g) and tucuma-açu (6.2 g / 100 g). Regarding to quantity of calcium, these fruit species contain higher concentrations: mamãozinho (89.5 mg / 100 g), tucumã-açu (87.4 mg / 100 g) and these other are rich in magnesium: mamãozinho (87.6 mg / 100 g) and maracujá-do-cerrado (69 mg / 100 g). The concentration of Vitamin C is seen highly in the camu-camu with skin (1888.2 mg / 100 g), mangaba (332 mg / 100 g) and in the caju-do-cerrado (294 mg / 100 g). The analysis of the collected publications revealed gaps in methodological information necessary to evaluate the quality of nutritional data. Conclusion: Nutritional composition data for underutilized fruit species, if any, relate primarily to macronutrients. There is a need to alert researchers on the importance of, in publishing their articles, remembering to enter the required information to the build work. The fruit species analyzed in this work should be considered for the Brazilian diet compared to other contemporary and more consumed fruits in Brazil. The availability of these nutritional data on food tables will contribute to the use and conservation of native fruit species, improving human wellbeing and nutrition.

Presented master thesis dealt with the analysis of garlic and onion samples and tried to find correlations between chemical composition and country of origin. The parameters examined were dry content, crude protein content, concentration of phenolic compunds, carbohydrate content (fructose, glucose), alliin content and concentration of selected elements (P, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Zn). Average content of dry matter of fresh samples was 35,84 ±2,12 g/100 g and of dehydrated samples was 90,61 ±2,90 g/100 g. Concentration of phenolic compounds was measured spectrophotometrically with Folin-Ciocault reagent. Average phenolic compounds content of samples was 0,1840 ±0,1286 GAE g/100 g. Crude protein content was measured by Kjeldahl method, and calculated from total nitrogen content. Carbohydrates were measured by HPLC-ELSD after hydrolysis of fructans. Average content of fructose of garlic samples was 57,014 ±0,863 g/100 g, of onion samples was 33,718 ±1,168 g/100 g. Average content of glucose of onion samples was 22,633 ±0,405 g/100 g. Alliin content was measured by HPLC-DAD method. Average alliin content of fresh samples was 4,644 ±0,446 g/100 g and of dehydrated samples was 1,962 ±0,180 g/100 g. Elemental analysis was conducted by ICP-OES method. Average concentration of selected elements was: P 2,15 ±0,11 mg/g, Mg 0,638 ±0,03 mg/g, Ca 1,246 ±0,05 mg/g, Na 0,550 ±0,08 mg/g, K 7,49 ±0,41 mg/g, Fe 79,3 ±6,16 mg/kg, Zn 11,4 ±3,33 mg/kg. Obtained data were statistically processed on significance level 0,05. Based on the principal components analysis, it was found, that the best parameters to differentiate samples from Czechia, Poland and Ukraine from other countries were content of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and calcium. It was also discovered, that genus differences between onion and garlic have greater significance than geographical differences.

PhD (Food Science and Technology) / Department of Food Science and Technology / Finger millet (FM) (Eleusine coracana) grains are the staple food in Africa and India for communities with low socio-economic growth. The grains have high content of calcium, dietary fibre, carbohydrates that are rich in protein, fat, iron, phosphorus, vitamin and essential amino acids. Flours from milky cream (MC), brown and black varieties of FM were fortified with vitamin (vit) B₂ and zinc oxide (ZnO) in order to restore the nutrients that were lost during milling and sieving processes. The main aim of the study was to analyse the physical, nutritional composition and functional properties of flours from three (3) FM varieties fortified with vit B2 and ZnO. Pearl millet was used for comparison with the results obtained from this study. MC, brown and black varieties of FM flour treatments were arranged as a completely randomized design (CRD) in three (3) replicates. Physical properties: dimensional properties, colour attributes, kernel weight, bulk density (BD), true density, porosity, surface area, kernel volume, aspect ratio, sphericity and moisture content of the FM grains were analysed. Vitamins and minerals were also analysed. Functional properties: colour attributes, bulk density (BD), water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), swelling capacity (SC), swelling index (SI), foaming capacity (FC), foaming solubility (FS), dispersibility (Dis), viscosity (cool & hot paste), pasting properties, thermal properties and microscopic structure of FM flours were determined. Data generated were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Moisture content of MC FM grain and flour was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than brown and black varieties but was within the specified range of <12%. This indicated the long storage shelf-life of the grains and flours. Length of brown FM grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to MC and black varieties. MC variety was significantly higher than other varieties in width, kernel weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. The information obtained from this study will help in designing suitable equipment for planting, harvesting, storage, processing and packaging of grains. Pearl millet grain was significantly higher than FM flours in all physical properties. MC FM was significantly higher iii in L* (whiteness/ brightness), b* (yellowness/ blueness), C* (chroma), Hº (hue angle) and ZnO values compared to brown and black flours. MC raw fortified finger millet (RFFM) and instant fortified finger millet (IFFM) flours were significantly higher in vitamin B2. People prefer fortified MC flour because most of people living in South Africa use white maize as their staple food and it is similar to MC. Colour is the most important quality parameter in food processing industries and it is also attracts the consumer’s choice and preference. The vitamins and minerals that were lost during sieving, drying and milling were replaced by the two (2) fortificants added which may help to reduce the micronutrient deficiencies. Milky cream FM flours showed significantly high (p < 0.05) values in BD, WAC, OAC, SI, FC and dis. These are the fundamental physico-chemical properties that reflect the interaction between the composition and molecular structure. Length of brown FM grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to MC and black variety. The MC variety was significantly higher than other varieties in width, kernel weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. Pearl millet was significantly higher than FM flours in all physical properties. MCFM variety was significantly higher in L* (whiteness/ brightness), b* (yellowness/ blueness), C* (chroma), and Hº (hue angle) values as compared to other FM varieties. Moisture content of MC flour was significantly higher as compared to brown and black FM flours. Pasting properties of MC raw finger millet (RFM) and RFFM flours showed significantly higher in peak viscosity (PV) (3518 cP), final viscosity (FV) (6554 cP), breakdown viscosity (BDV) (703 cP) and setback viscosity (SV) (3868 cP) as compared to other RFM and RFFM flours. Brown instant finger millet (IFM) and IFFM flours had significantly higher of PV (723 cP), trough viscosity (TV) (655 cP) and FV (983 cP). IFFM flours had significantly higher values of PV (712 cP), TV (614 cP) and FV (970 cP), respectively. The instant pearl millet (IPM) and instant fortified pearl millet (IFPM) showed significantly higher value in BDV (330 cP and 131 cP) and SV (362 cP and 346 cP), respectively. Thermal properties of black RFM was significantly higher in onset temperature (To) (74.31), peak temperature (TP) (81.94ºC) and conclusion temperature (Tc) (89.64) and RFFM starches were significantly high in To (81.80ºC), TP (84.22ºC) and TC (92.81ºC), respectively. Milky ivcream IFM starch showed significantly higher values in TO (84.57ºC), TP (87.27ºC), Tc (92.81ºC) and ΔH (7.63ºC) compared to other starches. Brown IFFM flour was significantly higher value in To (85.88ºC) and TP (87.14ºC). The starch of IFPM was significantly higher in enthalpy of gelatinisation (6.91ºC) and PHI (2.94ºC) as compared to other FM starches. Brown IFM flour showed significantly higher value in gelatinisation temperature range (13.50ºC). The microscopic structure revealed that RFM and RFFM flours had oval and smooth surfaces. RFM and RFFM flours showed positive effect after fortificants were added because the starch granules, protein bodies and protein matrix were visible and formed crystal. IFM and IFFM flours had some holes, dents and rough surfaces. Instant fortified flours showed negative effect after fortificants were added due to technological processes such as recooking and remilling of flours. Different variations observed on physical, nutritional and functional properties after adding the fortificants may affect the physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of food produced from fortified flour. There is need to fortify FM flours with ZnO which may help to replace the value lost during milling and sieving operations. It is possible that the availability of ZnO could reduce the incidence of some non-communicable diseases. / NRF

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y validar una receta nutricional de snack realizado con harina de cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca), como también determinar su composición nutricional y calidad microbiológica de la harina. La cáscara de plátano, un residuo de la industria alimentaria ha sido reportada como nutritiva, material de bajo costo que tiene disponibilidad de uso durante todo el año. Una vez transformada en harina, puede ser utilizada como ingrediente funcional debido a su alto contenido de fibra y buenas propiedades funcionales. En general, los estudiantes universitarios tienen un bajo consumo de fibra, debido a patrones alimentarios alterados. Metodología: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde fue obtenida en un estado pre climatérico, se deshidrató mediante un secador de lecho fluidizado, después, se aplicaron análisis para obtener resultados microbiológicos, proximales y de fibra dietaria. La receta nutricional fue diseñada, ajustada y validada con la población objetivo siguiendo la metodología del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición del Perú (CENAN), concluyendo con el análisis nutricional del producto final. Resultados: el contenido de fibra dietaria, carbohidratos totales, proteína, grasa total y grasa total de la harina de cáscara de plátano verde (GBPL) fue: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g y 361.2 kcal por 100 gramos de harina. El snack fue formulado para aportar al menos 5 g de fibra dietaria por porción, teniendo buena aceptación del grupo objetivo basado en las características organolépticas. Conclusión: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde mostró gran potencial como una fuente de fibra dietaria y como ingrediente funcional; por ello, puede ser incluida en recetas nutricionales.. / Objective: This study aims at designing and validating a nutritional recipe for a snack made of green banana (Musa paradisiaca) peel flour and assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available all year round. Banana peel flour could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a very low dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, we focused our study on this population. Methodology: The green banana peel flour was obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized- bed drying, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. The nutritional recipe for the snack was designed, validated and adjusted with the target population following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentación de Perú, concluding with the nutritional and microbiological assessment of the end-product. Results: The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack was designed to contain at least 5g of dietary fiber per serving size, yet it had 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the panelists based on its sensory characteristics. Conclusion: the green banana peel flour showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber and as a functional ingredient and can be included in nutritional recipes. / Tesis