Plicatula is a taxonomic group within of the genus Paspalum that contains interesting species considering their phenotypic diversity for forage traits, and some of these species have been improved through artificial interspecific hybridization. Nitrogen (N) is an important limiting factor to produce biomass. Forage legumes contribute with symbiotic N2 fixation and can increase biomass yield and the nutritive value of the pastures. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) evaluate dry matter yield (DMY), N use efficiency (NUE), nutritive value, cold tolerance and plant persistence in hybrids of Paspalum plicatulum x P. guenoarum subjected to N application rates, (ii) compare biomass yield and nutritive value of the grass–legume system to a grass–N fertilizer system, and (iii) select the best hybrids for new steps within the breeding program. The study was conducted from September 2015 to May 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Treatments were five N rates (0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N ha-1 N), and one grass-legumes mixture (Trifolium repens + Lotus corniculatus) as whole plots, and six genotypes (1020133, 102069, 103084, 103061, P. guenoarum ecotype Azulão and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Aruana used as a control) as subplots. Nitrogen rates of 240 and 480 kg N ha-1 increased Total-DMY, Leaf-DMY, cold tolerance and persistence but decreased NUE. Higher NUE was obtained with N rates between 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Total-DMY for grass-legume mixture was similar to the N rates of 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Hybrid 1020133 had Total-DMY similar to Azulão and Aruana, as well as Leaf-DMY greater than Aruana. Hybrid 1020133 showed greater cold tolerance and exhibited greater NUE at 60 kg N ha-1 than the other genotypes. At the N rate of 480 kg N ha-1 increased crude protein (27%) and digestibility (4%) and decreased neutral (6%) and acid (7%) detergent fiber compared to the 0 kg N ha-1. Grass-legume mixture showed greater nutritive value compared to N-fertilized grass. Hybrid 103061 had greater crude protein and digestibility and lower neutral and acid detergent fiber than Azulão and Aruana. Therefore, there is opportunity to increase DMY, NUE, cold tolerance and plant persistence, and improve the nutritive value through genotype selection and N management. In addition, grass-legume mixture showed greater nutritive value than N-fertilized grass and can be an alternative practice to replace to the application of N fertilizer up to the rate of 120 kg N ha-1. Hybrids 1020133 and 103061 should be indicated for new studies, such as seed production and animal performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoVEN_DISSERT.pdf: 2633777 bytes, checksum: a59b41665f97067cdafb895c7d67745c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / He aim of this study was to evaluate the structural characters, herbage accumulation, nutritive value and performance of sheep in different tropical pastures. The treatments were two cultivars and two of the genera Panicum Brachiaria pastures under intermittent stocking and variable stocking rate, in the rainy season. We evaluated the masses and the components of herbage pre grazing in two layers, and after grazing. Chemical analyzes were made of the stems and leaf blades pre grazing in two layers. We used 48 male sheep and whole for the assessment of individual weight gain and area, and anestrous females to adjust the stocking rate. In the cv. Massai showed the highest herbage mass, leaf blades and dead material, and the largest volume density and leaf blade: stem pre grazing. There was no difference among cultivars for the percentage of leaf blade (PLB) in both strata, but the higher the PLB was higher than the bottom. The highest percentage of dead material (PDM) was observed in cvs. Massai and Marandu in the two strata. In cvs. Massai and Piat? were observed lower levels of crude protein in stem and leaf. In stratum 0-25 cm lower nutritional value was observed in the stem in the leaf blades did not grant the nutritional value among the strata. Herbage mass, leaf blade, PLB and proportion of stem in the residue of the Massai pastures were higher than cv. Aruana. There was no difference for efficiencies in harvest leaf and stem between the cultivars. The cv. Massai got the higher accumulation of leaf per cycle per day. Animals kept in grass swards Aruana had the highest average daily gain. The higher stocking rates and earnings per area were observed in grass swards and Marandu Massai. The cultivars are suitable for sheep meat production in the rainy season / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os caracteres estruturais, o ac?mulo de forragem, o valor nutritivo e o desempenho de ovinos em diferentes pastagens tropicais. Os tratamentos constitu?ram em duas cultivares dos g?neros Panicum e duas de Brachiaria, manejadas sob lota??o intermitente e taxa de lota??o vari?vel, na ?poca das ?guas. Foram avaliadas as massas e os componentes da forragem no pr? pastejo em dois estratos, e no p?s pastejo. Foram feitas an?lises bromatol?gicas dos colmos e das l?minas foliares no pr? pastejo em dois estratos. Utilizou-se 48 ovinos machos e inteiros para a avalia??o do ganho de peso individual e por ?rea, al?m de f?meas em anestro para ajuste na taxa de lota??o. Na cv. Massai foram observadas as maiores massa de forragem, de l?minas foliares e de material morto, al?m da maior densidade volum?trica e rela??o l?mina foliar:colmo no pr? pastejo. N?o houve diferen?a entre as cultivares para o percentual de l?minas foliares (PLF) em ambos os estratos, por?m o PLF no superior foi maior que no inferior. O maior percentual de material morto (PMM) foi observado nas cvs. Massai e Marandu nos dois estratos. Nas cvs. Massai e Piat? foram observados os menores teores de prote?na bruta no colmo e na l?mina foliar. No estrato de 0 25 cm foi observado menor valor nutritivo no colmo, nas l?minas foliares o valor nutritivo n?o deferiu entre os estratos. A massa de forragem, de l?mina foliar, PLF e propor??o de colmo no res?duo dos pastos de Massai foram superiores aos da cv. Aruana. N?o houve diferen?a para as efici?ncias na colheita de l?mina foliar e colmo entre as cultivares estudadas. A cv. Massai obteve os maiores ac?mulos de l?mina foliar por ciclo e por dia. Os animais mantidos em pastos de capim Aruana obtiveram os maiores ganhos m?dios di?rios. As maiores taxas de lota??o e ganhos por ?rea foram observadas nos pastos de capim Massai e Marandu. As cultivares testadas s?o adequadas a produ??o de carne ovina na ?poca das ?guas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ItaniaMMA_DISSERT.pdf: 824423 bytes, checksum: afea5ac43f7f8530cfb948b922808ef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplements feeding on growth of calves grazing a Panicum maximum cv. Momba?a pasture during the dry season. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with three treatments and three replications. The treatments were: mineral salt ad libidum; multiple mixture (MM) fed at 0.2% of live weight (PV); and, concentrate feed (SC) fed at 0.7% of PV. Thirty six weaned calves averaging eight months and 192 kg of initial live weight were utilized. The masses and pasture components, nutritive value and rate of forage growth were evaluated. Animal performance was measured as average daily gain (ADG) and live weight gain (LWG). The supplemental feeding was adjusted after weighing. There was no difference between periods for forage mass and leaf: stem ratio. The highest values for forage green mass, leaf blades mass and stem percentage were observed in the first trial period. The canopy height and the available forage on offer did not differ among treatments. The percentage of dead was higher for the last periods of evaluation. The leaf: stem ratio and the leaf percentage were greater in the second period. There was significant difference (p<0,05) among treatments for the ADG and were 250, 460 and 770 g/day for salt, MM and SC, respectively. The biggest LWG was observed in the treatment SC. contents of PB, DIVMO, NDF and LDA on leaf blades, thatched roofs and dead material dead not differ among treatments. The highest GPV was observed in the SC treatment. The contents of PB, DIVMO, NDF and LDA for leaf blades stem and dead material did not differ among treatments. Independent of the use supplements , it is possible to keep steers gaining weight, during dry season, since the stocking rate is appropriately adjusted / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de suplementos na recria de bovinos em pastos de Panicum maximum cv. Momba?a na ?poca seca. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com tr?s tratamentos e tr?s repeti??es. Os tratamentos constitu?ram-se de: sal mineral ? vontade; mistura m?ltipla (MM), fornecida a 0,2% do peso vivo (PV); e, suplemento concentrado (SC), fornecido a 0,7% do PV. Foram utilizados 36 bezerros desmamados, com idade m?dia de oito meses e peso m?dio inicial de 192 kg. Mensalmente, os pastos foram amostrados para as estimativas de altura, massa de forragem (MF), massa de forragem verde (MFV), massa de l?mina foliar (MLF), porcentagens de folha (PF), colmo (PC) e morto (PM), rela??o folha:colmo (RFC) e folha:n?o folha, oferta de forragem e taxa de ac?mulo de forragem (TAF), sendo os dados agrupados em quatro per?odos. Os animais foram pesados a cada 28 dias e a produ??o animal foi avaliada quanto ao ganho m?dio di?rio (GMD) e ganho de peso vivo por ?rea (GPV). A quantidade de suplemento foi ajustada a cada pesagem. N?o houve diferen?a entre per?odos para a massa de forragem e rela??o folha:colmo. Os maiores valores para massa de forragem verde, massa de l?mina foliar e porcentagem de colmo foram observados no primeiro per?odo de avalia??o. A altura do dossel e a oferta de forragem n?o diferiram entre os tratamentos. A porcentagem de material morto foi maior nos ?ltimos per?odos de avalia??o. A rela??o folha:n?o folha e a porcentagem de l?mina foliar foram maiores no segundo per?odo. O GMD foi de 250, 460 e 770 g/animal/dia, respectivamente, para sal, MM e SC. O maior GPV foi observado no tratamento SC. Os teores de PB, DIVMO, FDN e LDA nas l?minas foliares, colmo e material morto n?o diferiram entre os tratamentos. Independente do uso de suplementos, ? poss?vel manter o ganho de peso dos animais durante a esta??o seca, desde que a taxa de lota??o seja ajustada de forma adequada

Plicatula is a taxonomic group within of the genus Paspalum that contains interesting species considering their phenotypic diversity for forage traits, and some of these species have been improved through artificial interspecific hybridization. Nitrogen (N) is an important limiting factor to produce biomass. Forage legumes contribute with symbiotic N2 fixation and can increase biomass yield and the nutritive value of the pastures. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) evaluate dry matter yield (DMY), N use efficiency (NUE), nutritive value, cold tolerance and plant persistence in hybrids of Paspalum plicatulum x P. guenoarum subjected to N application rates, (ii) compare biomass yield and nutritive value of the grass–legume system to a grass–N fertilizer system, and (iii) select the best hybrids for new steps within the breeding program. The study was conducted from September 2015 to May 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Treatments were five N rates (0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N ha-1 N), and one grass-legumes mixture (Trifolium repens + Lotus corniculatus) as whole plots, and six genotypes (1020133, 102069, 103084, 103061, P. guenoarum ecotype Azulão and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Aruana used as a control) as subplots. Nitrogen rates of 240 and 480 kg N ha-1 increased Total-DMY, Leaf-DMY, cold tolerance and persistence but decreased NUE. Higher NUE was obtained with N rates between 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Total-DMY for grass-legume mixture was similar to the N rates of 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Hybrid 1020133 had Total-DMY similar to Azulão and Aruana, as well as Leaf-DMY greater than Aruana. Hybrid 1020133 showed greater cold tolerance and exhibited greater NUE at 60 kg N ha-1 than the other genotypes. At the N rate of 480 kg N ha-1 increased crude protein (27%) and digestibility (4%) and decreased neutral (6%) and acid (7%) detergent fiber compared to the 0 kg N ha-1. Grass-legume mixture showed greater nutritive value compared to N-fertilized grass. Hybrid 103061 had greater crude protein and digestibility and lower neutral and acid detergent fiber than Azulão and Aruana. Therefore, there is opportunity to increase DMY, NUE, cold tolerance and plant persistence, and improve the nutritive value through genotype selection and N management. In addition, grass-legume mixture showed greater nutritive value than N-fertilized grass and can be an alternative practice to replace to the application of N fertilizer up to the rate of 120 kg N ha-1. Hybrids 1020133 and 103061 should be indicated for new studies, such as seed production and animal performance.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o perfil de fermentação anaeróbia de colostro e determinar seu valor nutritivo, assim como avaliar o desempenho de bezerros leiteiros alimentados com silagem de colostro como dieta líquida. No primeiro experimento, colostro bovino de segunda e terceira ordenhas foi fermentado em garrafas plásticas tipo PET que foram cheias e ligeiramente pressionadas antes do seu fechamento, criando assim uma condição anaeróbia. As garrafas foram armazenadas em sala escura à temperatura ambiente e cinco garrafas foram abertas 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 56 dias após, para determinação de pH, acidez titulável, temperatura, ácido lático, nitrogênio total, nitrogênio não-protéico (NNP), caseína, lactose, glicose, gordura e contagem de microorganismos. Os valores de pH, acidez titulável e concentração de ácido lático apresentaram variação durante o armazenamento (P<0,0001). A fração NNP apresentou aumento (P<0,0001), enquanto que os valores de caseína e lactose diminuíram (P<0,0001) e apresentaram baixos valores após 56 dias. O desenvolvimento de bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL) foi intenso durante o processo fermentativo, enquanto que enterobactérias e leveduras apresentaram declínio. No segundo experimento, colostro bovino de segunda e terceira ordenhas foi fermentado da mesma forma que no primeiro experimento, mas em diferentes condições de temperaturas ambientais. As garrafas foram armazenadas em incubadora BOD com temperatura controlada (32,5±1°C ou 22,5±1°C) ou em sala escura à temperatura ambiente, sendo abertas três garrafas após 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias para avaliação dos mesmos parâmetros avaliados no primeiro estudo. A maioria dos parâmetros apresentou comportamento semelhante ao observado no primeiro experimento. O desenvolvimento de BAL foi intenso, principalmente quando o colostro foi armazenado em temperatura mais elevada. A temperatura também afetou os parâmetros nutricionais (P<0,0001) com acréscimos nos valores de NNP e redução da concentração de caseína e lactose. No terceiro experimento, dezoito bezerros Holandês foram alocados em abrigos individuais até a oitava semana de vida, com livre acesso à água e concentrado inicial, e passaram a receber 4L da dieta líquida, sucedâneo lácteo ou colostro fermentado sob condições anaeróbicas (silagem de colostro), diluído na razão de 1:1. Os animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentaram menor consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso diário e peso vivo (P<0,07) durante o período experimental, em comparação aos animais consumindo sucedâneo lácteo. As avaliações quanto à altura na cernelha, perímetro torácico e largura da garupa não apresentaram diferenças (P>0,07). Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados (glicose, N-uréico, ácidos graxos livres e -hidroxibutirato) foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P<0,07), exceto a concentração plasmática de proteínas totais (P>0,07). O escore fecal foi afetado pelos tratamentos durante a segunda semana de vida (P<0,07), com animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentando fezes anormais e muito secas. A dinâmica fermentativa observada mostra que o colostro pode ser conservado através de fermentação anaeróbia de forma eficiente. Entretanto, o fornecimento de silagem de 12 colostro como dieta líquida exclusiva durante o período de aleitamento não resulta em desempenho animal adequado, não sendo uma boa alternativa de substituto de leite. / The objective of this study was to characterize the fermentative dynamic of bovine colostrum, under anaerobic condition, and determine the nutritional value, as well as evaluate dairy calves´ performance receiving colostrum silage as liquid diet. In the first experiment, bovine colostrum from second and third milking was fermented at room temperature in PET plastic bottles that were filled and lightly pressed before its closure, thereby creating an anaerobic condition. The bottles were stored in the dark at room temperature and five bottles were opened on days 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 after for determination of pH, titratable acidity, temperature, lactic acid, total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), casein, lactose, glucose, fat and counts of microorganisms. The pH, titratable acidity and concentration of lactic acid showed large variation during storage (P<0.0001). The NPN fraction increased (P<0.0001), whereas the values of casein and lactose decreased (P<0.0001) and showed very low values after 56d. The development of lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) was intense during the fermentation process, while enterobacteria and yeasts declined. In the second experiment, bovine colostrum from second and third milking was collected, mixed and stored in PET plastic bottles, in the same manner as it was for the first study. However, the bottles were stored in a dark room with temperature controlled by a BOD incubator (32.5±1°C or 22.5±1°C) or at room temperature. Three bottles were opened after 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days for evaluation of the same parameters done during the first study. Most parameters presented similar patterns as observed in the first trial. The development of LAB was intense, especially when colostrum was stored at higher temperature. Temperature also influenced the results of nutritional parameters (P<0.0001) with increases in NPN values and reduction of casein and lactose concentration. In the third experiment, eighteen Holstein calves were allocated to individual hutches until the eighth week of life, with free access to water and starter feed, and fed 4 liters of liquid diet: milk replacer or colostrum fermented under anaerobic condition (colostrum silage), diluted at a 1:1 ratio. Animals fed colostrum silage had lower intake of starter, average daily gain and body weight (P<0.07) during the experimental period, compared to animals consuming milk replacer. The values of withers height, heart girth and hip width showed no differences (P>0.07). All blood parameters measured (glucose, urea-N, free fatty acids and -hydroxybutyric acid) were affected by treatments (P<0.07), except the total protein plasma concentration (P>0.07). The fecal score was affected by treatments during the second week of life (P<0.07), with animals fed colostrum silage presenting abnormal and very dry feces. The dynamics of fermentation show that colostrum can be efficiently stored under anaerobic conditions. However, feeding colostrum silage as an exclusive liquid diet, during the whole milk-feeding period, results in poor animal performance, being considered as an inadequate alternative as milk replacer.

Plicatula is a taxonomic group within of the genus Paspalum that contains interesting species considering their phenotypic diversity for forage traits, and some of these species have been improved through artificial interspecific hybridization. Nitrogen (N) is an important limiting factor to produce biomass. Forage legumes contribute with symbiotic N2 fixation and can increase biomass yield and the nutritive value of the pastures. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) evaluate dry matter yield (DMY), N use efficiency (NUE), nutritive value, cold tolerance and plant persistence in hybrids of Paspalum plicatulum x P. guenoarum subjected to N application rates, (ii) compare biomass yield and nutritive value of the grass–legume system to a grass–N fertilizer system, and (iii) select the best hybrids for new steps within the breeding program. The study was conducted from September 2015 to May 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Treatments were five N rates (0, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N ha-1 N), and one grass-legumes mixture (Trifolium repens + Lotus corniculatus) as whole plots, and six genotypes (1020133, 102069, 103084, 103061, P. guenoarum ecotype Azulão and Megathyrsus maximus cv. Aruana used as a control) as subplots. Nitrogen rates of 240 and 480 kg N ha-1 increased Total-DMY, Leaf-DMY, cold tolerance and persistence but decreased NUE. Higher NUE was obtained with N rates between 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Total-DMY for grass-legume mixture was similar to the N rates of 60 and 120 kg N ha-1. Hybrid 1020133 had Total-DMY similar to Azulão and Aruana, as well as Leaf-DMY greater than Aruana. Hybrid 1020133 showed greater cold tolerance and exhibited greater NUE at 60 kg N ha-1 than the other genotypes. At the N rate of 480 kg N ha-1 increased crude protein (27%) and digestibility (4%) and decreased neutral (6%) and acid (7%) detergent fiber compared to the 0 kg N ha-1. Grass-legume mixture showed greater nutritive value compared to N-fertilized grass. Hybrid 103061 had greater crude protein and digestibility and lower neutral and acid detergent fiber than Azulão and Aruana. Therefore, there is opportunity to increase DMY, NUE, cold tolerance and plant persistence, and improve the nutritive value through genotype selection and N management. In addition, grass-legume mixture showed greater nutritive value than N-fertilized grass and can be an alternative practice to replace to the application of N fertilizer up to the rate of 120 kg N ha-1. Hybrids 1020133 and 103061 should be indicated for new studies, such as seed production and animal performance.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Lichtbedingungen auf den Ertrag und die nutritive Qualität der Versuchspflanze Persicaria odorata untersucht. Die Experimente wurden unter praxisnahen Bedingungen im Gewächshaus (Sonnenlicht) und Klimakammern (Dreiband-Leuchtstoffröhren) unter Berücksichtigung eines breiten Inhaltsstoffspektrums, mehreren Versuchsreihen, Lichtmodifizierungen anhand von Zusatzbestrahlungen mit LEDs und Überdeckungen mit photoselektiven Folien sowie dem Anwenden verschiedener statistischer Auswertungsverfahren durchgeführt. Die Tageslichtsumme beeinflusste das Pflanzenwachstum positiv. Beispielsweise wurde die Frischmasse bei einem Anstieg der Tageslichtsumme um 1% mit gleichbleibender spektralen Lichtzusammensetzung um 0,96% (Gewächshaus) bzw. 0,64% (Klimakammer) erhöht. Versuche mit monochromatischen LEDs zeigten, dass spektralbereichsabhängige Erhöhungen der Tageslichtsumme die Biomassesteigerungen verstärkten. Den deutlichsten Effekt im Hinblick auf die Frischmassebildung hatte das kurzwellige Blaulicht (443 nm). Bezüglich der Inhaltsstoffe zeigte insbesondere das kurzwellige Grünlicht (515 nm) einen positiven Effekt. Dieser Spektralbereich wird jedoch durch die traditionell in Gewächshäusern eingesetzten Natriumhochdrucklampen kaum emittiert. Auch sind die bisher häufig eingesetzten Bestrahlungen mit Blau- und Rotlicht in kontrollierten Anbausystemen zwar wichtig für den Aufbau von Biomasse, jedoch nicht optimal im Hinblick auf den Nährwert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Belichtung im Gartenbau sorgfältig ausgewählt werden sollte, jedoch während strahlungsschwachen Monaten eine effektive Möglichkeit ist, den Ertrag und die nutritive Qualität von P. odorata deutlich erhöhten. Durch Modifikationen der Lichtbedingungen ist es möglich den Ertrag und Nährwert pflanzlicher Erzeugnisse zu steigern und dadurch die Versorgungslage mit gesundheitsfördernden bzw. essentiellen pflanzlichen Inhaltsstoffen zu verbessern. / This thesis examined the impact of light conditions on the nutritive quality of the test plant Persicaria odorata. Experiments took place in a greenhouse (sunlight) and climate chamber (fluorescent tube) and under consideration of a wide range of nutritive compounds, several test series, different light modifications and the use of various statistically evaluation procedures. This thesis demonstrates that varying light conditions increase nutritive value and yield under realistic conditions. Increasing the day light integral by 1% improved the fresh mass of 0,96% (greenhouse) and 0,64% (climate chamber). Experiments with monochromatic LEDs proved a high increase of biomass by spectral range dependent enhancements of the day light integral. For example, in the greenhouse, fresh mass was mostly affected by short wave blue radiation (443 nm). Additionally, the day light integral influenced the accumulation of nutrients. Higher contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in the climate chamber and the reactions on additional monochromatic LEDs proved again that it is more effective to increase day light integral by a specific enhancement of certain spectral ranges. The highest increases were achieved by supplementing spectral ranges that are not included in the emission spectrum of commonly used high pressure sodium lamps. Results also indicate that controlled agriculture’s frequently used lighting systems which emit blue and red light can improve plant growth, but it is not optimal regarding the nutritive quality. Adding short wave green light (515 nm) could increase biomass and improve the nutritive quality considerably. This thesis demonstrates that additional lighting in horticulture is an effective method to improve yield and nutritive quality of herbal vegetables in light deprived northern regions. By altering the emission spectrum of traditional artificial lighting systems, it is possible to increase yield and simultaneously improve the nutritive value of vegetables.

Grasses of the genera Brachiaria and Cynodon are some of the most important pasture introductions in Brazil. Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass, a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions, high nutritive value and forage production. Forage-based livestock systems are complex and interactions among animals, plants, and the environment exist at several levels of complexity, which can be evaluated using computer modeling. Herbage accumulation, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), plant-part composition, leaf photosynthesis, leaf area index (LAI), and light interception (LI) were evaluated as affected by two harvest frequency (28 and 42-days), irrigated and rainfed in a clipping study from April 2011 to April 2013, contrasting Convert HD 364® brachiariagrass (Brachiaria hybrid CIAT 36061), Marandu palisadegrass {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297}, and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). The experimental design for both the irrigated and the rainfed trials was a randomized complete block with four replications. Convert HD 364 had similar or higher annual herbage accumulation, seasonal yield and herbage accumulation rate than Marandu and Tifton 85, (15% more herbage accumulation than Marandu and 12% more than Tifton 85 when irrigated and when harvested at shorter regrowth intervals). Convert HD 364 had good seasonal distribution of total annual herbage produced and accumulates about 30% of the total herbage mass during the cool season in Piracicaba, similar to Marandu. Tifton 85 produced around 20% of its average annual yield during dry season. Tifton 85 forage had higher CP concentration than the other two grasses when harvested at shorter intervals and when irrigated. The NDF concentration in Convert HD 364 was lower than in the other grasses regardless of irrigation treatment, harvest frequency, and season of the year, resulting in high IVOMD (more than 650 g kg-1), similar to that of Marandu. Regard to CROPGRO calibration, in general the model performance was good for the three grasses. Leaf and stem weight simulations were improved, due to increase partitioning to stem for low harvest frequencies. The LAI and LI were well performed by the model, showing increase for lower harvest frequency, with exception to Tifton 85. Under rainfed conditions, the simulations using the Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 method gave more realistic water stress responses than using the Priestley and Taylor method. Calibration results suggest that the CROPGRO - Perennial Forage Model can be used to adequately simulate growth of Marandu, Convert HD 364, and Tifton 85 under irrigated and rainfed conditions, being able to simulate different harvest frequency managements. / As gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria e Cynodon são algumas das pastagens cultivadas introduzidas no Brasil de maior importância. Convert HD 364, um novo híbrido de Brachiaria, foi lançado como uma opção para uso numa ampla gama de condições ambientais, com alto valor nutritivo e produção de forragem. Sistemas pecuários em pastagens são complexos e as interações entre os animais, as plantas e o meio ambiente existem em vários níveis de complexidade, que podem ser avaliados utilizando modelagem computacional. Acúmulo de forragem, proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO), a composição morfológica da planta, fotossíntese foliar, índice de área foliar (IAF) e interceptação luminosa (IL) foram avaliados em resposta à duas frequências de colheita (28 e 42 dias), irrigada e não irrigada, em um estudo com parcelas colhidas mecanicamente a partir de abril de 2011 até abril de 2013, contrastando os capins Convert HD 364® (Brachiaria híbrida CIAT 36061), Marandu {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) RD Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297} e Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). O delineamento experimental utilizado tanto para o irrigado quanto para o não irrigado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Convert HD 364 teve acúmulo de forragem anual, produção sazonal de forragem e taxa de acúmulo de forragem semelhante ou superior ao Marandu e Tifton 85, (acúmulo de forragem 15% maior do que Marandu e 12% maior do que o Tifton 85, quando irrigado e colhido em intervalos de rebrotação mais curtos). Convert HD 364 teve boa distribuição sazonal de forragem total do ano, produzindo cerca de 30% da massa total de forragem durante a estação fria, em Piracicaba, semelhante ao Marandu. Tifton 85 produziu cerca de 20% do seu rendimento médio anual durante a estação fria. Tifton 85 teve PB maior do que as outras duas gramíneas, quando colhidas em intervalos mais curtos e quando irrigadas. A concentração de FDN em Convert HD 364 foi menor do que nas outras gramíneas, independentemente da irrigação, da frequência de colheita e das estações do ano, resultando em alta DIVMO (mais de 650 g kg-1), semelhante à do capim Marandu. Em relação à calibração do CROPGRO, em geral, o desempenho do modelo foi bom para as três gramíneas. Simulações de massa de folha e colmo foram melhoradas para os capins, devido ao aumento na partição de assimilados direcionados para colmo em condição de baixa freqüência de colheita. O IAF e IL foram bem simulados pelo modelo, mostrando aumento com a diminuição da freqüência de colheita, com exceção do Tifton 85. Em condição não irrigada, as simulações utilizando o método de Penman -Monteith - FAO 56 deram respostas mais realistas de estresse hídrico do que usando o método de Priestley e Taylor. Os resultados da calibração sugerem que o modelo CROPGRO - forragem perene pode ser usado para simular adequadamente o crescimento de Marandu, Convert HD 364 e Tifton 85 sob condições irrigadas e não irrigada, sendo capaz de simular diferentes manejos de frequência de desfolhação.

Grasses of the genera Brachiaria and Cynodon are some of the most important pasture introductions in Brazil. Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass, a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions, high nutritive value and forage production. Forage-based livestock systems are complex and interactions among animals, plants, and the environment exist at several levels of complexity, which can be evaluated using computer modeling. Herbage accumulation, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), plant-part composition, leaf photosynthesis, leaf area index (LAI), and light interception (LI) were evaluated as affected by two harvest frequency (28 and 42-days), irrigated and rainfed in a clipping study from April 2011 to April 2013, contrasting Convert HD 364® brachiariagrass (Brachiaria hybrid CIAT 36061), Marandu palisadegrass {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297}, and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). The experimental design for both the irrigated and the rainfed trials was a randomized complete block with four replications. Convert HD 364 had similar or higher annual herbage accumulation, seasonal yield and herbage accumulation rate than Marandu and Tifton 85, (15% more herbage accumulation than Marandu and 12% more than Tifton 85 when irrigated and when harvested at shorter regrowth intervals). Convert HD 364 had good seasonal distribution of total annual herbage produced and accumulates about 30% of the total herbage mass during the cool season in Piracicaba, similar to Marandu. Tifton 85 produced around 20% of its average annual yield during dry season. Tifton 85 forage had higher CP concentration than the other two grasses when harvested at shorter intervals and when irrigated. The NDF concentration in Convert HD 364 was lower than in the other grasses regardless of irrigation treatment, harvest frequency, and season of the year, resulting in high IVOMD (more than 650 g kg-1), similar to that of Marandu. Regard to CROPGRO calibration, in general the model performance was good for the three grasses. Leaf and stem weight simulations were improved, due to increase partitioning to stem for low harvest frequencies. The LAI and LI were well performed by the model, showing increase for lower harvest frequency, with exception to Tifton 85. Under rainfed conditions, the simulations using the Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 method gave more realistic water stress responses than using the Priestley and Taylor method. Calibration results suggest that the CROPGRO - Perennial Forage Model can be used to adequately simulate growth of Marandu, Convert HD 364, and Tifton 85 under irrigated and rainfed conditions, being able to simulate different harvest frequency managements. / As gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria e Cynodon são algumas das pastagens cultivadas introduzidas no Brasil de maior importância. Convert HD 364, um novo híbrido de Brachiaria, foi lançado como uma opção para uso numa ampla gama de condições ambientais, com alto valor nutritivo e produção de forragem. Sistemas pecuários em pastagens são complexos e as interações entre os animais, as plantas e o meio ambiente existem em vários níveis de complexidade, que podem ser avaliados utilizando modelagem computacional. Acúmulo de forragem, proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO), a composição morfológica da planta, fotossíntese foliar, índice de área foliar (IAF) e interceptação luminosa (IL) foram avaliados em resposta à duas frequências de colheita (28 e 42 dias), irrigada e não irrigada, em um estudo com parcelas colhidas mecanicamente a partir de abril de 2011 até abril de 2013, contrastando os capins Convert HD 364® (Brachiaria híbrida CIAT 36061), Marandu {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) RD Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297} e Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). O delineamento experimental utilizado tanto para o irrigado quanto para o não irrigado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Convert HD 364 teve acúmulo de forragem anual, produção sazonal de forragem e taxa de acúmulo de forragem semelhante ou superior ao Marandu e Tifton 85, (acúmulo de forragem 15% maior do que Marandu e 12% maior do que o Tifton 85, quando irrigado e colhido em intervalos de rebrotação mais curtos). Convert HD 364 teve boa distribuição sazonal de forragem total do ano, produzindo cerca de 30% da massa total de forragem durante a estação fria, em Piracicaba, semelhante ao Marandu. Tifton 85 produziu cerca de 20% do seu rendimento médio anual durante a estação fria. Tifton 85 teve PB maior do que as outras duas gramíneas, quando colhidas em intervalos mais curtos e quando irrigadas. A concentração de FDN em Convert HD 364 foi menor do que nas outras gramíneas, independentemente da irrigação, da frequência de colheita e das estações do ano, resultando em alta DIVMO (mais de 650 g kg-1), semelhante à do capim Marandu. Em relação à calibração do CROPGRO, em geral, o desempenho do modelo foi bom para as três gramíneas. Simulações de massa de folha e colmo foram melhoradas para os capins, devido ao aumento na partição de assimilados direcionados para colmo em condição de baixa freqüência de colheita. O IAF e IL foram bem simulados pelo modelo, mostrando aumento com a diminuição da freqüência de colheita, com exceção do Tifton 85. Em condição não irrigada, as simulações utilizando o método de Penman -Monteith - FAO 56 deram respostas mais realistas de estresse hídrico do que usando o método de Priestley e Taylor. Os resultados da calibração sugerem que o modelo CROPGRO - forragem perene pode ser usado para simular adequadamente o crescimento de Marandu, Convert HD 364 e Tifton 85 sob condições irrigadas e não irrigada, sendo capaz de simular diferentes manejos de frequência de desfolhação.

Os óxidos de colesterol estão presentes em diversas preparações alimentares, especialmente aquelas que contêm altos níveis de colesterol (exemplo: ovo, leite, carne e produtos marinhos). A formação de óxidos de colesterol é influenciada pelo calor (especialmente por um período muito longo), oxigênio, luz e UV, atividade de água, presença de ácidos graxos insaturados. Dentre os diferentes produtos cárneos existentes, temos os embutidos, ou carnes preparadas embutidas. A procura por produtos cárneos com menores taxas de oxidação e mais saudáveis é uma preocupação mundial. O efeito do processamento térmico dos alimentos sobre a formação dos óxidos de colesterol vem sendo investigado. Evidências sugerem que o tempo e a temperatura são fatores determinantes neste processo, influenciando diretamente na taxa de oxidação de colesterol. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo: avaliar o valor nutritivo, qualidade lipídica e formação de óxidos de colesterol em Lingüiças Calabresas à vácuo e granel. Os valores médios de umidade, proteínas e minerais (cinzas) foram determinados, quantitativamente, conforme metodologia do ADOLFO LUTZ (1985) e AOAC (1995). Os valores de carboidratos foram determinados por diferença utilizando coeficientes para KCal e KJ (WATT&MERRILL, 1963, SLIMANI et al., 2000). Para a determinação dos lipídios totais utilizou-se a metodologia de MARMER & MAXWELL (1981). Para quantificar o TBA seguiu-se o método de TARLADGS et al. (1964), modificado por CRACKEL et al. (1988), adaptado por TORRES & OKANI (1997). Os ácidos graxos foram determinados seguindo MARMER & MAXWELL (1981) e MORRISON & SMITH (1974). O colesterol e óxidos de colesterol foram determinados seguindo os passos de MARMER & MAXWELL (1981), CSALLANY et al. (1989) e CHEN & CHEN (1994). Para a validação da metodologia para o HPLC foram realizados ensaios de recuperação, precisão, linearidade, limite de detecção e quantificação. Para a análise estatística foi realizado média, desvio padrão, análise de variância e complementada com comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni utilizando o Software SPSS. Os resultados obtidos das análises realizadas foram que o tipo de preparo influenciou no teor de umidade das lingüiças (crua - 65,47g; frita - 53,65, grelhada 58,31g). As amostras da embalagem a vácuo (22,91 g) apresentaram maior quantidade de proteína que as amostras da embalagem a granel (20,25g). Os valores de carboidratos não variaram em função da amostra ser da embalagem a vácuo ou granel. As amostras mais calóricas foram as fritas (242,89 KCal ou 1195,22 KJ) seguida pelas amostras grelhadas (212,41 KCal ou 1083,55 KJ). Não se observou variação da atividade de água nas amostras entre as embalagens estudadas. O tipo de preparo provocou alterações nos valores de TBA, mas não promoveu sabor rancificado nas amostras (crua - 0,06 mgMA/Kg, frito - 0,08mgMA/Kg e grelhado - 0,143mgMA/Kg). O teor de lipídios e colesterol não sofreram alterações em função do tipo de preparo. Os óxidos de colesterol 7-ceto,7&#945;-OH, 7&#946;-OH somente apresentaram traços em todas as variáveis analisadas (preparo, lote, embalagem e procedência). O óxido 25-OH apareceu em todas as preparações, crua (3,05&#181;g/g), frito (3,76&#181;g/g) e grelhado (2,14&#181;g/g). Os resultados mostraram que a as amostras da embalagem vácuo apresentavam quantidade média de 25-OH menor que as da embalagem a granel. As amostras da embalagem a vácuo apresentaram o seguinte perfil de ácidos graxos: 51,04% de saturados e 48,96% de insaturados, enquanto que as amostras da embalagem granel apresentaram 38,18% de saturados e 61,82% de insaturados. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: a) o teor de umidade, proteína, cinzas, carboidratos, calorias, Aw (AA) e pH sofreram alterações quando submetidos aos 3 tipos de preparo e tipo de embalagem; b) os valores obtidos para TBA indicam que as amostras não apresentavam rancidez quando crua e após os vários preparos; c) as lingüiças apresentaram somente traços de 7-ceto, 7&#945;-OH e7&#946;-OH; d) as amostras de lingüiças calabresas quando submetidas a diversos métodos de cocção apresentaram diferentes concentrações de 25-OH; e) a quantidade de 25-OH variava de acordo com o tipo de processamento e este se tornava mais oxidado quando submetido ao processo de fritar; f) as amostras provenientes da embalagem a granel apresentaram maiores valores de 25-OH; g) o perfil de ácidos graxos não apresentou variação quando as amostras eram submetidas a diferentes preparos; h) as amostras da embalagem a vácuo apresentavam mais ácidos graxos saturados e as amostras da embalagem a granel apresentavam mais ácidos graxos insaturados. / The cholesterol oxides are present in several alimentary preparations, especially those that contain high cholesterol levels (example: egg, milk, meat and marine products). The formation of cholesterol oxides is influenced by the heat (especially for a very long period), oxygen, shines and UV, activity of water, presence of unsaturated fatty acids. Among the different meat products, we have the sausages, or built-in prepared meats. The search for meat products with smaller oxidation rates and healthier it is a world concern. The effect of the thermal processing of the victuals about the formation of the cholesterol oxides comes being investigated. Evidences suggest that the time and the temperature are decisive factors in this process, influencing direct1y in the rate of cholesterol oxidation. The present research had for objective: to evaluate the nutritive values, lipid quality and formation of cholesterol oxides in \'Lingüiças Calabresas\' to vacuum and bulk packaging. The medium values of moisture, proteins and minerals (ash) were determinated, quantitativity, according to methodology of ADOLFO LUTZ (1985) and AOAC (1995). The carbohydrates values were certain for difference using coefficients for KCal and KJ (WATT &MERRILL, 1963, SLIMANI et al., 2000). For the determination of the lipids the methodology of MARMER & MAXWELL (1981) was used. To quantify TBA the method of TARLADGS et al. was proceeded (1964), modified by CRACKEL et al. (1988), adapted by TOWERS & OKANI (1997). The fatty acids was certain following MARMER & MAXWELL (1981) and MORRISON & SMITH (1974). The cholesterol and cholesterol oxides were certain following the steps of MARMER & MAXWELL (1981), CSALLANY et al. (1989) and CHEN & CHEN (1994). For the validation of the methodology for HPLC recovery, precision, linearity, detection limit and quantification were accomplished. For the statistical analysis average, standard deviation, was accomplished variance analysis and complemented with multiple comparisons of Bonferroni using the Software SPSS. The obtained results of the accomplished analyses were that the type of prepare influenced in the moisture of the lingüiças (raw - 65,47g; fried - 53,65, grilled - 58,31g). The samples of the vaccum packaging (22,91g) presented larger amount of protein than the samples of the bulk packaging (20,25g). The carbohydrates values didn\'t vary in function of the sample to be of the vacuum or bulk packaging. The most calorific samples were the fried ones (242,89 KCal or 1195,22 KJ) followed by the grilled samples (212,41 KCal or 1083,55 KJ). The variation of the activity of water was not observed in the samples among the studied packagings. The type of prepare promoved alterations in the TBA values, but it didn\'t promote rancidity flavor in · the samples (raw - 0,06 mgMA/Kg, fried -0,08mgMA/Kg and grilled - 0,143mgMA/Kg). The lipidis and cholesterol didn\'t suffer alterations in function of the type of prepare. The cholesterol oxides 7-ceto, 7&#945;-OH, 7&#946;-OH only presented lines in whole the analyzed variables (prepare, lot, packaging and origin). The oxide 25-OH appeared in all the preparations, raw (3,05&#181;g/g), fried (3,763&#181;g/g) and grilled (3,11&#181;g/g). The results showed that to the samples of the bulk packaging presented larger medium amount of 25-OH than the one of the vaccum packaging. The samples of the vaccum packaging presented the following profile of fatty acids: 51,04% saturated and 48,96% of unsaturated, while the samples of the bulk packaging presented 38,18% saturated and 61,82% unsaturated. The results allowed that: a) moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrates, energy value, Aw (AA) and pH suffered alterations when submitted to the 3 types of prepare and packaging type; b) the values obtained for TBA indicate that the samples didn\'t present rancidity flavor when raw and after the several prepares; c) the lingüiças presented only lines of 7-ceto, 7&#945;-OH, 7&#946;-OH; d) the samples of Linguiça Calabresa when submitted to several cooking methods they presented different concentrations of 25-OH and the amount of 25-OH varied in agreement with the processing type and this became oxidized when submitted to the frying process; f) the samples of the bulk packaging presented larger values of 25-OH; g) the profile of fatty acids didn\'t present variation when the samples were submitted the different prepares; h) the samples of the vaccum packaging presented more saturated fatty acids and the samples of the bulk packaging presented more unsaturated fatty acids.