La nutrition est l’un des facteurs environnementaux modifiables pouvant avoir un rôle majeur dans la prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Dans ce cadre, un intérêt croissant a été porté ces dernières décennies aux polyphénols, des composés bioactifs potentiellement protecteurs. L’objectif général du travail de cette thèse était l’étude du lien entre la qualité de l’alimentation et les MCV, à partir des données issues des cohortes françaises SU.VI.MAX et NutriNet-Santé. Le premier objectif était d’étudier l’association prospective entre un score individuel mesurant la qualité globale de l’alimentation (score FSA-NPS DI) et le risque de MCV. Le second objectif était d’étudier les associations entre les apports alimentaires en polyphénols et le risque de MCV ainsi que la variation du statut pondéral, en utilisant la table de composition Phenol-Explorer®. Enfin, le troisième objectif était de comparer les consommations et les comportements alimentaires des participants de l’étude NutriNet-Santé présentant une MCV ou un trouble cardiométabolique à des témoins. Concernant le premier objectif, nos résultats indiquaient que des choix alimentaires de moindre qualité nutritionnelle, comme reflété par un score FSA-NPS DI plus élevé, étaient associés à une augmentation de risque de MCV, en particulier chez les individus en surpoids ou obèses dans la cohorte NutriNet-Santé et les fumeurs et ceux ayant un faible niveau d’activité physique dans la cohorte SU.VI.MAX. Concernant le deuxième objectif, nos résultats indiquaient que les anthocyanines, les catéchines, les flavonols, les dihydrochalcones, les dihydroflavonols, les acides hydroxybenzoiques et les stilbènes étaient associés à une moindre survenue des MCV. Nos résultats indiquaient également qu'un apport plus élevé en polyphénols totaux ainsi qu'un apport plus élevé en flavones, flavanones, proanthocyanidines, lignanes et acides hydroxycinnamiques étaient associés à une moindre augmentation de l’adiposité au cours du suivi. Concernant le troisième objectif, nous avons montré, que les adultes, présentant une maladie cardiovasculaire ou cardio-métabolique avaient des comportements moins favorables pour la santé que des témoins du même âge et sexe. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence les aspects nutritionnels sur lesquels il serait stratégique d’axer en priorité les efforts de prévention et d’accompagnement des patients afin d’améliorer la prise en charge des maladies cardio-métaboliques et cardiovasculaires après leur diagnostic. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse ont contribué à une meilleure compréhension du rôle potentiel des facteurs nutritionnels dans l’étiologie des maladies cardiovasculaires via une approche holistique et plus spécifique pour les polyphénols. Cette thèse offre des pistes de réflexion pour les futures stratégies en prévention primaire, secondaire et tertiaire des maladies cardiovasculaires. / Nutrition is one of the modifiable environmental factors that may have a major role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this context, in etiological epidemiology, there has been a growing interest in polyphenols – bioactive components that are potentially protective. Hence, the general objective of the work presented in this thesis was to study the link between the quality of the diet and CVD, based on data from the French cohorts SU.VI.MAX and NutriNet-Santé.The first objective was to study the prospective association between an individual score measuring the overall quality of the diet (the FSA-NPS DI) and CVD risk, in the context of a French national primary prevention strategy aiming to apply a coloured front-of-package label (the 5C label). The second objective was to examine the association of dietary intakes of different polyphenols with CVD risk and with weight change, using the Phenol-Explorer® composition table. Finally, the third objective was to compare the food and nutrient consumptions and lifestyle behaviours of NutriNet-Santé participants presenting a CVD or a cardiometabolic disorder with those of ‘control’ participants. Concerning the first objective, our results indicated that the choice of foods of a lower nutritional quality, as reflected by a higher FSA-NPS DI score, was associated with an increase in CVD risk – in particular among overweight or obese participants of the NutriNet-Santé cohort, and among participants of the SU.VI.MAX cohort that were smokers or had a low physical activity level. Concerning the second objective, our results indicated that anthocyanins, catechins, flavonols, dihydrochalcones, dihydroflavonols, hydroxybenzoic acids, other phenolic acids and stilbenes were associated with a lower CVD risk. Our results also indicated that a higher intake of total polyphenols as well as a higher intake of falvones, flavanones, proanthocyanins, lignans and hydroxycinnamic acids was associated with a less pronounced increase in body mass index and waist circumference over 6 years. Concerning the third objective, we have shown that adults presenting a CVD or a cardiometabolic disorder had less beneficial behaviours than control participants of the same age and sex, in terms of physical activity, smoking status, and the consumption of alcohol, fruits and vegetables, whole grain cereals, of meat and particularly of processed meat. In addition, we have observed a lower intake of most polyphenol categories among patients. Our results thus provide indications on the nutritional elements that should be at the centre of secondary and tertiary prevention strategies, so as to improve the treatment of CVD and cardiometabolic dysfunctions once that they are diagnosed.To conclude, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of the role of nutritional factors in the development of CVD, using both holistic and specific (through polyphenols) approaches. These results are of interest for future prevention strategies that aime at reducing the risks of CVD through nutrition.

Introdução: O consumidor tem o direito a informações sobre a composição nutricional dos alimentos industrializados, possibilitando escolhas saudáveis. Para isto, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária torna obrigatória a rotulagem nutricional dos alimentos comercializados. Objetivo: Avaliar a conformidade dos dados nutricionais presentes em rótulos de alguns alimentos embalados, comumente consumidos pelo público infantil, com o seu valor experimental, obtido através de análises por métodos oficiais e, desta forma, inferir a qualidade da informação disponível ao consumidor. Métodos: Foi feita a comparação dos dados declarados em rótulos de alimentos com os obtidos no laboratório. Foram selecionados alguns alimentos embalados consumidos pelo publico infantil, como salgadinhos de milho e de trigo de sabores e formas variadas, alguns tipos de batata frita, amendoim, biscoitos recheados, wafers, chocolates recheados ao leite e bombons de chocolate ao leite recheados. Foram avaliados os teores de proteínas, gorduras totais, gorduras saturadas, fibra alimentar e sódio, utilizando os métodos descritos nas "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". O valor de carboidratos foi calculado pela diferença entre 100 e a soma da umidade, cinzas, protídios, gorduras totais e fibra alimentar, conforme a Resolução no 360/2003 da ANVISA. O valor calórico foi calculado utilizando-se os fatores de Atwater. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente pela distribuição de freqüência percentual e foi calculado um Intervalo de Condenação a partir destes resultados. Resultados: O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de proteína declarado na rotulagem nutricional variou de 0 a 50% sendo o maior índice para batata frita. Para o teor de carboidratos variou de 0 a 40%, sendo maiores para o amendoim e o salgadinho de milho. Quanto às gorduras saturadas, observou-se um Intervalo de Condenação entre 12 a 41%, sendo maior para a batata frita, amendoim e salgadinho de milho. Para o teor de fibra alimentar, variou de 8 a 69%. O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de gorduras totais variou de 0 a 85% sendo que o maior índice observado foi para o salgadinho de milho. Quanto ao teor de sódio variou entre 4 e 72%. Para os produtos doces o Intervalo de Condenação do teor de gorduras totais variou entre 0 e 75%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. O teor de gorduras saturadas a variação foi entre 0 e 52% sendo maior para o biscoito recheado, enquanto que, para o teor de fibra alimentar, foi entre 0 e 36% sendo a maior taxa para o biscoito recheado. O Intervalo de Condenação do teor de proteína variou entre 10 e 40%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. Conclusão: Dentre os produtos analisados a batata frita, o salgadinho de milho e o amendoim tiveram a maior contribuição de condenações para parâmetros de teor de proteínas, carboidratos, fibra alimentar e ácidos graxos saturados, destacando-se como índices mais altos os teores de ácidos graxos saturados e de fibra alimentar. Quanto aos produtos doces o bombom recheado, o biscoito recheado e o wafer foram os que apresentaram maior Intervalo de Condenação para gordura total, gordura saturada e fibra alimentar. Os resultados permitem inferir que as informações na rotulagem nutricional nos produtos destinados ao público infantil e adolescentes não estão adequadas / The consumers have the right to informations about both the characteristics and the nutritional composition of the foods they buy, allowing them for healthy choices. Therefore, the Sanitary Inspection National Agency (ANVISA) makes nutritional labeling of the commercialized foods obligatory. Must be informed, among the nutritional informations, the following nutrients rates: carbohydrates, proteins, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, alimentary fibers, and caloric value. Objective: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the conformity of nutritional data present in the labels of some packed foods, normally consumed by children, its experimental value being obtained by means of analyses by official methods, leading to an evaluation of the quality of the information available to the consumer. Methods: The data declared in foods labels were compared with those obtained in the laboratory. Some packed foods consumed by children were choose, like corn and wheat products of different flavors and forms, some types of potato chips, peanuts, filled biscuits, wafer biscuts, and filled milk chocolate, both in bars and in bonbons. The rates of proteins, total fats, saturated fats, alimentary fibers and sodium were evaluated utilizing the methods described in the "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". The value for carbohydrates was calculated by the difference between 100 and total amount of humidity, ash, proteins, total fats and alimentary fibers, according to the Resolution 360 of ANVISA. The caloric value was calculated utilizing the Atwater factors. The data were treated statistically by the distribution of percent frequency. Results: The non-compliance of the protein rates declared on the nutritional labeling oscillated between 0 to 50%, with the highest index in the potato chips, that of carbohydrates varied between 0 and 40%, with the highest indexes found in peanuts and wheat snacks, that of saturated fat, 12 to 41%, the highest indexes being found in potato chips, peanuts and corn snacks, whilst fiber presented non-compliance going from 8 to 69%, whereby all products did not comply, total fats, 0 to 85%, the highest index found in the corn snacks. About the sodium, the disapproval interval oscillated between 12 and 72%. With regard to the sweet products, the condemnation interval for total fats oscillated from 0 to 75%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. Saturated fats presented a disapproval interval between 0 to 52%, the widest one found in the filled biscuits. As for fibers, the disapproval interval went from 0 to 36%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. The protein disapproval interval oscillated from 10 to 40%, the highest being in the filled milk chocolate bars and in the bonbons. Conclusion: Among the analyzed products, potato chips, corn snacks, and peanuts presented the highest disapproval rates by the parameters of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, and saturated fat, where the rates of saturated fat acids and fiber stood out. Among the sweet products, chocolate bonbons, filled biscuits and wafer biscuits were the most condemned according to the parameters of total fats, saturated fats and fiber, leading to a preoccupation about the daily ingestion of these products by children and adolescents

Introdução: O consumidor tem o direito a informações sobre a composição nutricional dos alimentos industrializados, possibilitando escolhas saudáveis. Para isto, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária torna obrigatória a rotulagem nutricional dos alimentos comercializados. Objetivo: Avaliar a conformidade dos dados nutricionais presentes em rótulos de alguns alimentos embalados, comumente consumidos pelo público infantil, com o seu valor experimental, obtido através de análises por métodos oficiais e, desta forma, inferir a qualidade da informação disponível ao consumidor. Métodos: Foi feita a comparação dos dados declarados em rótulos de alimentos com os obtidos no laboratório. Foram selecionados alguns alimentos embalados consumidos pelo publico infantil, como salgadinhos de milho e de trigo de sabores e formas variadas, alguns tipos de batata frita, amendoim, biscoitos recheados, wafers, chocolates recheados ao leite e bombons de chocolate ao leite recheados. Foram avaliados os teores de proteínas, gorduras totais, gorduras saturadas, fibra alimentar e sódio, utilizando os métodos descritos nas "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". O valor de carboidratos foi calculado pela diferença entre 100 e a soma da umidade, cinzas, protídios, gorduras totais e fibra alimentar, conforme a Resolução no 360/2003 da ANVISA. O valor calórico foi calculado utilizando-se os fatores de Atwater. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente pela distribuição de freqüência percentual e foi calculado um Intervalo de Condenação a partir destes resultados. Resultados: O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de proteína declarado na rotulagem nutricional variou de 0 a 50% sendo o maior índice para batata frita. Para o teor de carboidratos variou de 0 a 40%, sendo maiores para o amendoim e o salgadinho de milho. Quanto às gorduras saturadas, observou-se um Intervalo de Condenação entre 12 a 41%, sendo maior para a batata frita, amendoim e salgadinho de milho. Para o teor de fibra alimentar, variou de 8 a 69%. O Intervalo de Condenação para o teor de gorduras totais variou de 0 a 85% sendo que o maior índice observado foi para o salgadinho de milho. Quanto ao teor de sódio variou entre 4 e 72%. Para os produtos doces o Intervalo de Condenação do teor de gorduras totais variou entre 0 e 75%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. O teor de gorduras saturadas a variação foi entre 0 e 52% sendo maior para o biscoito recheado, enquanto que, para o teor de fibra alimentar, foi entre 0 e 36% sendo a maior taxa para o biscoito recheado. O Intervalo de Condenação do teor de proteína variou entre 10 e 40%, sendo maior para o bombom recheado. Conclusão: Dentre os produtos analisados a batata frita, o salgadinho de milho e o amendoim tiveram a maior contribuição de condenações para parâmetros de teor de proteínas, carboidratos, fibra alimentar e ácidos graxos saturados, destacando-se como índices mais altos os teores de ácidos graxos saturados e de fibra alimentar. Quanto aos produtos doces o bombom recheado, o biscoito recheado e o wafer foram os que apresentaram maior Intervalo de Condenação para gordura total, gordura saturada e fibra alimentar. Os resultados permitem inferir que as informações na rotulagem nutricional nos produtos destinados ao público infantil e adolescentes não estão adequadas / The consumers have the right to informations about both the characteristics and the nutritional composition of the foods they buy, allowing them for healthy choices. Therefore, the Sanitary Inspection National Agency (ANVISA) makes nutritional labeling of the commercialized foods obligatory. Must be informed, among the nutritional informations, the following nutrients rates: carbohydrates, proteins, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, alimentary fibers, and caloric value. Objective: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the conformity of nutritional data present in the labels of some packed foods, normally consumed by children, its experimental value being obtained by means of analyses by official methods, leading to an evaluation of the quality of the information available to the consumer. Methods: The data declared in foods labels were compared with those obtained in the laboratory. Some packed foods consumed by children were choose, like corn and wheat products of different flavors and forms, some types of potato chips, peanuts, filled biscuits, wafer biscuts, and filled milk chocolate, both in bars and in bonbons. The rates of proteins, total fats, saturated fats, alimentary fibers and sodium were evaluated utilizing the methods described in the "Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz". The value for carbohydrates was calculated by the difference between 100 and total amount of humidity, ash, proteins, total fats and alimentary fibers, according to the Resolution 360 of ANVISA. The caloric value was calculated utilizing the Atwater factors. The data were treated statistically by the distribution of percent frequency. Results: The non-compliance of the protein rates declared on the nutritional labeling oscillated between 0 to 50%, with the highest index in the potato chips, that of carbohydrates varied between 0 and 40%, with the highest indexes found in peanuts and wheat snacks, that of saturated fat, 12 to 41%, the highest indexes being found in potato chips, peanuts and corn snacks, whilst fiber presented non-compliance going from 8 to 69%, whereby all products did not comply, total fats, 0 to 85%, the highest index found in the corn snacks. About the sodium, the disapproval interval oscillated between 12 and 72%. With regard to the sweet products, the condemnation interval for total fats oscillated from 0 to 75%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. Saturated fats presented a disapproval interval between 0 to 52%, the widest one found in the filled biscuits. As for fibers, the disapproval interval went from 0 to 36%, the highest percent rate being found in the chocolate bonbons. The protein disapproval interval oscillated from 10 to 40%, the highest being in the filled milk chocolate bars and in the bonbons. Conclusion: Among the analyzed products, potato chips, corn snacks, and peanuts presented the highest disapproval rates by the parameters of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, and saturated fat, where the rates of saturated fat acids and fiber stood out. Among the sweet products, chocolate bonbons, filled biscuits and wafer biscuits were the most condemned according to the parameters of total fats, saturated fats and fiber, leading to a preoccupation about the daily ingestion of these products by children and adolescents

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SoniaMFC_DISSERT.pdf: 307866 bytes, checksum: 024440c7f8344fd86493261d734886fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / Resolutions of the Board of numbers 359 and 360, of December 23, 2003, relating to Nutrition Labelling for Packaged Foods, establish quality standards and provide the education activities for health consumption, since one of the factors that enable the selection of healthier foods are the food labels as an important part in nutrition education. This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. To calculate sample size, it was considered a margin of error of 20%, confidence level of 95% and prevalence of 52.5% for verifying nutritional information in a pilot study conducted in 2007. A total of 145 subjects were interviewed, resulting in 371 consumers in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in order to determine prevalence of consulting nutritional information contained on food labels as a nutritional guideline for consumers and its association with sociodemographic variables as well as identify the intervention measures suggested by intervieweds so that this information can be better used to select healthy foods. Twenty-five of the 69 supermarkets belonging to the Supermarket Association of Rio Grande do Norte (ASSURN) were randomly selected. Data collection relied on interviews and extensive direct observation, using a semi-structured form composed of eight closed questions, some of which were multiple choice, and ten open questions. The chi-square test was performed for statistical analysis, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0 software. Label information most consulted was: expiry date (91.6%); product brand (49.4%); nutritional information (47.0%); zero trans fat (32.9%); zero sugar content (12.8%); zero fat content (3.0%); rich in fibers (2.7%); whether light or diet (30.4%); list of ingredients (16.8%); whether the product contained gluten or not (4.1%). When asked about the importance of nutritional information, 96.8% of the subjects responded important or very important ; of these 46.6% and 3.8% reported partially or totally understanding the information presented. It was found that 41.6% of the consumers consulted nutritional information for dietary reasons related to nontransmissible chronic diseases and 35.7% to be able to choose healthier foods. The data show a significant association between motivation to choose healthier foods and higher family income and schooling (p<0.0001). The intervention measures mentioned to make nutritional information better understood and used were: information and orientation about nutritional information, provided by qualified professionals in the supermarkets, the commercial establishment or the product manufacturer (73.9%) and media disclosure about the nature, importance and purpose of nutritional information (42.9%). In despite of communication noises the consumers use the nutrition claim for the nutritional guidance, showing association with some demographic variables. However, they desire the implementation of intervention measures that can be contextualized in the political construction of nutrition education to promote healthy food choices / &#65279;As Resolu??es da Diretoria Colegiada de n?meros 359 e 360, de 23 de dezembro de 2003, referentes a Rotulagem Nutricional para Alimentos Embalados, estabelecem padr?es de qualidade e fundamentam as atividades de educa??o para o consumo saud?vel, uma vez que um dos fatores que viabilizam a escolha de alimentos mais saud?veis s?o os r?tulos dos produtos aliment?cios,como pe?a importante na educa??o nutricional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal em que para o c?lculo do tamanho da amostra foi considerado uma margem de erro de 20%, um n?vel de confian?a de 95% e uma preval?ncia de 52,5% para a verifica??o da declara??o nutricional, oriunda do piloto da pesquisa em evid?ncia que foi realizado em 2007, com 145 entrevistados, determinando, assim, um total de 371 consumidores em Natal-Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O estudo objetivou determinar a preval?ncia da utiliza??o da declara??o nutricional presente no r?tulo dos alimentos na orienta??o nutricional dos consumidores e a associa??o desse uso com vari?veis sociodemogr?ficas bem como identificar as medidas de interven??o sugeridas pelos entrevistados para que a declara??o nutricional venha a ser mais bem utilizada como instrumento de informa??o para escolhas alimentares saud?veis. Para a inclus?o no estudo, foram selecionados aleatoriamente, 25 supermercados dos 69 existentes no cadastro da Associa??o de Supermercados do Rio Grande do Norte-ASSURN. Para a coleta de dados, foram aplicadas as t?cnicas da entrevista e da observa??o direta extensiva, utilizando-se formul?rio semiestruturado composto de oito perguntas fechadas, algumas destas de m?ltipla escolha, e dez quest?es abertas. Na an?lise estat?stica, foi realizado o teste do Qui quadrado, utilizando-se o Programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS- vers?o, 15.0. Os dizeres de rotulagem mais consultados foram: validade do produto: 91,6%; marca do produto: 49,4%; declara??o nutricional: 47,0%; zero de trans: 32,9%; zero de a??car: 12,8%; zero de gordura: 3,0%; rico em fibras: 2,7%; declara??o de light e diet: 30,4%; lista de ingredientes: 16,8%; cont?m ou n?o cont?m gl?ten: 4,1%. Ao serem indagados sobre a import?ncia da declara??o nutricional, 96,8% dos entrevistados responderam que a consideravam importante ou muito importante, destes, 46,6%, referiram compreende-la parcialmente e 3,8% totalmente. Identificou-se que 41,6% dos consumidores consultavam a declara??o nutricional para controle dietoter?pico de determinadas doen?as cr?nicas n?o transmiss?veis, e 35,7% para escolher alimentos mais saud?veis. Os dados demonstraram associa??o significativa da motiva??o por escolhas alimentares mais saud?veis com n?veis mais elevados de renda familiar e escolaridade: p<0,0001. As medidas de interven??o sugeridas pelos consumidores para que a declara??o nutricional fosse mais bem compreendida e utilizada foram: informa??o e orienta??o sobre a declara??o nutricional, realizada por profissionais qualificados nos supermercados, por parte do estabelecimento comercial ou do fabricante do produto (73,9%), e divulga??o na m?dia sobre o que ? a informa??o nutricional, sua import?ncia e finalidade (42,9%). Apesar dos ru?dos de comunica??o os consumidores utilizam a declara??o nutricional para a orienta??o nutricional, denotando associa??o com algumas vari?veis sociodemogr?ficas. No entanto, eles anseiam que sejam implementadas medidas de interven??o que possam ser contextualizadas na constru??o das pol?ticas de educa??o nutricional, para a promo??o de escolhas alimentares saud?veis

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar cuál sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa según la percepción de los usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Se planteó como hipótesis que el sistema que cumpla con los principios funcional, estético y cognitivo del diseño de la información resulta ser el etiquetado mejor calificado por los usuarios. El diseño que se estableció para la presente investigación es mixto, pues se centró en obtener datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Por un lado, se analizaron nueve etiquetados frontales con mayor relevancia a nivel global. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave, expertos en diseño de la información, y a usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Finalmente, se desarrolló una encuesta digital para estos últimos. Como resultados principales se señala que la mayor parte de usuarios vinculan el término sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal al octógono de advertencia. Asimismo, consideran que esta herramienta logra influir en su percepción y decisión de compra. En cuanto a la percepción de los etiquetados, el semáforo nutricional, el octógono de advertencia y NutriScore son los mejor considerados por los usuarios que participaron en el estudio. Como conclusión se puede señalar que el semáforo nutricional tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa. Las características que refuerzan esto son la aplicación de colores de manera consistente, el texto y la neutralidad. Cabe resaltar que los usuarios tienen gran necesidad de comparar productos a través de este sistema y, por último, logra ser una influencia en la percepción de los usuarios. / The main objective of this research is to determine which front-of-pack label system has the greatest communication effectiveness according to the perception of consumers of Lima Metropolitan Area. The hypothesis is that the system that complies with the principles of information design is more effective in the perception of consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area. These principles are functional, aesthetic and cognitive. The design established for this research is mixed since it focused on obtaining qualitative and quantitative data. On the one hand, nine labels with greater global relevance were analyzed. On the other hand, key informant interviews to experts in information design and consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area were carried out. Finally, a digital survey was developed for the same consumers. The main findings are that most consumers link the term front-of-pack label system to the warning octagon label. They also consider that this tool manages to influence their perception and purchase decision. As for the perception of the labels, the traffic light label, the warning octagon label and NutriScore are the best considered by users of Metropolitan Lima Area. Conclusively, the traffic light label has the greatest communication efficiency. The characteristics that reinforce this are the application of colors in a consistent manner, text, and neutrality. Also, it is concluded that the labeling manages to influence the perception of consumers. Finally, the consumers have the need to compare products through labelling. / Trabajo de investigación

The restaurant industry is a highly customer-driven field. Therefore, it is imperative that restaurateurs consider customer expectations with regard to restaurant menus. The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the effects of menu format (i.e., paper or digital) and amount of nutritional information (i.e., extensive, brief, or none) on customer perceptions of the effectiveness, perceived ease of use, and information quality of the menu. Furthermore, this research intends to test the effect of these three menu attributes on the outcomes of value and satisfaction in order to assess the competitive advantage of one format over the other. The Cognitive Appraisal and Information Processing Theories provide structure to the proposed conceptual framework and give credence to the findings. This study also fills gaps in the present research by not only ameliorating weaknesses of extant studies, but also by examining several different aspects of restaurant menus simultaneously within a single study.

Os ácidos graxos polinsaturados atuam no organismo humano em diversos processos fisiológicos e metabólicos, além de serem importantes na nutrição infantil. A quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, devido à presença de vários sítios reativos na molécula, deve envolver processos de extração da gordura em condições amenas. Este trabalho teve como objetivos a comparação dos métodos analíticos para determinação de lipídios totais e ácidos graxos polinsaturados (ácido linoléico, ácido &#945;-linolênico, ácido araquidônico e ácido docosahexaenóico) em fórmula infantil, a quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados nas fórmulas infantis comerciais e o acompanhamento da estabilidade destes ácidos graxos neste alimento. Foram analisadas 15 amostras, sendo uma amostra da Nacional Institute of Standards and Techonology (NIST 1849) e 14 fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo. Os métodos analíticos comparados para extração de lipídios foram: gravimétricos (Bligh Dyer, Roese Gottlieb e hidrólise ácida AOAC 963.15) e por cálculo (AOAC 996.06 e método direto adaptado de Golay et al. (2006)). Para a preparação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos utilizaram-se metodologias descritas pela IUPAC, Hartman e Lago e método direto adaptado de Golay et al. (2006). Compararam-se diferentes padrões interno, sendo estes dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos 13:0, 21:0 e 23:0 e fatores de resposta para quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados em relação aos ácidos graxos 16:0, 18:0 e 23:0. O estudo de estabilidade durou 8 meses, e as análises foram realizadas nos meses de março, abril, julho e outubro de 2008. Os melhores resultados, para gordura total e para ácidos graxos polinsaturados, foram obtidos pelo método oficial (Roese Gottilieb). Quanto ao cálculo dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, o uso do padrão interno 23:0 e o fator de resposta de correção teórico em relação ao 23:0 revelam resultados mais satisfatórios. Das fórmulas infantis comerciais analisadas, 85,7% apresentaram pelo menos um analito em desacordo com a informação nutricional e 100% com relação à legislação brasileira e o Codex Alimentarius. Em relação à estabilidade dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, apenas três fórmulas infantis não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05) nos teores de ácido graxos no período de 8 meses. / Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in several physiological and metabolic process of human organism. The quantification of polyunsaturated fatty acid, must involve the fat extraction in mild conditions, due the reactive sites in the molecule. This work had as objective the comparison of the analytical methods for determination of polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid, &#945;-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and lipids in infant formula, quantification of polyunsaturated fatty acids in commercial infant formulas and polyunsaturated fatty acids stability evaluation in these foods. A 15 samples of infant formulas were analyzed, these one from NIST and 14 commercial infant formulas. The analytical methods to lipids extraction were: Bligh and Dyer, Roese Gottlieb, acid hydrolyze AOAC 963.15, acid hydrolyze AOAC 996.06 and direct method adapted from Golay et al. (2006). To prepared esters metilics fatty acids utilized the methods: IUPAC, Hartman and Lago and direct method. The quantization of polyunsaturated fatty acid was realized with different standards internal, like fatty acid methyl ester 13:0, 21:0 and 23:0, and flame ionization detector response factors of correction in relation fatty acids 16:0, 18:0 and 23:0. The stability study during 8 months and analysis were analyzed in the months March, April, July and October. The best results, for lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acid, were obtained by the official method, Roese Gottlieb and metilation followed Hartman and Lago. In accordance with the present study the internal standard 23:0, and the theoretical correction factors with relation 23:0 showed satisfactory trueness and precision for calculation of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Among of commercial infant formula analyzed, 85.7% had at least one analyte in disagreement with the nutritional label facts and 100% with respect to Brazilian Legislation and the Codex Alimentarius. Regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids stability, three infant formulas showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in levels of these fatty acids during the period of analysis (8 months).

Os ácidos graxos polinsaturados atuam no organismo humano em diversos processos fisiológicos e metabólicos, além de serem importantes na nutrição infantil. A quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, devido à presença de vários sítios reativos na molécula, deve envolver processos de extração da gordura em condições amenas. Este trabalho teve como objetivos a comparação dos métodos analíticos para determinação de lipídios totais e ácidos graxos polinsaturados (ácido linoléico, ácido &#945;-linolênico, ácido araquidônico e ácido docosahexaenóico) em fórmula infantil, a quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados nas fórmulas infantis comerciais e o acompanhamento da estabilidade destes ácidos graxos neste alimento. Foram analisadas 15 amostras, sendo uma amostra da Nacional Institute of Standards and Techonology (NIST 1849) e 14 fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo. Os métodos analíticos comparados para extração de lipídios foram: gravimétricos (Bligh Dyer, Roese Gottlieb e hidrólise ácida AOAC 963.15) e por cálculo (AOAC 996.06 e método direto adaptado de Golay et al. (2006)). Para a preparação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos utilizaram-se metodologias descritas pela IUPAC, Hartman e Lago e método direto adaptado de Golay et al. (2006). Compararam-se diferentes padrões interno, sendo estes dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos 13:0, 21:0 e 23:0 e fatores de resposta para quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados em relação aos ácidos graxos 16:0, 18:0 e 23:0. O estudo de estabilidade durou 8 meses, e as análises foram realizadas nos meses de março, abril, julho e outubro de 2008. Os melhores resultados, para gordura total e para ácidos graxos polinsaturados, foram obtidos pelo método oficial (Roese Gottilieb). Quanto ao cálculo dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, o uso do padrão interno 23:0 e o fator de resposta de correção teórico em relação ao 23:0 revelam resultados mais satisfatórios. Das fórmulas infantis comerciais analisadas, 85,7% apresentaram pelo menos um analito em desacordo com a informação nutricional e 100% com relação à legislação brasileira e o Codex Alimentarius. Em relação à estabilidade dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, apenas três fórmulas infantis não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05) nos teores de ácido graxos no período de 8 meses. / Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in several physiological and metabolic process of human organism. The quantification of polyunsaturated fatty acid, must involve the fat extraction in mild conditions, due the reactive sites in the molecule. This work had as objective the comparison of the analytical methods for determination of polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid, &#945;-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and lipids in infant formula, quantification of polyunsaturated fatty acids in commercial infant formulas and polyunsaturated fatty acids stability evaluation in these foods. A 15 samples of infant formulas were analyzed, these one from NIST and 14 commercial infant formulas. The analytical methods to lipids extraction were: Bligh and Dyer, Roese Gottlieb, acid hydrolyze AOAC 963.15, acid hydrolyze AOAC 996.06 and direct method adapted from Golay et al. (2006). To prepared esters metilics fatty acids utilized the methods: IUPAC, Hartman and Lago and direct method. The quantization of polyunsaturated fatty acid was realized with different standards internal, like fatty acid methyl ester 13:0, 21:0 and 23:0, and flame ionization detector response factors of correction in relation fatty acids 16:0, 18:0 and 23:0. The stability study during 8 months and analysis were analyzed in the months March, April, July and October. The best results, for lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acid, were obtained by the official method, Roese Gottlieb and metilation followed Hartman and Lago. In accordance with the present study the internal standard 23:0, and the theoretical correction factors with relation 23:0 showed satisfactory trueness and precision for calculation of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Among of commercial infant formula analyzed, 85.7% had at least one analyte in disagreement with the nutritional label facts and 100% with respect to Brazilian Legislation and the Codex Alimentarius. Regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids stability, three infant formulas showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in levels of these fatty acids during the period of analysis (8 months).

Dining out has become an important part of the American lifestyle, greater frequencies as well as increased portion sizes have led to concern. The number of Americans that are classified as overweight or obese has also increased considerably, and the foodservice industry has become a target. Mandatory labeling of menu items has been avoided to this point, but the subject has moved to the forefront and continues to be debated. This study surveyed 502 patrons at a student-run restaurant in Texas. Respondents provided information concerning their health and dining habits as well as their attitudes toward and intended usage of nutritional information (NI) on menus in full-service restaurants. Gender, education levels, age, and household income affect the attitudes toward and intended usage of NI. Exercise frequency, the current use of nutritional information on packaged foods, and the practice of healthy eating habits are all related to the intended use of NI while dining out.

More than one-third of the U.S. citizens (over 70 million people) and 16% of children are classified as obese and are at risk of many diseases including heart disease. Research indicates that 65% of Americans over the age of twenty years old are considered overweight. To address this public health issue, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration has proposed new nutritional guidelines for restaurant menus. Thus, the current study investigated the preferences of quick service restaurant (QSR) industry consumers with reference to the newly proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations. This study includes development and redesigning of drive thru menus to comply with the FDA guidelines. A 3x2 factorial design experiment was conducted using real drive thru menus from three major national restaurant chains. The control group consisted of normal drive thru menus obtained from national restaurant chains, and the experimental group was comprised of two sets of pre-tested experimental menus complying with the FDA guidelines. The first set of experimental menus includes presentation of calorie information for all menu items offered. The second set of experimental menus includes color coded calorie specific menu categories (low, regular and high). A set of research hypotheses were developed and data was collected from heavy users of QSR units using Qualtrics software. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The obtained results indicated that the QSR menus designed to comply with the FDA’s guidelines do not result in loss of revenues as commonly feared by the restaurant industry. But interestingly the second set of experiment menus with color coded nutritional categories (low, regular, high) have led to increased consumer patronage and consumers’ willingness to pay. In iv addition, color coded nutritional menus were preferred over FDA suggested menus designs. The results from the current study are of significant importance to the QSR industry as they strive to comply with the new nutrition guidelines of FDA for drive thru menus