Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a dosagem da transferrina e pré-albumina séricas como marcadoras da resposta ao suporte nutricional em pacientes com câncer de esôfago. Métodos: Estudo clínico não-controlado com 45 pacientes internados com câncer de esôfago submetidos ao suporte nutricional antes de iniciar a terapia oncológica. De acordo com o estado nutricional, os pacientes receberam dieta por sonda nasoentérica, via oral ou combinada (via oral e sonda nasoentérica). O gasto energético basal foi estimado pela equação de Harris-Benedict. Pré-albumina e transferrina séricas foram dosadas antes e após o suporte nutricional. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A média do tempo de suporte nutricional foi de quatorze dias (±4,72). Houve aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de transferrina (p<0,001) e pré-albumina (p=0,002) após suporte nutricional. Aumento dos níveis de transferrina esteve associado com ingestão calórica (p=0,034), ao contrário dos níveis de préalbumina (p=0,864). Não houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre a ingestão de proteína com a variação dos níveis de transferrina (p=0,243) e préalbumina (p=0,913) do pré para o pós-suporte nutricional. Perda de peso na internação se correlacionou significativamente com os níveis de pré-albumina (- 0,545;p<0,001) e transferrina (r=-0,347;p=0,021). Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variações da transferrina e pré-albumina do pré para o póssuporte nutricional (r=0,568; p<0,001). Conclusões: Houve um aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de préalbumina e transferrina após o suporte nutricional. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variações da transferrina e pré-albumina do pré para o pós-suporte nutricional. / Objectives: This study evaluated serum transferrin and prealbumin levels as markers of response to nutritional support in patients with esophageal cancer. Methods: Clinical, uncontrolled study with 45 hospitalized patients with esophageal cancer who received preoperative nutritional support. According to their nutritional status, patients received nasoenteric tube feeding, an oral diet, or a combined diet (oral and nasoenteric tube feeding. Resting energy expenditure were calculated using the Harris-Benedict equation. Serum prealbumin and transferrin levels were measured before and after nutritional support. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean nutritional support duration was 14 (±4.72) days. There was a significant increase in serum transferrin (P<0.001) and prealbumin (P=0.002) levels after nutritional support. The increase in transferrin levels (P=0.034), but not in prealbumin levels (P=0.861), was associated with calorie intake. There was no statistically significant difference between protein intake and variations in the levels of transferrin (P=0.243) and prealbumin (P=0.913) from pre- to post-nutritional support. Weight loss at admission was significantly associated with levels of prealbumin (r=- 0.545; P<0.001) and transferrin (r=-0.347; P=0.021). There was a statistically significant association between transferrin and prealbumin variations from pre- to post-nutritional support (r=0.568; P<0.001). Conclusions: There was a significant increase in serum transferrin and prealbumin levels after nutritional support. A significant association was found between serum transferrin and prealbumin variations.

This diploma thesis focuses on the nutritional status of patients with colorectal cancer. In the theoretical part I describe the incidence, risk factors of colorectal cancer, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, individual types of anticancer therapies, their side effects and dietary recommendations for individual gastrointestinal side effects of anticancer therapy. In the theoretical part I also focus on malnutrition and nutritional support in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Also important is the prevention of colorectal cancer, which is described in the last section. The aim of the research is to compare the eating habits and lifestyle of patients with colorectal cancer before the diagnosis and during the therapy. The second objective is to compare the weight of the patients before the diagnosis and therapy and to find out the most common causes of weight loss in anticancer therapy. The third objective is to find out whether patients who have had a sipping support during their anticancer therapy will regain their weight compared to patients who did not. The research was conducted through a questionnaire survey. A total of 55 oncology patients with colorectal cancer diagnosis were present. The research was conducted in two hospitals in oncology departments and oncological ambulances. The...

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of nutritional support in patients with neurological diseases (stroke and Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathy). The aim of this thesis is to find out, how implemented unified system of nutritional support affects the well-being of patients at neuro-rehabilitation clinic Asklepios Schlossberg Klinik in Bad König. There were observed 55 patients (30 men and 25 women) for 8 weeks. The theoretical part of this thesis describes basic components of nutrition, energy expenditure and needs, selected neurological diseases, dysphagia, malnutrition. The emphasis is put on nutrition in intensive neurological care. The practical part of the thesis analyses data obtained by the observation. There are observed changes of body weight, BMI and laboratory values of total protein, albumin and glycaemia in serum. These data are divided by sex, age, type of disease and initial BMI values. The observed patients had mainly overweight and obesity, which have lost a part of their excess weight due to catabolism. At the beginning of the observation 13 patient had normal BMI value, this number of patients rose to 24 after eight weeks. At the end of the observation the reduction of BMI value was on the average 2.45 units. Based on the results, it was found that although patients due to...

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

El proyecto “WodTime” tiene el objetivo en poder crear una manera de ayudar a las personas a obtener una mejor calidad de vida mediante un entrenamiento virtual de manera personalizada en un horario flexible y enfocándonos en la motivación de nuestros usuarios y un buen plan nutricional. Todo ello será de acuerdo con el objetivo de cada usuario con un precio competitivo y de acuerdo con el mercado; a través de un buen plan de marketing en redes sociales, donde será una fuente de validación e interacción utilizando Google Ads, Google Anality y Facebook Ads, esto ayudara también a acércanos a nuestro target donde son hombres y mujeres modernos residentes de Lima Metropolitana entre 18 a 55 años de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B. “WodTime” tendrá una plataforma web personalizado y adaptado a cada usuario, donde cada equipo tendrá un coach asignado que los entrenará y motivará para que no se desanimen y sigan entrenando para que puedan cumplir con sus objetivos. Asimismo, contemplaran por lo menos 1 charla sobre nutrición y 1 charla motivacional para poder brindar un espacio da alta calidad y claridad. Cada usuario contemplara con un plan nutricional personalizado y adecuado a su meta elaborado por una nutricionista licenciada. / The “WodTime” project aims to create a way to help people obtain a better quality of life through virtual training in a personalized way in a flexible schedule and focusing on the motivation of our users and a good nutritional plan of according to the objective of each user with a competitive price and according to the market; Through a good marketing plan in social networks, where it will be a source of validation and interaction using Google Ads, Google Anality and Facebook Ads, this will also help to bring us closer to our target where modern men and women are residents in Metropolitan Lima, between 18 to 55 years of socioeconomic levels A and B. "WodTime" will have a personalized web platform adapted to each user, where each team will have an assigned coach who will train and motivate them so that they do not get discouraged and continue training so that they can meet their objectives. Likewise, they will contemplate at least 1 talk about nutrition and 1 motivational talk in order to provide a space of high quality and clarity. Each user will contemplate with a personalized nutritional plan adapted to their goal, prepared by a licensed nutritionist. / Trabajo de investigación

Bakgrund: Bedömning av näringstillstånd och näringstillförsel är komplicerad vid svår sepsis och septisk chock beroende på sjukdomenskomplexitet. Patienternas upplevelser om mat, dryck och ätande under och efter intensivvård utgör en viktig parameter för bedömning avnäringstillförsel men är sparsamt undersökt. Syftet var att kartlägga dokumenterad bedömning av näringstillstånd och näringstillförsel samt undersöka patientens upplevelse om mat, dryck och ätande vid svår sepsis och septisk chock. Metod: Studien genomfördes med case study design där mixade metoder användes. En kvantitativ journalgranskning av näringstillförsel och näringstillstånd kombinerades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av fem patienters upplevelser och minnen. Resultat: Skiftande bedömning av näringstillstånd och näringstillförsel framkom, alltifrån detaljerad dokumentation till sparsam och fragmenterad. Fastlagda rutiner för näringsbedömning följdes inte. Etablerade metoder fångade inte risk för näringsproblem. Dokumentation om näringstillförsel var detaljerad under intensivvårdstiden och mer knapphändig under vårdtid på vårdavdelningarna. Patienterna hade unika minnen och upplevelser, av törst, förlorad hungerkänsla och förvåning över hur fort orken försvann, men sedan kom tillbaka.Slutsats: En systematisk och regelbunden uppföljning av näringstillförsel och en individuell, personinriktad vård behövs för förståelse för patientens unika tillstånd vid kritisk sjukdom. Ytterligare studier behövs för utveckling av instrument för detektering av näringsproblem under och efter intensivvård. / Background: Assessment of nutritional status and support are complicated in the care of patients with severe sepsis and septic chock due to complexity of disease. Patient opinions on food and food intake may serve as important parameters when deciding the amount and kind of nutritional support but are sparsely investigated. The purpose was to describe assessment of nutritional status and nutritional support in patients with severe sepsis and septic chock and to investigate patient experiences of food, drinking and eating during and after intensive care. Method: A case study design was conducted using mixed methods. Assessment of nutritional status and support in medical record were investigated quantitatively in five patients. Experiences and memories were analysed qualitatively using content analysis. Result: Diverse results emerged from detailed to sparse and fragmented judgements, planning and measures taken. Established assessment tools didn´t capture nutritional problems. ICU documentation was detailed while documentation during ordinary ward care was scanty. The patients had unique experiences and memories of thirst, weight, loss of hunger and astonishment of quick loss and return of energy. Conclusion: A systematic and regular control of nutritional support and individual care is required to understand the uniqueness of patient status incritical disease. Further investigation is needed concerning tools for detection of nutritional problems during and after intensive care.

O presente trabalho avaliou o papel da solução parenteral de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais em animais com cirrose submetidos à hepatectomia parcial. Este procedimento é temido nestes animais devido à possibilidade de ocorrência de falência hepática aguda, já que a remoção de um fragmento do fígado reduz ainda mais a capacidade funcional de um órgão já comprometido. Além disso, é conhecido que o fígado cirrótico diminui sua capacidade regenerativa, fato que atrasa a recuperação do animal, bem como também regenera cirroticamente. Esses fatores, aliados, contribuem para uma considerável taxa de mortalidade pós-operatória. Porém, há algumas situações em que estes pacientes precisam ser submetidos a ressecções hepáticas, tais como traumas, infecções e neoplasias. De fato, a presença de hepatocarcinomas representa a maior indicação deste procedimento em fígados cirróticos. Por outro lado, tem-se mostrado que a administração parenteral de solução de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais (FHN), uma mistura de aminoácidos, vitaminas, sais minerais e hormônios, aumenta consideravelmente a proliferação celular e o tamanho do fígado em animais sadios, com fibrose e com cirrose. Nestes dois últimos, além do crescimento hepático, ocorre também uma importante redução na quantidade de colágeno, significando uma melhora morfológica que, por muitas vezes, resulta em uma melhora funcional. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o verificar se o uso de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais traria também uma melhora morfológica e funcional em animais com cirrose induzida por tiocetamida após uma ressecção hepática de 40%. Utilizou-se 40 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar fêmeas cuja indução da cirrose foi pela administração intraperitoneal de tiocetamida. Ao final deste período, e após 10 dias de descanso, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma hepatectomia parcial (HP) de 40%. Foram então divididos em dois grupos: um que recebeu intraperitonealmente a solução de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais durante 12 dias, designado grupo HP+FHN, e outro que recebeu solução fisiológica nas mesmas condições, formando o grupo HP+S. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados no término do período experimental: dados biométricos (peso do fígado, IHS: índice hepassomático e IHC: índice hepatocarcaça), bioquímica hepática plasmática (AST, ALT, fosfatase alcalina, bilirrubina total e albumina), quantificação da densidade volumétrica de colágeno hepático por morfometria, quantificação do índice de proliferação celular por imunohistoquímica para PCNA e expressão de genes pró-fibróticos (MMP2, TIMP1, Cola1 e TGFb1) por PCR em tempo real. De fato, os fígados dos animais do grupo HP+FHN estavam maiores do que os animais do grupo HP+S (aumentos de 8,4%, 5,6% e 8,4% no peso do fígado, IHS e IHC respectivamente), e também apresentaram maior índice de proliferação de hepatócitos (44,9%). Ocorreu também redução de 27,9% na densidade volumétrica do colágeno hepático no grupo que recebeu FHN comparandose com o grupo que recebeu solução salina. Esta redução também foi observada na expressão do gene de colágeno a1, que foi de 53%. Porém, não houve diferença nos demais genes avaliados. Dentre os parâmetros bioquímicos, apenas a fosfatase alcalina mostrou redução. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso de FHN acarreta em um aumento da regeneração hepática acompanhado de uma redução da quantidade de colágeno e, esses achados, em conjunto, podem representar uma condição benéfica na recuperação de pacientes com cirrose submetidos à ressecção hepática / The current study evaluated the role of parenteral solution of nutritional hepatotrophic factors in animals with cirrhosis undergoing partial hepatectomy. This procedure is fearful in these animals due to the possibility of acute liver failure, since removal of a liver fragment further reduces the functional capacity of an already compromised organ. Moreover, it is known that cirrhotic liver decreases its regenerative capacity, which impairs the recovery of the animal, and also regenerates cirrhotic. These factors, together, contribute to a considerable rate of postoperative mortality. However, there are some situations when these patients need to be submitted to liver resection, such as trauma, infections and neoplasm. In fact, the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma represents the most important indication of this procedure in patients with cirrhosis. On the other hand, it has been shown that parenteral administration of a solution of the nutritional hepatotrophic factors (NHF), a mixture of amino acids, vitamins, minerals and hormones, significantly increases cell proliferation and liver size in healthy, fibrotic and cirrhotic animals. In the two latter, beyond the liver growth, there is also a significant reduction in the amount of collagen, meaning a morphological enhancement, resulting in a functional improvement. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the use of nutritional hepatotrophic factors would also lead a morphological and functional improvement in animals with thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis after 40% liver resection. We used 40 rats (Rattus norvegicus) female Wistar whose cirrhosis was induced by intraperitoneal administration thioacetamide. At the end of this period, and after 10 days of rest, all animals were underwent a partial hepatectomy (PH) of 40%. They were then divided into two groups: one that received intraperitoneally a solution of nutritional hepatotrophic factors for 12 days, designated PH+NHF group, and another that received saline under the same conditions, forming the PH+S group. The following parameters were evaluated at the end of the trial period: biometrics (liver weight, HSI hepatossomatic index, and HCI hepatocarcass index), plasmatic liver biochemistry (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and albumin), quantification of volume density of collagen in liver morphology, quantification of cell proliferation by immunohistochemistry for PCNA and expression of pro-fibrotic genes (MMP2, TIMP1, TGF1 and Cola1) by real-time PCR. In fact, the livers of animals in group PH+NHF were larger than the animals in PH+S group (increases of 8.4%, 5.6% and 8.4% in liver weight, HSI and HCI, respectively), and also had higher rates of proliferation of hepatocytes (44.9%). There was also a 27.9% reduction in liver volume density of collagen in the group receiving NHF compared with the group that received saline. This reduction was also observed in gene expression of collagen a1, which was 53%. However, there were no differences in other genes evaluated. Among biochemical parameters, only the alkaline phosphatase showed a reduction. The results indicate that the use of NHF leads to an increase in liver regeneration accompanied by a reduction in the amount of collagen, and these findings, together, can represent a beneficial condition in the recovery of patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver resection

O presente trabalho avaliou o papel da solução parenteral de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais em animais com cirrose submetidos à hepatectomia parcial. Este procedimento é temido nestes animais devido à possibilidade de ocorrência de falência hepática aguda, já que a remoção de um fragmento do fígado reduz ainda mais a capacidade funcional de um órgão já comprometido. Além disso, é conhecido que o fígado cirrótico diminui sua capacidade regenerativa, fato que atrasa a recuperação do animal, bem como também regenera cirroticamente. Esses fatores, aliados, contribuem para uma considerável taxa de mortalidade pós-operatória. Porém, há algumas situações em que estes pacientes precisam ser submetidos a ressecções hepáticas, tais como traumas, infecções e neoplasias. De fato, a presença de hepatocarcinomas representa a maior indicação deste procedimento em fígados cirróticos. Por outro lado, tem-se mostrado que a administração parenteral de solução de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais (FHN), uma mistura de aminoácidos, vitaminas, sais minerais e hormônios, aumenta consideravelmente a proliferação celular e o tamanho do fígado em animais sadios, com fibrose e com cirrose. Nestes dois últimos, além do crescimento hepático, ocorre também uma importante redução na quantidade de colágeno, significando uma melhora morfológica que, por muitas vezes, resulta em uma melhora funcional. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o verificar se o uso de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais traria também uma melhora morfológica e funcional em animais com cirrose induzida por tiocetamida após uma ressecção hepática de 40%. Utilizou-se 40 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar fêmeas cuja indução da cirrose foi pela administração intraperitoneal de tiocetamida. Ao final deste período, e após 10 dias de descanso, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma hepatectomia parcial (HP) de 40%. Foram então divididos em dois grupos: um que recebeu intraperitonealmente a solução de fatores hepatotróficos nutricionais durante 12 dias, designado grupo HP+FHN, e outro que recebeu solução fisiológica nas mesmas condições, formando o grupo HP+S. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados no término do período experimental: dados biométricos (peso do fígado, IHS: índice hepassomático e IHC: índice hepatocarcaça), bioquímica hepática plasmática (AST, ALT, fosfatase alcalina, bilirrubina total e albumina), quantificação da densidade volumétrica de colágeno hepático por morfometria, quantificação do índice de proliferação celular por imunohistoquímica para PCNA e expressão de genes pró-fibróticos (MMP2, TIMP1, Cola1 e TGFb1) por PCR em tempo real. De fato, os fígados dos animais do grupo HP+FHN estavam maiores do que os animais do grupo HP+S (aumentos de 8,4%, 5,6% e 8,4% no peso do fígado, IHS e IHC respectivamente), e também apresentaram maior índice de proliferação de hepatócitos (44,9%). Ocorreu também redução de 27,9% na densidade volumétrica do colágeno hepático no grupo que recebeu FHN comparandose com o grupo que recebeu solução salina. Esta redução também foi observada na expressão do gene de colágeno a1, que foi de 53%. Porém, não houve diferença nos demais genes avaliados. Dentre os parâmetros bioquímicos, apenas a fosfatase alcalina mostrou redução. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso de FHN acarreta em um aumento da regeneração hepática acompanhado de uma redução da quantidade de colágeno e, esses achados, em conjunto, podem representar uma condição benéfica na recuperação de pacientes com cirrose submetidos à ressecção hepática / The current study evaluated the role of parenteral solution of nutritional hepatotrophic factors in animals with cirrhosis undergoing partial hepatectomy. This procedure is fearful in these animals due to the possibility of acute liver failure, since removal of a liver fragment further reduces the functional capacity of an already compromised organ. Moreover, it is known that cirrhotic liver decreases its regenerative capacity, which impairs the recovery of the animal, and also regenerates cirrhotic. These factors, together, contribute to a considerable rate of postoperative mortality. However, there are some situations when these patients need to be submitted to liver resection, such as trauma, infections and neoplasm. In fact, the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma represents the most important indication of this procedure in patients with cirrhosis. On the other hand, it has been shown that parenteral administration of a solution of the nutritional hepatotrophic factors (NHF), a mixture of amino acids, vitamins, minerals and hormones, significantly increases cell proliferation and liver size in healthy, fibrotic and cirrhotic animals. In the two latter, beyond the liver growth, there is also a significant reduction in the amount of collagen, meaning a morphological enhancement, resulting in a functional improvement. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the use of nutritional hepatotrophic factors would also lead a morphological and functional improvement in animals with thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis after 40% liver resection. We used 40 rats (Rattus norvegicus) female Wistar whose cirrhosis was induced by intraperitoneal administration thioacetamide. At the end of this period, and after 10 days of rest, all animals were underwent a partial hepatectomy (PH) of 40%. They were then divided into two groups: one that received intraperitoneally a solution of nutritional hepatotrophic factors for 12 days, designated PH+NHF group, and another that received saline under the same conditions, forming the PH+S group. The following parameters were evaluated at the end of the trial period: biometrics (liver weight, HSI hepatossomatic index, and HCI hepatocarcass index), plasmatic liver biochemistry (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and albumin), quantification of volume density of collagen in liver morphology, quantification of cell proliferation by immunohistochemistry for PCNA and expression of pro-fibrotic genes (MMP2, TIMP1, TGF1 and Cola1) by real-time PCR. In fact, the livers of animals in group PH+NHF were larger than the animals in PH+S group (increases of 8.4%, 5.6% and 8.4% in liver weight, HSI and HCI, respectively), and also had higher rates of proliferation of hepatocytes (44.9%). There was also a 27.9% reduction in liver volume density of collagen in the group receiving NHF compared with the group that received saline. This reduction was also observed in gene expression of collagen a1, which was 53%. However, there were no differences in other genes evaluated. Among biochemical parameters, only the alkaline phosphatase showed a reduction. The results indicate that the use of NHF leads to an increase in liver regeneration accompanied by a reduction in the amount of collagen, and these findings, together, can represent a beneficial condition in the recovery of patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver resection

L'augmentation de la survie des grands prématurés fait de la réduction des séquelles dans cette population un enjeu majeur. Alors qu'il influence leur devenir, le support nutritionnel des grands prématurés échoue souvent à prévenir le déficit protéino-énergétique, les carences nutritionnelles, et les ralentissements de croissance, aggravant leur pronostic. Nos recherches investiguaient plusieurs axes des stratégies nutritionnelles actuelles, leurs limites ainsi que les perspectives d'améliorations : I) parentérales, II) entérales, III) préventions des complications, IV) évaluation de la croissance. Il s'agissait d'un ensemble d'études cliniques, qui révélaient : I) Des variations significatives d'apports parentéraux à l'intérieur des centres, ainsi qu'une sous-utilisation des lipides, participant au déficit protéino-énergétique précoce. Un impact des lipides sur la croissance, le développement cérébral, voire l'incidence de complications était suggéré. II) Des avantages de l'utilisation de lait maternel frais dans la 1ère semaine de vie sur la poursuite de l'allaitement des nouveau-nés hospitalisés, ainsi que des variations importantes de sa composition. Une augmentation des taux d'allaitement sur les périodes d'études révélait un effet bénéfique de la recherche, même « observationnelle », sur l'allaitement. III) Une augmentation du risque d'hyperglycémie en cas de diminution de la phosphatémie. IV) Des répercussions modérées de la restriction de croissance intra-utérine sur le neuro-développement des prématurés, malgré des réserves auxologiques. Ces travaux permettaient donc d'identifier plusieurs barrières, et d'envisager différentes stratégies d'amélioration du soutien nutritionnel. Ils soulignent la complexité et l'importance des liens entre nutrition, croissance et développement neurologique des enfants à risques. Des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour optimiser les connaissances, les recommandations et les pratiques dans ce domaine / Facing to increasing survival of very preterm neonates, reducing sequelae in this population became a major public issue. Nutritional support of preterm neonates has a durable impact on their future. However, it often fails to prevent the protein-energetic imbalance, nutritional deficiencies, and post-natal growth restriction, which act as aggravating factors. Our researches evaluated different axes of current nutritional strategies, limitations and possible improvements: I) parenteral, II) enteral, III) prevention of complications, IV) growth assessment. Most relevant findings of these clinical studies were: I) Significant variations of parenteral intakes in the centres, as well as inadequate use of lipids, involved in early energetic-protein deficit. Impact of lipids on growth, brain development, and even the incidence of complications were suggested. II) Advantages in using fresh raw mother's own milk in the early days to enhance breastfeeding in hospitalized neonates, as well as important changes in mother's milk composition. An increase in breastfeeding rates over the periods of studies showed a beneficial effect of the research, although "observational", on breastfeeding. III) An increased risk of hyperglycemia in case of low phosphatemia. IV) A moderate impact of being small for gestational age on neuro-development in a preterm cohort, and related auxologic limitations. This work allowed to recognize some barriers of the nutritional support, and to consider different improvement strategies. It emphasizes the close and important links between nutrition, growth and neurological development of vulnerable infants. Further efforts are needed to optimize knowledge, recommendations and practices in this area