The size and complexity of the oat genomes (Avena L., x = 7) have made genetic studies, including the discovery of molecular markers, difficult. Recent attention to these species has resulted in the development of many DArT -based markers in the tetraploid A. magna Murphy et Terrill (2n = 28, CCDD genomes), along with numerous RFLP's, SSR's, DArT's, and EST-based SNPs in hexaploid A. sativa L. (2n = 42, AACCDD). Here we report the first SNP markers for tetraploid oat based on genome reduction and high-throughput pyrosequencing in two inbred lines of A. magna: A-169 (wild) and Ba 13-13 (domesticated). Initially, the genomes were reduced using restriction digests with EcoRI and BfaI and sequenced to produce 706,426 reads for both genotypes that were subsequently assembled into 57,048 contigs with an average read length of 345 bp. Comparisons of the contigs between the two lines resulted in the detection of 31,304 in silico SNPs. High Resolution Melt (HRM) and KASPar assays were used to validate 1,108 of these in silico SNPs across a panel of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oats. Of the assays, 119 were validated using HRM and 384 using KASPar genotyping in the Fluidigm EP1 system. Both sets of assays were then mapped on a population of 117 F2:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the A-169 x Ba 13-13 cross. A map of the A. magna genome was then constructed. The markers and map provide a new set of genomic tools for tetraploid and hexaploid oat breeding and allow for tracking of genes controlling traits of economic importance and other interesting genes through the evolution of Avena.

The purpose of our thesis is to determine to what extent the cow milk and oat drink industries can implement a circular economy according to Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s definition. In addition, we will discuss the impact on the overall sustainability.  31% of the anthropogenic emissions stem from processes related to food production and in Sweden, a significant portion of these stem from the dairy industry– which has also been noticed by some oat drink companies. The problem is further amplified by the fact that a third of the food produced for human consumption ends up lost or wasted. Multiple laws and policies have been introduced to combat this, and new solutions are needed. A term that has gained popularity lately is the circular economy, which focuses on closing the loop and thus eliminating waste. That way, if would be possible to see the environmental impact from the oat drink and cow milk industries in a bigger perspective.  We have conducted a qualitative study using primary and secondary data. The primary data stems from 11 semi-structured interviews and the secondary data comes from relevant documents by the companies. An inductive approach was used.  The results showed that it is not possible for these industries to implement an entirely circular food supply chain because of the inevitable food waste. Overall, there is also a lack of terminology and measuring methods in both areas related to the CE. Yet, the work with food waste has come far within the individual companies but the coordination between companies that will allow them to cooperate requires further attention. The efforts should be aimed at the consumer level and seek to clarify the question of responsibility. Furthermore, the difficulties in profitability must be solved, and an improved compensation system is needed. Finally, we noted that a circular economy is not by definition perfectly sustainable, and that changes in the oat drink can lead to other implications of a study like this one.

Background: At pH 5.5, a clear demineralization of the enamel is seen and is thus considered to be the criticalpH. Bovine milk has several different properties that protect against caries. Calcium and phosphate can prevent the progression of caries as well as some proteins in bovine milk. The replacement of bovine milk with plant-based alternatives has become increasingly common. The aim of this study is to analyze if different milk substitutes create a greater disturbance of the oral cavity’s neutral pH than bovine milk.  Methods: Twenty dental students participated to the study. Saliva samples were collected to analyze pH. Prior to sampling participants were asked to rinse mouth with one product at a time. There were five different products: bovine milk, oat milk, soy milk, almond milk and 10% sucrose solution. Baseline of saliva was taken prior to rinsing. After rinsing samples were taken at two different time points. Between products participants were asked to rinse with water. pH measurements were made after sampling of saliva. The results were analyzed with Microsoft® Excel and SPSS.  Results: Significant differences were found in saliva pH when bovine milk, almond milk and soy milk were compared to 10% sucrose solution at time 15, otherwise no significant differences were found.  Conclusions: No significant difference between bovine milk and milk substitutes was found when rinsing with the products in the pH of saliva.

Walkability is the measure of walking comfortably in the urban environment, based on numerous parameters, including traversability, compactness, attractiveness, and safety. Recently, walkability has become a significant key to well-being quality in the urban environment through enhancement of the walking environment, including filling spaces with life, promoting sustainability, and attracting people for exercise. The walkable environment’s design and planning have been focused of attention because of its numerous benefits in various aspects, such as improvement of social life, sustainability, public health, and economy. Therefore, there is a crucial need to do more research to increase the understanding of walkability in the urban environment. There are different factors that affect the level of walkability in the built environment. Subsequently, using a geographic information system (GIS) together with multi-criteria decision-making and analysis (MCDA) is an efficient method for walkability analysis. Space syntax and its application can also serve as a critical factor in walkability assessment by evaluating the number of connections for each route. The validity of this analysis model was tested in two study cases. These cases covered two municipalities in Sweden that differ in many aspects, including size, number of roads, and public density; these are Gävle and Uppsala. Furthermore, the MCDA model was integrated with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and eight factors were selected based on their relative importance to the walkability assessment. The generated factor maps were set based on the widely implemented criteria of walkability, otherwise known as the 5Cs, which is developed by Transport for London (TFL). The 5Cs consists of connectivity, comfort, convenience, conviviality, and conspicuousness. The density of connections for each route was derived using natural streets based on the space syntax approach. The natural street map was used as the main map that incorporated all factors, after their derivation and normalization of their values. The final produced AHP-based maps were classified into three walkability classes representing routes with low to high levels of walkability. The One Factor At-time sensitivity analysis technique (OAT) was also applied to the GIS-MCDA model to analyse the uncertainty that can occur based on different reasons such as human error and weighting uncertainty.

Sedimentation and drawdown-induced habitat degradation limits reproduction of structure-associated fishes in flood control reservoirs. Littoral habitat enhancement can be accomplished by planting fast growing crops during winter, when lakebeds are exposed, to provide fish habitat during spring flooding. It remains unclear if species of crops differ in their submerged persistence or habitat quality to fish. I submerged six species of cool-season annual crops in mesocosms and monitored plant architecture over time. Adult plantings of two grasses persisted long enough to potentially be used by juvenile fishes in reservoirs. To assess the habitat quality provided by crops, I evaluated selection by juvenile Bluegills and adult Largemouth Bass in outdoor mesocosms. Bluegills selected Balansa Clover the most and Largemouth Bass selected annual Ryegrass. Results suggest some clovers may provide nursery habitat but degrade rapidly once submerged and dense annual grasses persist well and provide favorable habitat for prey and predator fish.

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The effect of consumption of unprocessed and processed oat bran on calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper intake, excretion and apparent retention in 19 adult males was determined using a metabolic balance study. The study was divided into preliminary, controlled feeding and follow-up periods of 4 weeks each. The controlled feeding period was subdivided into two 8 day balance periods. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: a basal diet low in dietary fiber; basal diet supplemented with 100 g of unprocessed oat bran; or basal diet supplemented with 100 g of processed oat bran ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal. With both oat bran treatments intakes of calcium, magnesium, and copper were increased above the current RDA, while zinc was increased, but still remained below the RDA. Urinary excretions of calcium, magnesium, and zinc were unchanged during the balance periods. Both of the bran supplemented groups were excreting significantly more fecal magnesium and zinc than the control group. Increased fecal calcium and copper excretions were seen for the processed (RTE) group over the other two treatments. Apparent retention of calcium, zinc, and copper appear to be unaffected by oat bran supplementation. Apparent magnesium retention for the control group was significantly less than the unprocessed group during balance Period 1 only. During the controlled feeding period, the unprocessed group had significantly less plasma calcium and zinc than the other two treatments. Plasma magnesium was unchanged in the fiber supplemented groups during the controlled feeding period. / Master of Science

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-03-13T21:29:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) André Gustavo de Oliveira.pdf: 22922599 bytes, checksum: 2b3b9c7fe5748930111b8a3585d9a410 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T21:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) André Gustavo de Oliveira.pdf: 22922599 bytes, checksum: 2b3b9c7fe5748930111b8a3585d9a410 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Neste trabalho são analisados os efeitos da adição de um termo de acoplamento baseado na interação dipolar entre núcleos quadrupolares em RMN na produção de spin squeezing através de Hamiltonianos de One-Axis Twisting. Diversos regimes de acoplamento são abordados para o caso de subsistemas com momento angular I=7/2 e J=3/2. Verifica-se através das dinâmicas abordadas e pelos valores mínimos do parâmetro de spin squeezing _S^2 em função da intensidade do acoplamento D que, apesar de mudanças significativas nas dinâmicas, estados spin squeezed ainda são encontrados durante as evoluções / In this work, are analyzed the effects of the addition of a coupling term based on the dipole interaction between quadrupolar nuclei in NMR in the production of spin squeezing through One-Axis Twisting Hamiltonians. Several coupling regimes are addressed in the case of subsystems with angular momentum I = 7/2 and J = 3/2. It is verified through the dynamics addressed and by the minimum values of the spin squeezing parameter _S^2 as a function of the coupling intensity D that, despite significant changes in the dynamics, spin squeezed states are still encountered during the evolutions