Orientador: Marise Aparecida Rodrigues Pollonio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T02:49:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victorino_LiliandeCassiaSantos_M.pdf: 5277168 bytes, checksum: e5687a933403067b06fe92026b2ebd0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: No Brasil, a grande procura pela utilizacao de fibras em produtos carneos e principalmente devido a sua alta capacidade de retencao de agua e consequente possibilidade de diminuicao de custo, alem dos apelos para a producao de itens mais saudaveis no contexto atual de consumo sem culpa. Com a expansao da atividade de corte de aves na industria, a quantidade de partes de menor valor comercial e de ossos com carne aumentou e a carne de frango mecanicamente separada (CMS) passou a ser uma materia-prima amplamente utilizada para a elaboracao de produtos carneos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adicao de fibras de cereais (trigo e aveia) sobre a qualidade fisico-quimica e sensorial de emulsoes carneas contendo elevadas proporcoes de carne de frango mecanicamente separada. O produto carneo emulsionado escolhido como sistema modelo para o estudo foi o pao de carne. Em um primeiro estudo foram testadas cinco formulacoes FA (5% de amido de milho), FB (2,5% de proteina isolada de soja), FC (5% de fibra de trigo), FD (5% de fibra de aveia) e FE (2,5% de fibra de trigo; 2,5% de fibra de aveia, 1,58% de proteina isolada de soja e 1,88% de amido de milho). Os resultados mostraram que a estabilidade de emulsao das amostras formuladas com fibra de trigo ou fibra de aveia pode ser melhorada com as propriedades de entumescimento do amido de milho e da proteina isolada de soja. Em um segundo estudo foi utilizado o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), adotando a metodologia de superficie de resposta para estudar os efeitos simultaneos de duas variaveis experimentais em tres niveis. Os resultados mostraram que a adicao de fibra de trigo e fibra de aveia ate 5% promoveu a estabilidade de emulsao e a capacidade de retencao de agua. Foram, entao, selecionadas duas formulacoes de pao de carne adicionadas de fibra de trigo e fibra de aveia e uma formulacao controle (sem fibra) para a avaliacao da estabilidade oxidativa e microbiologica durante o armazenamento refrigerado, nos tempos 0, 20 e 40 dias apos o processamento. As diferenças encontradas podem ter sido oriundas da variacao da materia-prima e processamento, nao especificamente da adicao de fibras / Abstract: In Brazil, the high demand for use of fibers in meat products is mainly due to its high water holding capacity and possibility to manufacture formulations with reduced cost, in addition to the claims for the production of healthier products in the current consumption without guilt. With the expansion of the activity in the industry of cutting poultry, the quantity of lower commercial value peaces and bone with meat has been increased and mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) has become a raw material largely used in meat products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of addition of cereal fibers (wheat and oat) on the quality physico-chemicals and sensory properties of emulsioned meat product with high level of mechanically deboned chicken meat. The emulsioned meat product chosen as a model system for the study was the meat loaf. For the first study five formulations were tested: FA (5% of corn starch), FB (2.5% of isolated soybean protein), FC (5% of wheat fiber), FD (5% of oat fiber) and FE (2.5% wheat fiber, 2.5% of oat fiber, 1.58% of isolated soybean protein and 1.88% of corn starch). The results are shown that the stability of the emulsion samples made with wheat fiber or oat fiber could be improved with the enhancement properties of corn starch and isolated soybeans protein. For the second study was used Response Surface Methodology to evaluate the simultaneous effects of two experimental variables at three levels. The results showed that the addition of wheat fiber and oat fiber above 5% increased the emulsion stability and the water holding capacity. Therefore, two formulations of meat loaf added with wheat fiber and oat fiber and a formulation control (no fiber) were selected for the evaluating of oxidative and microbiological stability during refrigerated storage at times 0, 20 and 40 days after processing. The differences found could be originated from the variation of the raw material and processing, not specifically the addition of fibers / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Les maladies cardiovasculaires représentent la principale cause de décès dans le monde et elles sont souvent causées par l’athérosclérose coronarienne caractérisée par l’accumulation de plaques dans la paroi des artères menant à leur rétrécissement et à la réduction ou l’abolition de l’apport sanguin régional au muscle cardiaque. Les anomalies du métabolisme des lipides, incluant l’élévation du cholestérol dans les lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL-cholestérol) contribuent au processus d’athérosclérose. Plusieurs traitements existent pour réduire les taux de lipides plasmatiques chez les sujets à risque, dont le principal est les statines. Cependant, les statines ne permettent pas toujours d’atteindre les cibles thérapeutiques, ce qui justifie la recherche de nouveaux traitements pouvant modifier les lipides plasmatiques. Une avenue potentielle de traitement à explorer est le beta-glucane, une fibre soluble contenue dans l’avoine pour laquelle certaines données suggèrent un effet hypolipidémiant. L’objectif de ce mémoire était d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un supplément de beta-glucane dans la réduction des taux plasmatiques de LDL-C chez les patients atteints de dyslipidémie à travers le Canada. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectué un essai clinique randomisé en double aveugle contrôlé par placebo dans une population de 264 sujets atteints d’hyperlipidémie qui ont reçus aléatoirement des traitements de beta-glucane à doses de 1.5 g, 3 g et 6 g ou un placebo durant 12 semaines. Tout au long du traitement, des mesures du taux plasmatique de LDL-C ont été effectuées et des analyses statistiques de covariance (ANCOVA) ont été faites pour comparer ces taux entre les groupes actifs et placebos afin d’observer s’il y avait des changements significatifs. La mesure d’efficacité établie était une réduction du taux de LDL-C d’au moins 0.30 mmol/L. Nos résultats suggèrent que le supplément de beta-glucane à doses de 1.5 g, 3 g et 6 g n’est pas efficace pour réduire les taux de lipides sériques. Il n’y a pas eu de variation significative dans les taux de LDL-C lorsque les groupes actifs ont été comparé au groupe placebo. / Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of death in the world, and they are often caused by coronary atherosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of plaques in the wall of arteries leading to their narrowing and reduction or disappearance of regional blood supply to the cardiac muscle. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism, including elevated cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), contribute to the atherosclerotic process. Several treatments exist to reduce levels of plasma lipids in patients at risk, the main one being statins. However, a substantial number of patients do not reach recommended therapeutic targets while treated with statins which creates the impetus for the search of new lipid-modifying treatments. One potential avenue of treatment worthy of investigation is beta-glucan, a soluble fiber found in oats, for which some data have suggested a lipid-lowering effect. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the efficacy of a beta-glucan supplement in reducing plasma LDL-C levels in patients with dyslipidemia across Canada. To do this, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in a population of 264 subjects with hyperlipidemia who randomly received beta-glucan treatments at doses of 1.5 g, 3 g and 6 g or a placebo for 12 weeks. Throughout the treatment, LDL-C plasma measurements were taken and statistical analyzes of covariance (ANCOVA) were done to compare these levels between the active and placebo groups to observe if there were any significant changes. The established measure of efficacy was a reduction in LDL-C of at least 0.30 mmol/L. Briefly, our results have shown that beta-glucan in doses of 1.5 g, 3 g and 6 g is not efficacious in reducing plasma lipid levels. There was no significant change in LDL-C levels when the active groups were compared to the placebo group.

Groat oil content and composition are important quality traits in oats (Avena sativa L). These traits are controlled by many genes with additive effects. The chromosomal regions containing these genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTL), can be discovered through their close association with markers. This study investigated total oil content and fatty acid components in an oat breeding population derived from a cross between high oil ('Dal') and low oil ('Exeter') parents. A genetic map consisting of 475 DArT (Diversity Array Technology) markers spanning 1271.8 cM across 40 linkage groups was constructed. QTL analysis for groat oil content and composition was conducted using grain samples grown at Aberdeen, ID in 1997. QTL analysis for multiple agronomic traits was also conducted using data collected from hill plots and field plots in Ottawa, ON in 2010. QTLs for oil content, palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were identified. Two of the QTLs associated with oil content were also associated with all of the fatty acids examined in this study, and most oil-related QTL showed similar patterns of effect on the fatty acid profile. These results suggest the presence of pleiotropic effects on oil-related traits through influences at specific nodes of the oil synthesis pathway. In addition, 12 QTL-associated markers (likely representing nine unique regions) were associated with plant height, heading date, lodging, and protein content. The results of this study will provide information for molecular breeding as well as insight into the genetic mechanisms controlling oil biosynthesis in oat.

Polysaccharides are now popularly used in paper technology since they are able to improve mechanical properties of the paper. Xylan and pectin are two natural polymers that have a wide range of applications nowadays. These two polysaccharides can be used in their native forms as well as derivatives. In this study, xylan and pectin were modified to obtain cationic derivatives before adding into the paper for enhancement. The work was motivated by the fact that xylan and pectin share the same negative surface properties as cellulose. This leads to a slight repulsion effect between them once they are close. Their cationic derivatives, therefore, are believed to strengthen the paper due to electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged objects beside hydrogen bonds. To fulfil the purposes, oat spelt xylan and apple pectin were chemically modified using different modification methods, including oxidation, amidation, and a combination of these two methods. A quantitative method to determine the adsorbed amount and relative retention capacity of xylan onto paper using high performance liquid chromatography was also developed. The results show that oat spelt and apple pectin, as well as their modified derivatives, can improve the paper mechanical properties. The oat spelt xylan significantly enhances the tensile strength, however, this contribution has a saturation level in correlation with the relative retention capacity of the xylan onto cellulose. The best retention capacity is achieved when 5% of xylan is added. This finding provides a practical approach to the application of xylan as a paper additive in consideration of economic issues. Although the application of apple pectin and its amidated derivatives in paper is rather rare, some interesting points have been discovered in this work. Among the apple pectin samples used, only the ones with low degree of esterification give a slight enhancement in tensile index at 5% dosage. The results also suggest that the dosage of the pectin added into the paper should not exceed 5% due to its viscous property at high concentrations.

The Middle Iron Age on Öland (around 200-550 AD) is often regarded as a prosperous period witha wealth based on animal husbandry. In this study charred cereals from several Iron Age sites atÖland are studied to answer questions about prehistoric diet and agricultural practices. Themethod used is stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in the cereals, and one further aim ofthe study is to evaluate this method. The results suggest that there is little need for pre-treatment ofcereals before isotope analysis. Most of the grains analyzed were hulled barley and in all sites thereare indications of intensive manuring, as would be expected in permanent field agriculture. Thering forts of the period may here have been places where an agricultural surplus was gathered.Concerning human diet, the isotope values indicate cereals may have been an important part.Crops may also have been used to feed the livestock, possibly with secondary products like straws,and likely to a different extent in different animal species. Finally, the sites from the Middle IronAge all appears to have been abandoned. Heavy dependence on animal manure may havedecreased the resilience of agriculture, making it more vulnerable to unexpected changes, forexample the climate downturn after 536 AD. / Sandby Borg

A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe o estudo da hidrólise catalítica de proteínas utilizando resina de troca catiônica, para separação e análise seqüencial de aminoácidos, ácidos graxos e sacarídeos presentes em aveia, trigo e castanha-do-pará via eletroforese capilar. Os processos de hidrólise comumente utilizados para proteínas destroem alguns aminoácidos, como a rota em meio ácido (asparagina, glutamina, triptofano tirosina, serina e treonina) e em meio básico (serina, treonina, arginina e cisteína). O processo de hidrólise de proteínas utilizando-se uma resina de troca catiônica gera um substrato livre de interferentes, pois a fração peptídica é retida na resina e pode ser isolada da matriz. Em adição, a análise dos ácidos graxos e sacarídeos é facilitada, porque adsorção de proteínas na superfície do capilar é um sério problema em eletroforese capilar. Após a hidrólise e análise dos aminoácidos, seqüencialmente foi feita uma extração líquido/líquido no filtrado, sendo a fase orgânica saponificada e posterior análise dos ácidos graxos e, a fase aquosa hidrolisada em meio ácido e posterior análise dos monossacarídeos. Duas resinas foram estudadas, sendo que a Dowex 50WX8-200 da Sigma- Aldrich (St. Louis, EUA) apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios, atingindo níveis de recuperação entre 90,6 e 96,8%. O monitoramento da hidrólise ocorreu registrando-se eletroferogramas de aminoácidos em função do tempo sob três formas: detecção direta de fenilalanina na forma aniônica, detecção direta de histidina na forma catiônica e detecção indireta dos aminoácidos na forma aniônica. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as três formas condizem, podendo-se monitorar a hidrólise por qualquer uma. Estes resultados também concordam com o teor de proteína total obtido pelo método de Kjedahl. Modelos matemáticos que descrevem o comportamento da hidrólise foram descritos, utilizando-se do software Curve Expert 1.3. Para os ácidos graxos, obteve-se êxito somente para a castanha-do-pará, 52,1% de teor de ácidos graxos. Para os monossacarídeos os valores obtidos foram: 12,6% na castanha-do-Pará, 26,5% na aveia e 39,0% no trigo. / In this work, a procedure for hydrolysis of proteins assisted by the protonated form of a strong cation exchanger resin and sequencial analysis of amino acids, fatty acids and saccharides by capillary electrophoresis were studied. Brazilian nut, wheat and oat were characterized by the proposed procedure. The hydrolysis process normaly used for proteins destroys some amino acids, e.g. in the acid hydrolysis (asparagine, glutamine, tryptophan, tyrosine, serine and threonine) and basic hydrolysis (serine, threonine, arginine and cysteine). The catalytic hydrolysis by a protonated cation exchanger produces a clean substract, the amino acids are retained in the resin and can be isolated from the matrix. In addition, the work of analysis of fatty acids and saccharides are facilitated, because adsorption ofproteins onto the silica surface is a serious problem in capillary electrophoresis. After the hydrolysis and amino acids analysis, a liquidlliquid extraction was attempted in the filtrate. The organic phase was saponified for fatty acids analysis and, the aqueous phase was further hydrolysed for monosaccharide analysis. Two resins were invetigated, the Amberlite IRA 120 from Vetec Química (Rio de Janeiro, BR) and the Dowex 50WX8-200 from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). The Dowex resin showed the best results, reaching recoveries from 90,6 to 96,8%. To monitor the hydrolysis amino acids electropherograms were registered, under three forms: direct detection of phenylalanine; direct detection of hystidine and indirect detection of other amino acids. The results showed, that the three forms were similar. Mathematic models to describe the hydrolysis profile were fitted by the Curve Expert 1.3 software. The results for the amino acids analysis were in agreement with Kjedahl\'s method. The fatty acids analysis was tested with success only for brazilian nut, that presented a concentration 54.1 % (total fatty acids). The monosaccharides analysis was tested with sucess for all matrices, showing 12.6% for the brazilian nut, 26.5% for the oat and 39.0% for the wheat.

Temas relacionados ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais têm sido cada vez mais abordados e discutidos, num contexto em que questões como meio ambiente, sociedade, economia de energia e aproveitamento de resíduos, vêm se tornando relevantes. Neste cenário, faz-se necessário estudar aplicações de insumos alternativos na produção de pisos de madeira, tanto para reduzir o consumo de essências tropicais quanto para suprir o aumento da demanda de madeira nas indústrias deste segmento. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir painéis de partículas homogêneos de alta densidade, com resíduos de madeira de Pinus elliottii e casca de aveia (Avena sativa), aderidos sob pressão com dois tipos de adesivo, poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona e melamina formaldeído, nos percentuais de 11 e 13%, e avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico de tais painéis para aplicação em pisos. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis (Planejamento I - 20 tratamentos) foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2006 e 2013). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (percentual de casca de aveia, percentual de adesivo e tipo de adesivo), além das interações entre tais fatores (dois a dois e três a três) nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Também foi avaliado o desempenho para pisos, tanto dos painéis (Planejamento II - 12 tratamentos) quanto de três espécies de madeira tropical (Angelim Vermelho, Dinizia excelsa; Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata e Jatobá, Hymenaea sp.), segundo diversas normas relacionadas a pisos de madeira. Os resultados apontaram propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis, em alguns tratamentos superiores aos requisitos estipulados por normas nacionais e internacionais. Quanto ao desempenho para pisos, os painéis apresentaram desempenho semelhante as três espécies de madeira, na maioria das propriedades avaliadas. A análise de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio confirmou a similaridade entre os painéis (do Planejamento II) e as três espécies de madeira avaliadas, evidenciando a potencialidade dos painéis produzidos para aplicação na indústria de pisos engenheirados. / Matters related to the development of new materials have been increasingly addressed and discussed in a context where issues such as the environment, society, energy and waste recovery economy, is becoming relevant. In this scenario, it is necessary to study alternative inputs for applications in the production of wood floors, both to reduce the consumption of tropical essences as to meet the increasing demand for wood in industries in this segment. The aim this study was to produce high density homogeneous particleboard with waste wood of Pinus elliottii and oat hulls (Avena sativa), adhered under pressure with two types of adhesive, castor oil-based polyurethane and melamine formaldehyde, the percentage of 11 and 13%, and evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of such panels for use in floors. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels (Planning I - 20 treatments) was evaluated based on the NBR 14810 (2006 and 2013) standards. We conducted an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the influence of individual factors (oat hulls percentage, adhesive percentage and type of adhesive), and the interactions between these factors (two by two and three by three) on the physical properties-mechanical panels. It was also evaluated the performance for floors, both panels (Planning II - 12 treatments) as three species of tropical wood (Angelim Vermelho, Dinizia excelsa; Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata e Jatobá, Hymenaea sp.), according to various standards related to wood floors. The results indicated physical and mechanical properties of the panels, in some treatments superior to the requirements stipulated by national and international standards. As for performance flooring, panels statistically equivalent to the three species of wood, most of the evaluated properties. Porosimetry analysis by mercury intrusion confirmed the similarity between the panels (from Planning II) and the three wood species evaluated, demonstrating the potential of the panels produced for use in the flooring industry engineered.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the causes of low returns on chosen cereals (oat, wheat, rye, and spelled) in ecological agriculture based on evaluating information on growing procedures obtained via the method of questionnaires. Gradually, 21 ecologically farming companies controlled by the Abcert AB a Biokont CZ, s.r.o. organizations were chosen. Based on the analysis of growing procedures, the most frequent mistakes made by farmers were identified. Companies with lower returns apply mainly an inappropriate structure of crops grown, a high representation of cereals, and they do not respect crop rotation principles. Especially in favourble conditions, some farms are run without livestock production. Leguminosae representation is low in most companies, intercrops are used very seldom. In case of straw plow, the C:N ratio is not maintained using manure. Mineral manure is not used at all, liming very seldom. Vegetation is usually not fertilized during vegetation period. Cereal weed regulation is carried out, but not sufficiently. Using farm seed is quite frequent, which increases the growth of weed. Comparing returns on cereal among better and worse companies, it is obvious that respecting given principles may increase return on seed in 1.0 to 1.9 t/ha.

Os painéis à base de madeira vêm sendo amplamente utilizados em todo o mundo, em resposta à redução de oferta de madeira maciça em diversos segmentos da indústria madeireira, como em móveis, painéis, estruturas e outros componentes na construção civil. O grande volume de resíduos gerados pela agroindústria viabiliza o desenvolvimento de materiais alternativos e sustentáveis, destacando-se os painéis de partículas. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da produção e avaliação de painéis de partículas de Eucalyptus grandis e casca de aveia, aderidas sob pressão com dois tipos de resinas (poliuretana à base de mamona e ureia formaldeído). O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis produzidos foi avaliado com base na ABNT NBR 14810:2006. Por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA), avaliou-se a influência dos fatores adotados: madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, com proporções mássicas de 70, 85 e 100%; casca de aveia, nas proporções de 15, 30 e 100%; e adesivos, nas proporções de 10, 12 e 14%, bem como a combinação entre ambos, em cada uma das variáveis respostas (propriedades físico-mecânicas) avaliadas. Os resultados apontaram excelentes propriedades físico-mecânicas, em alguns casos muito superiores aos requisitos estipulados pelas normas nacionais e internacionais. Desta maneira, ficou comprovado o bom desempenho dos painéis de partículas produzidos, além de sua compatibilidade para aplicações em indústrias, como de móveis, painéis, embalagens e na construção civil. / Wood-based panels have been widely used around the world, replacing solid wood in various segments of the industry, such as furniture, panels, structures and other building components. The large volume of waste generated by agro industry enables the development of alternative and sustainable materials, highlighting the particleboard. This paper presents a study about production and evaluation of particleboard of Eucalyptus grandis and oat hulls, bonded under pressure with two types of resins (polyurethane based on castor oil and urea formaldehyde). Physical-mechanical performance of the panels produced was evaluated based on ABNT NBR 14810:2006. A variance analysis (ANOVA) evaluated the factors influence: Eucalyptus grandis, with mass ratios of 70, 85 and 100%; oat hulls, in proportions of 15, 30 and 100%; adhesives, in proportions of 10, 12 and 14%, and the combination of both, in each of the response variables (physical and mechanical properties) evaluated. Results showed excellent physical-mechanical properties, in some cases much higher than national and international codes requirements. Thus, panel particles good performance was proved, in addition to its compatibility with applications in wood industries, such as furniture, panels, packaging and in building construction.

Em sistemas de plantio direto, o material vegetal incorporado libera fósforo solúvel no solo, porém, sua absorção por plantas subseqüentes ainda é pouco conhecida. Parte do fósforo nos tecidos vegetais está na forma de compostos insolúveis, que precisam ser mineralizados para serem absorvidos pelas plantas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estabelecer a melhor época de aplicação de 32P para marcação de plantas de adubo verde; determinar as formas de P nas plantas; determinar as principais formas de fósforo no solo após a incorporação de diferentes espécies de adubo verde; estimar a eficiência dos adubos verdes no fornecimento de P para plantas de arroz, e determinar a relação entre as formas de P nas plantas de adubo verde e sua mineralização no solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1 foram marcadas com 32P plantas de aveia-preta, milheto e nabo forrageiro na semeadura e aos 14, 28 e 42 dias. Estas plantas foram incubadas e utilizadas como adubo verde no cultivo de arroz. As plantas de arroz apresentaram eficiência de utilização de P semelhantes para adubos verdes marcados até 28 dias, podendo ser utilizada uma atividade 75% menor para marcação dessas espécies. Na etapa 2 foram cultivadas plantas de aveia-preta, crotalária e nabo forrageiro marcadas com 32P aos 14 dias. Foi verificado que a maioria do P nas plantas está na forma solúvel, correspondendo em média 67% do 32Pt. Essas plantas foram incubadas por 20, 40 e 60 dias e cultivadas plantas de arroz. A eficiência de utilização do P proveniente de adubo verde foi maior para incubação por 20 e 60 dias, diminuindo consideravelmente para incubação por 40 dias. Foram determinadas as frações de P no solo incubado com adubo verde nos diferentes períodos de incubação, utilizando o método de Hedley. A fração Pi-resina e P-NaHCO3, que correspondem ao P-lábil, apresentaram as maiores atividades específicas, demonstrando que a maior parte do P solúvel do adubo verde são encontrados nessas frações. A fração Po-NaOH apresentou as maiores concentrações de P, enquanto as menores foram encontradas na fração P-HCl / In no-tillage systems, plant materials incorporated into soil release soluble phosphorus, but its absorption by subsequent plants is not completely clarified. A fraction of phosphorus in vegetal tissues is in the form of insoluble species, which require mineralization to be absorbed by plants. The aims of this work were to establish the best period for 32P application for green manure labeling; to determine the forms of P in plants and in soil after incorporation of different green manures; to estimate the efficiency of green manures for supplying phosphorus to rice plants and to determine the relationship between the P species in green manure and their mineralization in soil. The experiments were carried out in two steps. In the first, plants of black oat, millet and turnip were labeled with 32P at sowing and after 14, 28 and 42 days. These plants were incubated and used as green manure for rice plants. The rice plants showed similar utilization efficiencies of P form green manure plants labeled up to 28 days, making possible the use of a 75% lower activity to label these plants. In step two, black oat, sunnyhemp and turnip plants labeled with 32P after 14 days from sowing were grown. It was verified that the more significant fraction of P in plants is in the soluble form, corresponding in average 67% of 32Pt. These plants were incubated for 20, 40 and 60 days before culturing rice plants. The utilization efficiency of P from green manure sources was higher when the material was incubated for 20 and 60 days, being considerably reduced for 40 days incubation. The P-fractions in the soil incubated with green manure in different periods were determined by the Hedley method. The Pi-resin and P-NaHCO3 fractions, which correspond to labile P, showed the highest specific activities, because the most significant part of the soluble P was found in these fractions. The Po-NaOH fraction showed the highest concentrations of P, while the lowest amounts were in the P-HCl fraction